SOC Ch15 Ch17 Practice
Emily moves in with her girlfriend, Aniqa. A sociologist interviews Emily about cohabitation, and Emily expresses a common reason for cohabiting. What does Emily say?
"I love spending time with Aniqa, and this gives us more time together."
Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas researched low-income women and nonmarital childbirth in Philadelphia and in Camden, NJ. Another sociologist repeats their research in Chicago and finds very similar results. What is a comment that low-income women in Chicago might often make to the researcher?
"Marriage is important and valuable, but for me, marriage would probably make life worse."
There are many theories to explain Islamic revivalism. Iranian writer Jalal al Ahmad believes it is a reaction to:
"westoxification," or the overwhelming presence of Western culture and beliefs
divorce trends
1. if your parents are divorced, you are more likely to get divorced 2. pre-marital cohabitation leads to more divorce 3. pre-marital child bearing leads to more divorce
arguments by low income women to have nonmarital chirldren
1. low income women value marriage, but their current relationship isn't good so they don't get married 2. they don't plan pregnancy but don't avoid it either 3. they have more confidence in their parenting skills than middle class women because they can have their other children help 4. low income women feel children is the only way to be fulfilled 5. they have an ideal sense of marriage so they won't rush into marriage
purpose of family
1. reproduction 2. protection for family members 3. socialization *family is the most important socializing unit in the world*
reasons cohabitation leads to higher divorce rate
1. these couples don't plan to live together 2. they are usually less religious so they value marriage less 3. they find they can start/end relationships easily
the role of the foster care system
1. to provide a temporary setup for children that have had a disruption in the biological family 2. gaol is to reunify the biological family
According to the statistical data we have about child abuse, ________ percent of children are abused by their parents versus those abused by others.
81.2
According to available data about child abuse, ________ percent of abused children are abused by
92
What is theism?
A belief in one or more supernatural deities?
What is the New Age movement?
A general term to describe the diverse spectrum of beliefs and practices oriented on inner spirituality. Paganism, Eastern mysticism, shamanism, alternative forms of healing, and astrology are all examples of New Age activities.
What are fundamentalists?
A group within evangelicalism that is highly anti-modern in many of its beliefs, adhering to strict codes of morality and conduct.
Which woman is experiencing what Betty Friedan termed "the feminine mystique"?
A housewife feels lost and bored in the drudgery of housework and child care.
What is disestablishment?
A period during which the political influence of established religion is successfully chalenged
What is a denomination?
A religious set that has lost its revivalist dynamism and become an institutionalized body, commanding the adherence of significant numbers of people. Sects that survive over time become denominations.
What is religion?
A set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community, incorporating symbols regarded with a sense of awe or wonder together with ritual practices. They provide a better sense of ultimate meaning and purpose. Religions do not universally involve a belief in supernatural entities
What is Civil religion?
A set of religious beliefs through which a society interprets its own history in light of some conception of ultimate reality.
What is the religious economy?
A theoretical framework within the sociology of religion, which argues that religions can be fruitfully understood as organizations in competition with on another for followers. Competition strengthens religion. Does not weaken it like Marx, Weber, and Durkheim argued.
Reyna and her husband are starting a family and decide to move closer to her or his own family. Reyna's family lives on the West Coast, but her husband's family lives on the East Coast. If Reyna and her husband decide to move to the West Coast, their decision would be considered a move that is:
A) matrilocal
One of the major arguments that opponents of same-sex marriage have tried to advance is that childbearing and child rearing are crucial to the preservation of the family. What does the data on same-sex households reveal quite clearly in the matter of children in same-sex households?
About 20 percent of same-sex couples have children.
What is one key advantage that African American families headed by women have over white families headed by women?
African American families headed by women have more extended kinship relationships.
Darren and Eliza were married five years and then divorced. Their pattern of "uncoupling" followed the pattern described by Diane Vaughan's 1986 study. What happened to Darren and Eliza?
After three years of marriage, they both started creating independent social lives, without even realizing it.
According to Karl Marx, religion is a form of ________, diverting attention from inequalities and injustice and encouraging acceptance of oppression.
Alienation
Which of the following are traits of marriage?
All of the above are correct.
What is liberation theology?
An activist Catholic religious involvement that combines Catholic beliefs with a compassion for social justice for the poor.
Christianity is a very small minority in:
Asia
What are religious movements?
Associations of people who join together to seek to spread a new religion or to promote a new interpretation of an existing religion.
The person who called religion the "opium of the people" was:
B) Karl Marx
___ that survive over time become institutionalized as ___.
B) Sects; denominations
The basis of marriage formed through personal selection and based on affection or love is:
B) affetive individualism
According to Émile Durkheim, the social function of religion is that it:
B) aids in providing coherence or solidarity by ensuring that people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values
When couples live together without being married, they are participating in:
B) cohabitation
The one of the following that rose rapidly in the united states form the 1960s to the late 1970s, peaking in the 1980 is the:
B) divorce rate
Sociologists would term a set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community and that incorporates symbols regarded with a sense of awe or wonder together with ritual practices as:
B) religion
Secularization is:
B) the diminished influence and power of religion in society
Of the following questions about religion, the one that is sociological is:
B) what are its principal beliefs and values?
47. The original source of the world's two largest religions is: A. Christianity B. Islam C. Judaism D. Hinduism E. Buddhism
C
The theorist who saw religion as a potential source of social transformation was:
C) Max Weber
Although it is most common for young people to leave home to begin and independent life, in previous generations, young people left home:
C) to get married
Before the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the worst terrorist attack on U.S. soil was carried out by an individual whose religion was:
Christianity
What percentage of the world practice Christianity, Islam, and Judaism?
Christianity = 1/3 Islam = 1/4 judaism = under 15 million
Your best friend has decided to quit school and move in with her boyfriend. She insists he will propose and they will be married before the end of the year. She is from a strongly religious family. What are her parents—both of whom are sociologists—likely to call what she is doing?
Cohabitation
What is one trend that is apparent with respect to cohabitation?
Cohabitation as an alternative to marriage is increasing in many other countries as well as in the United States.
44. In a society with a great deal of pluralism in religion, such as the United States, different religious groups use marketing techniques to package an appealing product to attract buyers in a competitive market. The approach in the sociology of religion that uses this type of description was: A. Marxism B. Weberians C. functionalism D. religious economy E. total quality inquisition (TQI)
D
Of the following, the one that best characterizes the family in the United States today is:
D) one that has only one parent or both the husband and wife are employed
What piece of legislation enacted in 1996 provided states the power to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages from other states and defined marriage as between one man and one woman? In fact, parts of this particular legislation were later found to be unconstitutional and subsequently changed the cultural landscape of marriage in the United States.
Defense of Marriage Act
How did Weber's study differ from Durkheim's?
Durkheim based his study solely on toteism. Weber conducted a massive study of religion worldwide. Focus on religion and social change.
46. An example of a world-affirming movement would be the: A. Protestant church B. Unification church C. Baptist church D. Branch Davidian cult E. Church of Scientology
E
According to functionalists, the husband in the "conventional family" is the breadwinner and plays the ___ role; the wife cares for the home and children and plays the ___ role.
E) Instrumental; affective
What is suggested about the primary forces that shape family lives among Cuban Americans, who enjoy more wealth in family business ownership but lower levels of fertility and low levels of nonmarital fertility?
Economic and not cultural factors may be more important in shaping family lives.
On September 11, 2001, U.S. citizens attended church in tremendous numbers as a *way to experience solidarity*. This exemplifies the understanding of religion by:
Emile Durham
This term refers to when cultures have preferences for who their members should marry, such as same religious beliefs.
Endogamy
Legal changes have made divorce easier in the past 50 years. What is the other significant reason that the divorce rate has gone up in the past several decades?
Except for the wealthy, marriage today has less to do with handing down property and status from generation to generation.
Monogamy is the most common from of marriage in the world as whole
FALSE
Belief in God is the central element of any religion, according to the sociological definition.
False
Monogamy is the most common form of marriage in the world as a whole.
False
One reason for today's high divorce rate in the United States is that women are more economically dependent on men.
False
Research indicates that a majority of U.S. married males are unfaithful to their wives at some point in their marriage
False
True or False: Couples who cohabit (live together before marriage) are more likely to have a long-term, stable marriage compared to couples who do not cohabit.
False
True or False: One of the main reasons why non-marital child-bearing among low-income women occurs is due to these women not valuing marriage.
False
True or False: The most common group of couples who receive domestic partnerships are gay and lesbian couples.
False
Theorists are likely to agree with the statement: "Couples are seeking to be more symmetrical, but in reality men do not perform their share of the housework." This would be working from what theoretical perspective?
Feminist
What are cults?
Fragmentary religious groups where individuals are loosely affiliated, but which lack any permanent structure. Reject values of outside society. A cult in one country might be an established religion in another.
What best describes the changes in household size throughout the history of the United States?
Generally, in the first 200 years of U.S. history, homes had servants, something that is rare today.
What does research on family-structure effects on children reveal about the difference in experience between girls and boys when considering both a stepfamily and a divorced household?
Girls tend to suffer more in a stepfamily, while boys suffer more in a divorce.
What are total institutions?
Groups who exercise control over their members by making them subsume their individual identities in that of the group, compelling them to adhere to strict ethical codes or rules, and sometimes forcing them to withdraw from activity in the outside world. What some world-rejecting movements are a part of.
The major world religion that contains elements of polytheism is:
Hinduism
What term refers to the following situation: individuals seek romantic partners based on compatibility.
Homogamy
A sociologist studies the history of the American family, focusing on the "sexual double standard." Which question focuses on the sexual double standard?
How did men explain their desire for personal sexual promiscuity while demanding strict sexual loyalty from their wives?
What has been the main source of Catholic growth in America?
Immigration from Mexico and Central America
Far fewer African American than white women are married and living with a husband. What is a significant factor that contributes to this situation?
Inner cities today have conditions of poverty and social deprivation that affects African Americans.
While the "Arab Spring" of 2011 promised greater freedoms and democratic movements in several countries, ultimately these countries experienced a rise in ________ fundamentalism.
Islamic
The second-largest and fastest-growing religion in the world is
Islamism
Which of the following best characterizes the family in the United States today?
It has only one parent, or both the husband and wife are employed.
How do most young people see cohabitation?
It is a way to spend more time with a partner.
What does religion do according to Durkheim?
It promotes a coherent society by ensuring that people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values.
What did the research of Larry Bumpass et al. (1991) find as a likely reason that couples began cohabiting?
It was a substitute for marriage because of economic constraints.
Relative to those who practice other religions, very few people practice Judaism. It has exercised a greater worldly influence than its numbers would indicate because:
Jews have played a role in the arts, in science, and in business disproportionately to their numbers
The religious work that is usually associated with Islamic faiths is the:
Koran
What are churches?
Large bodies of people belonging to an established religious organization. The term is also used to refer to the place in which religious ceremonies are carried out. Usually hierarchal and conservative.
How can we describe the patterns in liberal Protestant and conservative Protestant denomination membership since the 1960s?
Liberal Protestant membership has declined; conservative Protestant denomination membership has exploded.
How have black women who are single parents adapted to create a stable family situation for their children in the absence of a father?
Many black single mothers form a close and supportive network of extended family members and friends whom they can rely on to help with child care and other family responsibilities.
A socially acknowledged and approved sexual union between two adult individuals is called:
Marriage
The most likely to assert that "capitalism and industrialization expanded faster in those countries where Protestantism, rather than Catholicism, dominated the country" was:
Max Weber
The text offers a few examples of the changing nature of the American family. In this perspective, what does the family that reflects these changing mores look like?
Naihua and José Rivera and their two adopted daughters
Because the terms *sect and cult* have negative connotations today, sociologists now prefer to call such groups:
New religious movements
Emir and Michael live in a large house with their adopted daughter Lilly, Emir's son Amid, and Michael's aging Aunt Cecilia. Sociologist Judith Stacey might describe this family as:
Postmodern
Max Weber considered the *source of the capitalistic outlook* found in the modern West to be:
Protestantism
What are the key three elements of religion?
Religion is a form of CULTURE, beliefs take the form of ritualized practices, feeling that life is ultimately meaningful.
What are world rejecting movements?
Religious movements that are exclusive in nature, highly critical of the outside world and demanding of their members.
What are sects?
Religious movements that break away from orthodoxy. Usually aim to follow the "true way" because they believe established churches are corrupt. Revival.
What are world accommodating movements?
Religious movements that emphasize the importance of inner religious life and spiritual purity over worldly concerns.
What are world-affirming movements?
Religious movements that seek to enhance followers' ability to succeed in the outside world by helping them to unlock their human potential. Self-help or therapy groups. Church of Scientology
The process by which people in society become more concerned with *worldly* than with spiritual matters and religious organizations lose their influence over social life is called:
Secularization
According to David Popenoe, social problems such as child poverty, juvenile delinquency, substance abuse, and motherhood of single women have worsened due to the increases in divorce, nonmarital births, and cohabitation rates. His argument reflects the idea that there is a
Single ideal model of the traditional family
What is sacred according to Durkheim?
Something that inspires attitudes of awe or reverence among believers in a given set of religious ideas.
Which statement below is an accurate description of the pattern(s) of remarriage among divorced people?
Statistically, the divorce rate among second marriages is higher than for first marriages.
What Islam sect is more tolerant?
Sunni. Shiites are extremely conservative, traditional
What did Karl Marx believe regarding religion?
That alienation led human beings to attribute their own culturally created values and norms to alien, or separate beings (divine forces or gods). Said it was the "opium of the people". Wanted people to shed religious beliefs in order to understand the social forces that were oppressing them.
What did Weber say regarding religion?
That religions is not necessarily a conservative force, but religiously inspired movements have often produced dramatic social transformations.q
What is profane according to Durkheim?
That which belongs to the mundane, everyday world.
What are new religious movements?
The broad range of religious and spiritual groups, cults, and sects that have emerged alongside mainstream religions. New religious movements range from spiritual and self-help groups within the New Age movement to exclusive sects such as the Hare Krishnas.
Which statement is an accurate description of the pattern(s) of remarriage among divorced people?
The divorce rate among second marriages is higher than for first marriages.
The trend toward marriage at a later age is unmistakable, and scholars have suggested many reasons for this. How has the increase in women's participation in the labor force along with career establishment played a role in accelerating this trend?
The increased economic independence of women has helped foster a deterioration in men's economic position and their desirability as mates.
What are three ways sociologist can measure the affect of religion on society?
The level of membership in religious organizations; how well churches and other religious organizations maintain their social influence, wealth, and prestige; the level of religiosity.
What is religious nationalism?
The linking of strongly held religious convictions with beliefs about a people's social and political destiny.
What is secularization?
The movement of society away from religious beliefs and institutions. Can also refer to the level of involvement in religious institutions.
Why are there more female-headed families among blacks than any other social group in the United States?
The pool of employed, marriageable black men has been shrinking, thus greatly limiting black women's opportunity to find and keep a stable life partner.
William J. Goode's research into changing family patterns reveals a great deal that subsequently has been shown to be true. What do we know about the relationship of family patterns and geographical factors such as the growth of cities and the changes in rural demographics?
The rate of change in family patterns differs substantially between urban and rural areas.
What are the three historical periods of disestablishment according to Phillip Hammond?
The ratification of the Bill of Rights, the influx of Catholic immigrants challenged notion of Protestant U.S., and anti-Vietnam protest
How does divorce affect the living standards of the former spouses?
The standard of living drops by 27 percent for women and goes up 10 percent for men.
How does divorce impact the living standard of the spouses following their dissolution?
The standard of living drops by 27 percent for women and goes up 10 percent for men.
Scholars have shown that the nature of the family in premodern times was very impermanent. What is one of the likely reasons that this was true?
There was a high rate of overall mortality, which tended to dissolve family structures more frequently.
Kinship ties matter a great deal to Native Americans. What is surprising about marriage within this group?
They have a higher rate of intermarriage than any other racial or ethnic group.
Although their studies may not be representative of the population as a whole, what did Judith Wallerstein and her colleagues find out about most children of divorced parents?
They were coping reasonably well after five years despite an initial shock.
If sociologists' predictions come true, what will Asian American families look like in the future, and why?
They will look more like white families due to acculturation.
The tendency to romanticize the idea of family has included ideas about children and childhood. What would historical research lead us to predict about the lives of children in premodern United States or Europe?
They worked at an early age or left the family at an early age to do domestic work for others.
When looking at family from the perspective of class (as opposed to culture), what can we say about the way race and class intersect around family formation as a result of either economic or cultural factors and whether or not two different families lead similar or dissimilar lives?
Those of similar economic class but different race or ethnicity will lead similar lives.
How did Weber say religion was created?
Through a charismatic leader gaining support, and then dying -> providing the need to create social institutions.
Endogamy refers to the pattern of people marrying partners socially like themselves.
True
People in the United States today are more accepting of divorce than they were a century ago.
True
Statistics on spousal abuse vary greatly depending on the population that is surveyed.
True
The Methodist Church is considered a denomination in the United States today.
True
The dominant residential form in the United States is neolocality
True
True or False: Low income women who become mothers outside of marriage, believe they can be good mothers.
True
True or False: The foster care system's main goal is to promote the re-unification between the child and his or her biological parents.
True
Mae just joined a religious group that holds weekly support groups for divorced people; has workshops on bringing spirituality into our everyday lives; and provides life coaches who help members learn to invest, train for new jobs, and set and maintain goals in their lives. This religious group would be an example of a:
World affirming religion
The type of new religious movement most likely to require significant lifestyle changes of its members is a ________ movement
World rejecting
What categories do new religious movements fall into?
World-affirming, world rejecting, and world accommodating.
What is secular thinking?
Worldly thinking, particularly as seen in the rise of science, technology, and rational thought in general.
20. Children in premodern United States and Europe often: a. worked at an early age or left the family at an early age to do domestic work for others b. were betrothed at early ages c. experienced a great deal of permanence and stability d. lived in fairly large households e. none of the above
a
28. Which of the following is more likely to exhibit characteristics of extended kinship? a. African American families b. colonial-period white families c. Victorian-era white families d. white families in the 1990s e. none of the above
a
46. According to sociologists and historians, families of the past: a. experienced many of the same problems as today b. rarely experienced divorce, desertion, or child abuse c. held to very rigid sexual norms, with strict prohibitions d. included only women who were happy with their domestic roles e. all of the above
a
47. Two adults living together in a household with their own or adopted children would be a(n): a. nuclear family b. extended family c. atomic family d. distended family e. polyandry
a
91. Feminist scholars who analyze the family often refer to the second shift. Which of the following scenarios best captures the meaning of this phrase? a. A female social worker returns home from work to drive her children to soccer practice, prepares dinner, and completes a load of laundry. b. A male truck driver works through the night to ensure that his truck arrives at the proper location at the designated time. c. A woman works two jobs to support her children, unemployed husband, and aging parents. d. A divorced man works two jobs to pay for child support, alimony, and nursing home fees for his parents. e. Men and women have two distinct jobs: Men are employed outside the home, and women remain at home, caring for children.
a
A sociologist supports a community group in developing a program that will enhance personality stabilization. Which program fits this description?
a "take your spouse on a walk" night at a local park
The text offers a few examples of the changing nature of the American family in the twenty-first century. In this perspective, what does the family that reflects these changes look like?
a cohabitating couple with a biological child from their partnership and an older child from one parent's previous relationship
Judith Stacey argues that the model perpetuated by Popenoe and others is a "dated and oppressive institution." In her view, this broken, outdated model of the so-called modern family is usually defined as:
a father as breadwinner and a child-rearing mother
Judith Stacey argues that the model perpetuated by Popenoe and others is a "dated and oppressive institution." Stacey suggests that this broken, outdated model of the so-called modern family is usually defined as:
a father as breadwinner and a child-rearing mother
What is evangelicalism
a form of Protestantism characterized by a belief in spiritual rebirth
David Popenoe argues that fathers teach their daughters:
a male perspective on heterosexual relationships
A family composed of one or two parents and their children is called:
a nuclear family
The spread of Islamic fundamentalism is best understood as:
a political movement that is reacting against Western beliefs
The person most likely to participate in the New Age movement is:
a recently divorced man who just dropped out of college
Which of the following characteristics could be found within the traditional American family from colonial times to about the 1950s?
a sexual double standard existed that allowed promiscuity for men but strongly restricted the sexuality of women
Because religions provide a major source of norms and values, sociologists understand them to be:
a significant source of social solidarity
Cohabiting couples are increasing in the United States. Which of the following people in cohabiting unions are most likely to marry?
a white child-free couple who are both physicians
What do we call marriage formed through personal selection and based on affection or love?
affective individualism
The New Age religious movement is unique in that it has:
an eclectic openness to diverse practices and beliefs from all over the globe
12. The ________ in the United States rose rapidly from the 1960s to the late 1970s, peaking in 1980. a. marriage rate b. divorce rate c. number of extended families d. all of the above e. none of the above
b
38. For people in the same age group, who is more likely to get married? a. people who have never been married b. people who have been married and divorced c. poor people d. divorced women e. None of the above; all of the above are equally likely to get married.
b
42. When couples live together without being married, they are engaging in: a. engagement b. cohabitation c. monogamy d. marital compatibility testing e. all of the above
b
44. ________ is (are) the basis of marriages formed through personal selection, based on affection or love. a. Family arrangement b. Affective individualism c. Nuclear families d. Extended families e. Polygamies
b
69. If a married couple lives near or with the parents of the groom, the pattern is called: a. matrilocal b. patrilocal c. neolocal d. polygamy e. polyandry
b
70. A marriage system that allows a husband or wife to have more than one spouse is called: a. monogamy b. polygamy c. polygyny d. polyandry e. mononucleosis
b
71. Who is more likely to get a divorce at some point in the life cycle? a. people whose parents never divorced b. people who cohabit before marriage c. people who marry at an older age d. people with children e. people with children under the age of twelve
b
What is one factor that increases the likelihood a person will get a divorce at some point in his or her life?
bearing children outside marriage
A(n) _____ family is made up of step- parents, children, and biological parents.
blended
In what ways does David Popenoe argue that "marriage must be re-established as a strong social institution"?
by having employers provide generous parental leave
16. What is the relationship between income and post-divorce situations? a. Both men and women's incomes increase. b. Both men and women's incomes decrease. c. Men's incomes increase and women's incomes decrease. d. Men's incomes decrease and women's incomes increase. e. There is no change in the economic situation of men and women following a divorce.
c
22. A family of orientation is: a. one formed by two married adults and their children by previous marriages b. a family a person wishes to belong to c. the family into which a person is born d. the family which one enters as an adult and within which a new generation of children is brought up e. none of the above
c
33. Which group of theories is likely to agree with the statement "couples are seeking to be more symmetrical, but in reality men do not perform their share of the housework." a. functionalists b. postmodernists c. feminists d. conflict theorists e. none of the above
c
5. What advantages do female-headed African American families have over female-headed white families? a. African American women are more likely to receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. b. The high unemployment rate among African American families has made them stronger. c. Female-headed African American families have more extended kinship relationships. d. White women are more likely to kidnap and physically abuse their children. e. all of the above
c
80. According to Talcott Parsons, the family plays an important role in adults' lives by giving them emotional support. Parsons called this: a. primary socialization b. the family of procreation c. personality stabilization d. the symmetrical family e. domestic division of labor
c
97. While it is most common for young people to leave home to begin an independent life, in previous generations, young people left home: a. to avoid domestic violence b. because their parents evicted them c. to get married d. following their parents' divorce e. when the youngest sibling started college
c
Of the following groups, the one that has seen a big decrease in attendance at religious services, largely because of its stance on birth control, is:
catholic
Émile Durkheim failed to anticipate the role of religion in:
causing division, conflict, and change in society
In the classification of religious organizations based on early theories of Max Weber, Ernst Troeltsch, and Richard Niebuhr, which religious organizations are considered to be the most established?
churches
Sociologists argue that the United States has a set of religious beliefs through which it interprets its own history in light of some conception of ultimate reality. Robert Bellah refers to this as a(n):
civil religion
What is there a growing strength in?
conservative Protestants
13. Which one of the following changes is NOT correct as it relates to changes occurring in the family globally? a. Clans and other kin groups are declining in influence. b. There is a general trend toward the free choice of a spouse. c. Women's and children's rights are more widely recognized. d. Patterns are reflected in both urban and rural areas. e. There are higher levels of sexual freedom.
d
17. Which group has a strong commitment to family interdependence, family and friend networks that help members financially, and higher median incomes than non-Hispanic whites? a. Mexican Americans b. Puerto Ricans c. Cuban Americans d. Asian Americans e. Native Americans
d
35. What accounts for the trend toward later marriages in recent decades? a. increases in cohabitation b. increased participation of women in the labor force c. a decrease in the numbers of marriageable men because of economic deterioration d. all of the above, combined with other variables e. None of the above has anything to do with the timing of marriage.
d
49. Which of the following best characterizes the family in the United States today? a. Regardless of publicity, the dominant family structure in the United States has remained constant during the previous fifty years. b. Most families today are female-headed, single-parent households. c. Nearly one third of U.S. families are same-sex couples who have either an adopted or biological child. d. The largest group of American families are those in which there is only one parent or both the husband and wife are working. e. The dominant American family is one in which the husband goes to work, and the wife stays home with the children.
d
8. Which of the following best describes the changes in household size throughout the history of the United States? a. Family size has shrunk dramatically from the early farming years to the current urban setting. b. Currently, the family in the United States is a well-defined, small nuclear family; in contrast, for the first two hundred years of U.S. history, the family was a large extended family. c. Households in the United States have always included grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other members of the extended family. d. The key difference in household size between the first two hundred years of U.S. history and today is the absence of servants in the home. e. The key to understanding the family in the United States is in knowing the relevance of the extended family, whereas for European families the important structure is the nuclear family.
d
94. Which of the following characteristics could be found within the traditional American family from colonial times to the 1950s? a. exceedingly harsh discipline over children b. a sexual double standard (promiscuity for men; strict sexual restrictions for women) c. widespread dissatisfaction among women d. all of the above e. None of the above; the traditional family was a model of peace and harmony.
d
95. What factor is NOT related to the impermanent nature of the family in premodern times? a. high rates of child mortality b. high rates of women dying in childbirth c. high rates of overall mortality d. high rates of suicide e. none of the above
d
legal status intended to give same-sex couples the same legal rights as marriage
domestic partnership/civil union
Whereas earlier schools of thought focused on the family as a unit, feminist thinkers instead considered the:
dynamics between people within families
Cuban Americans have higher rates of wealth, lower rates of fertility, and lower levels of nonmarital fertility than other Hispanic groups. Sociologists think this is because:
economic factors may be more important than cultural factors in shaping family lives
Functionalism holds that the husband in the "conventional family" is the breadwinner, playing what sociologists refer to as the instrumental role, while the wife manages the home and children in the affective role. What does this provide?
emotional support
marrying within your social group
endogamy
The family is a social institution that is found in:
every society.
the group of people you aren't allowed to date
exogamy
Your best friend lives with her mother and father, her two sisters, and her grandmother and aunt, all in the same household. A sociologist would refer to this as a(n) ________ family
extended
African American families overall tend to have larger and more complex family networks than other racial or ethnic groups. From a sociological perspective, this is a form of:
extended family
family group consisting of more than the nuclear family living in the same household
extended family
The American family of the colonial period was the model of stability, with most marriages lasting at least 25 years.
false
The most loosely knit and transient religious organization is the church.
false
The term for a group of people directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of which assume responsibility for caring for children, is:
family
A sociologist observes that couples today express a desire for equality and symmetry, but in reality, women still do much more housework than men. If the sociologist develops this observation into a research study, which theoretical perspective is most directly related to the topic?
feminist
Émile Durkheim's theory of religion, which connected religion with the overall nature of the institutions of a society, is an example of tradition that is:
functionalist
The long history of "family" and the family as a unit has been a major obstacle for those seeking marital bliss as same-sex couples. Worldwide, changes have been substantial in the past decade. Today, same-sex marriages:
have experienced increasing support in the United States and abroad
According to your text, religious movements pass through several phases of development. The first phases, according to Max Weber, involve charismatic leaders. Some other characteristics of this type of leader is that they:
have the ability to capture people's imagination and devotion of followers
Lisa says, "My family of orientation had, well, some problems!" She is referring to:
her parents and brothers, which constituted the household in which she was raised
idea that you tend to date people that share interests with you; you date based on compatibility
homogamy
Functionalism describes the functional value of social roles. This theory describes, in traditional families, the husband as breadwinner, which is the ________ role, whereas the wife manages the home and children in the ________ role.
instrumental; affective
The country that has no separation of mosque and state is:
iran
The religious denomination that has the highest percentage of college graduates in the United States is:
judaism
Connections between individuals who are blood relatives that are established either through marriage or the lines of descent are known as:
kinship
Connections between individuals who are blood relatives that are established through either marriage or the lines of descent are known as:
kinship
Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas researched low-income women and nonmarital childbirth. What did they conclude about why these women had children despite not being able to afford to do so?
low income women felt marriage was likely to make things worse, whether had children or not.
A socially acknowledged and approved sexual union between two, and only two, adult individuals is called:
marriage
A married couple is expected to live in or very near the home of the bride's parents. This is what type of arrangement?
matrilocal
A married couple living in or very near the home of the bride's parents would be in what type of arrangement?
matrilocal
Reyna and her husband are starting a family and decide to move closer to either her or his own family. Reyna's family lives on the West Coast, but her husband's family lives on the East Coast. If Reyna and her husband decide to move to the West Coast, what would their decision be considered in the context of family?
matrilocal
Most Western societies do not sanction marriage to more than one other person at the same time, often passing laws to enforce this. This approach to marital relations is referred to as:
monogamy
to exclusively date one person
monogamy
According to sociologists, religious beliefs, rituals, and bonds create a ________ in which all members know how to behave.
moral community
David Popenoe argues that mothers and fathers influence children differently. In his view, a family consisting of two fathers and a daughter would be limited because:
mothers provide nurture and connection in a way that only women can provide
What is the most common type of child abuse?
neglect
For a religious movement to survive after its leader dies, usually the:
new leaders establish regulations and formalize structures
Because the terms sect and cult have negative connotations today, sociologists now prefer to call such groups:
new religious movements
What type of family consists of two adults living together in a household with their own or adopted children?
nuclear family
a husband and wife and dependent children
nuclear family
When we refer to our family of orientation, we are also referring to:
our parents and siblings (if any)
We are all born into our family of orientation or origin, and our family of procreation is that which we enter into to raise a future generation of children. What is one additional distinction between our family of orientation and family of procreation?
our place of residence
Your best friend is getting married. He and his new husband have decided that they will move across the country to live near his husband's dad, now divorced and living with his new wife. Your best friend is going to be in what kind of arrangement?
patrilocal
singles trend
people are waiting later to get married (into their 30s) once they reach their 30s, 90% still get married
Within those of the same age group, who is more likely to get married?
people who have been married and divorced compared with people who have never been married
In some societies, women are allowed to have more than one male spouse at the same time. The most specific term for this arrangement is:
polyandry
Sociologists have found that many societies sanction marriage between more than one individual at the same time. What do we call this system when it is allowed?
polygamy
Sociologists have found that many societies sanction marriage between more than two individuals at the same time. What do we call this system when it is allowed?
polygamy
having multiple spouses
polygamy
Many societies sanction the male having more than one wife at the same time, an arrangement called:
polygyny
Many societies sanction the male having more than one wife at the same time. The most specific term for this arrangement is:
polygyny
Belief that many gods represent various natural forces is:
polytheism
Sociologists explain the appeal of religion in terms of:
problems of the social order that threaten a person's sense of well-being
Max Weber considered the source of the capitalistic outlook found in the modern West to be:
protestantism
An association of people who join together to spread a new religion or a new interpretation of an existing religion is a:
religious movement
Religion, according to Émile Durkheim, is based on a distinction between which two categories?
sacred and profane
The process by which people in society become more concerned with worldly than with spiritual matters and religious organizations lose their influence over social life is called:
secularization
to date/marry one person at a time but possibly move on to someone else; only with one person at a time
serial monogamy
positive factor associated with single, African American mothers
single, African American mothers are more successful than single, white mothers because they rely on extended family to help them with the children
Annette Lareau found that children of middle-class parents tended to have a sense of entitlement while those of lower-class families tended to have a sense of constraint. Her work attributes different child-rearing practices to differences in:
social class
One limitation of the applicability of the classic theories of religion proposed by Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, and Max Weber is that they based their approaches on:
societies in which a single religion prevailed
Max Weber regarded Christianity as a salvation religion in which human beings can be "saved" if they follow its moral tenets. According to him, Eastern religions differ from Christianity in that they:
tend to lack emotional dynamism and cultivate an attitude of passivity or acceptance
Betty Friedan is an icon in the second women's movement in the United States. In her widely read book The Feminine Mystique, what is she talking about when she refers to "the problem with no name"?
the boredom of housewives
The religious economy model is adapted from:
the business world
When we refer to our family of procreation, we are probably referring to:
the children we are raising
We learn, almost from birth, how to behave and follow societal norms from our family of orientation. Talcott Parsons felt that this crucial stage also meant we underwent a process of personality stabilization. What was he referring to?
the role of the family in supporting us emotionally
Feminist sociologists and feminist approaches to the sociology of the family have made important contributions to our understanding of the family. Which of the following issues is embedded within a feminist analysis of the family?
the time demand imposed by the emotional labor that is expected from women
Some researchers argue that people often "get religion" when:
they have established a sense of discipline that they can devote to religious practice
Which of the following are more likely to divorce at some point in the life cycle?
those who cohabit more than once before marriage
The nuclear family consists of __________.
two adults living together in a household with their biological or adopted children
A student in a sociology class plans a study on how divorce affects families of procreation. Which grouping does she recruit as participants in her study?
two parents and the children they are raising
In 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that same-sex marriage was legal in all states. This ruling marks a milestone in the debate over marriage. It also challenges the ideal of what David Popenoe and others have argued as to what defines a "family," namely:
two parents, consisting of a father and a mother
Most Western societies use both law and cultural norms to promote monogamy. Accordingly, in societies with these laws and norms, we can expect to see:
two, and only two, partners in a marriage
Diane Vaughan's 1986 study found that the process of "uncoupling" in a marriage is often:
unintentional
The connection between religion and violence is that:
violence exists in most religions and is couched in terms of the forces of good against the forces of evil
Would Marx, Weber, and Durkheim say secularization threatened religion?
yes
On September 11, 2001, U.S. citizens attended church in tremendous numbers as a way to experience solidarity. This exemplifies the understanding of religion by:
Émile Durkheim