Soc Exam 2

Approximately how many workers earn the minimum wage or less?

3 million workers

Which of the following statements is a criticism of the poverty line that would most likely come from a conservative social scientist who believes that the extent of poverty is exaggerated?

Benefits provided to poor people, such as reduced-price school lunch programs, Medicaid, and subsidized housing, should be included in the calculation of income.

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" and in violation of the equal protection clause of the Constitution?

Brown v. Board of Education

By ______, social scientists refer to the growing tendency for goods and services to be produced in one nation or region and consumed in another, and for companies that produce those goods and services to engage in business activities in many different regions of the world.

Economic globalization

Functional view of Economic Inequality

Economic inequality is not only inevitable but also necessary for the smooth functioning of society. Ensures that the most talented people will be motivated to fill the most important jobs.

Gender Gap Index

Economic participation/opportunity, educational attainment, health/survival, political empowerment

Which of the following statements is true regarding education as a social problem?

Education is compulsory in the United States, but the requirements differ from state to state.

What did the Supreme Court rule in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez?

Education is not a right stated in the U.S. Constitution. Unequal property values and the resultant unequal educational expenditures do not constitute a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution.

Dignity Rights

Ensure human dignity, personal security, work, earning a reasonable wage, an adequate standard of living, etc. More gov action!

Which of the following statements is not one of the ways that organized religion is a source of sexism?

Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and Reformed Jews ordain women as ministers and rabbis.

Ji is on the first day of his job with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Help him out. What is the official term used by the USDA to describe the experience of not having enough nourishing food available on a regular basis?

Food insecurity

In ____ the Supreme Court legalized contraception and held that people have the right to privacy in making decisions about their own sexual health.

Griswold v. Connecticut

Roe v. Wade

Held that the Texas abortion statute unconstitutional

Symbolic Interactionist View of Economic Inequality

How are wealth and poverty defined in a society and what are the consequences of being labeled poor or wealthy?

What were the findings of the recent Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess gender biases?

In general, people paired words like president, governor, and executive with male names, and paired works like secretary, assistant, and aid with female-sounding names.

Relative

In industrialized countries, national poverty lines are sometimes based on the median income of a country's population. According to this _____ poverty measure, members of a household are considered poor if their household income is less than 50% of the median household income in that country.

"Those poor people are lazy and mooching off the government. It must be nice to get a free handout and not even have to work," says Felisa. What explanation for poverty do her comments represent?

Individualistic

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Legalized contraception and held that people have the right to privacy in making decisions about their own sexual health.

Which of the following statements is correct?

Liberty rights are based on the idea that the best government is one that governs least and dignity rights are based on the idea that there is a positive, proactive role for government in creating a fair and just society.

Windsor v. United States

Married gay and lesbian couples are entitled to federal benefits.

Several factors account for why women earn less than men. Which is not one of these factors?

Men report to enjoy their jobs more than do women.

Although equality of opportunity is a central value of U.S. society, equality of outcome is not. This means _____.

Most Americans believe everyone should have the same opportunity to achieve material well-being, but they do not object to inequality in the actual situation of different groups in society.

In _____ the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right to same-sex marriage.

Obergefell v. Hodges

Civil rights act of 1964

Outlawed discrimination

To Karl Marx, the basic classes of a society are determined by:

Ownership or non-ownership of the means of production.

Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009

Pay discrimination based on sex, race, religion, etc is illegal. (Ledbetter v. Goodyear)

Race is a social fact

Physical differences have no inherent meaning, race is the idea that attaches meaning to physical differences, racial classifications depend on social context: time, place, circumstance and power.

Conflict view of Economic Inequality

The wealthy benefit at the expense of the working class and the poor. Inequality is intrinsic to capitalism.

Race is not a biological fact

There is no gene for race, genetic variations within what we call the same race is often greater than variation between races, people cannot be separated into clearly demarcated racial categories

In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, which included a provision that made it illegal to discriminate against women in promotion and hiring. This provision was known as

Title VII

Sometimes speakers use examples of individuals - like Oprah or Obama - to suggest that if these individuals were able to triumph over racial barriers, the path is clear for everyone. What type of fallacy best describes such thinking?

Tokenistic Fallacy

Politically conservative folks are more likely than politically liberal folks to show implicit racial bias.

True

-Consumers in the U.S. pay lower prices for goods produced in Mexico. -Jobs were created for Mexicans living along the northern border with the U.S. or willing to move to the "factory cities" along the border.

Which of the following would functionalists consider to be manifest functions of the trade agreement with Canada and Mexico?

In the United States, the income gap between rich and poor is ______. Around the world, the income gap between rich and poor is _____.

Widening ; widening

In the 20th century, the U.S. moved from _____ economy.

a manufacturing to a service-based

When a recent NBC News/Wall Street Journal survey asked a sample of adults "Which of the following reasons do you think is most responsible for the continuing problem of poverty?" the most common response was:

too much government welfare that prevents initiative

Olympic champion Bruce Jenner disclosed in 2015 that he has always felt like he was a female in his heart, and he transitioned to living his life as a woman named Caitlyn. This is an example of a person who is

transgender

According to the assigned reading, "The Great Displacement," most of the jobs which pay less than $20 per hour will be subject to automation or replacement

true

In 1954, the United States Supreme Court handed down the Brown v. Board of Education decision. The Brown case involved

declaring segregated educational facilities to be inherently unequal.

Using Robert Merton's perspective on the relationships between prejudice and discrimination, "institutional discrimination" would involve

discrimination where prejudice is absent

The most important characteristic of dominant groups in all societies is their

economic and political power

The builder of a cooperative apartment house may not be negatively predisposed toward Jews, but nevertheless may refuse to rent to a Jewish family in the belief that doing so may make it difficult to rent the other apartments. In Robert Merton's typology of the relationships between prejudice and discrimination, this builder would be a

fair-weather liberal

The poverty line in the United States is based on:

food budget costs, multiplied by three

Many parents in the U.S. scramble because of the lack of paid maternity leaves, the high cost of childcare, the low number of subsidized preschool slots, extended summer vacations from school, and the limited availability of part-time jobs with benefits that would allow families to more easily combine work and family. These social problems occur because

policies and programs have not kept pace with the changing social structure.

According to the text, among the drawbacks to a consumer-based economy is

the dominance of large corporations and franchise operations

When a 2015 Gallup Poll was conducted with a nationally representative sample of adults, asking them to identify the most serious problem facing America, the largest single response was

the economy

To understand the origins of prejudice and discrimination in a society, one must consider both

the felt needs of individuals and the structural organization of society.

Generally, the larger a minority group and the more segregated it is,

the more hostility its members encounter

Approximately how much does the U.S. spend per student on education for primary and secondary students?

$12,000

The federal minimum wage in 2019 is

$7.25 an hour

One structural explanation of persistent poverty points that, in the U.S. economy today, there are two categories of jobs: better jobs that offer secure employment and good benefits, and poorer jobs with low pay and no security. The authors of your text refer to this situation as:

A dual labor market

Obergefell v. Hodges

A right to same-sex marriage. Happened when the spouse died and the husband wasn't on the death certificate.

Legalistic Fallacy

Abolishing racist laws leads to the abolition of racist practices.

Which of the following statements is correct about the funding of public education?

All southern states are below the U.S. average in per pupil funding of public schools.

Mr. Garcia teaches 4th grade, and he went to the school board meeting to complain about the upcoming standardized test that he is required to give to his class. He argued that standardized tests are culturally biased and help perpetuate social inequality. Mr. Garcia's views represent which perspective?

Conflict perspective

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby

Corporations controlled by religious families cannot be required to pay for contraception coverage for their female workers.

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriquez

Court ruled that it wasn't a violation of the equal protection clause.

Why are men and women who live in poverty less likely to marry?

Poverty undermines economic security and makes men less attractive marriage partners.

Comstock Act of 1873

Prohibits sending of obscene literature through the mail. Birht control info is obscene

Fixed Fallacy

Racism has always been with us

Individualistic Fallacy

Racism is an individual matter.

Liberty Rights

Rights of personal freedom and autonomy, beyond government control. Be free of government oppression!

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Separate but equal is unconstitutional

Which of the following statements is true? (gender inequality)

Sex is a biological concept and gender is a social construction.

What is the difference, if any, between rape and sexual assault?

Sexual assault may include rape, but it also includes other types of behavior, such as unwanted sexual contact or experiences.

What is one way that racism is embedded in the structure of schools?

Students are tracked in that whites and Asians have disproportionate access to the most intellectually stimulating classes.

Which is the principal characteristic of a minority group?

Subordinate status

Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission

Supreme court sided with the baker because of "impermissible hostility" towards the baker's religious beliefs.

Loving v. Virginia

The Court ruled that state bans on interracial marriage were unconstitutional.

Over the past several decades, women have made which of the following advances?

The gap between the earnings of men and women is narrowing.

Ahistorical Fallacy

The past in not important

Adrian lives in an area of town in which 90% of the students in public schools are black and Hispanic. The main reason for this is

because whites have left the city and blacks and Hispanics have moved in

The United States is quickly becoming more diverse every year due to

immigration patterns and birthrates among specific groups

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

is an arrangement in which the U.S., Mexico, and Canada agreed not to impose import taxes on goods and services flowing between these countries.

One of the functions of education is to teach academic subjects such as reading, writing, and arithmetic. This is an example of a

manifest function

American multinational corporations have increasingly exported capital and jobs. The American workers most hurt have had jobs in

manufacturing

Defense of Marriage Act

marriage is between a man and a woman