Soc inequality, crime, and justice exam 1
6 skills for communication by Gudykunst
1. Being Mindful 2. Tolerating ambiguity 3. Managing anxiety 4. practicing empathy 5. adapting 6. making accurate predictions and explanations
Lorber's 2006 three perspectives on social construction of gender
1. gender as a process 2. gender as stratification 3. gender as structure
Which of the following identity categories is socially constructed?
Race, Sexuality, Gender
Who is attributed to "biological fact"?
Sociologist Robert Miles 1989
The US is based on a _____ political-economic system.
capitalist
Achieved status
given based on accomplishments
Essentialism
idea that there are fundamental differences between men and women
Emancipation thesis
idea that women's liberation movement would lead to rise in women's offending
interrogate "unmarked normative groups"
ie. whites, men, heterosexuals, able-bodied individuals, middle class, etc.
Civil Rights Act 1964 and equal Employment Opportunity Act 1972
prohibited discrimination in employment based on protected categories, including sex
What are some ascribed status'?
race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, age, social class
Social class
reflects and shapes the unequal allocations and distribution of life options and social worth among groups of people
Feminism
set of theories about women's oppression and a set of strategies for social change
3 gendered consequences of mass incarceration, war on drugs, and three strike laws
1. redirected government dollars away from social services and welfare protections 2. shift in jobs away from social services to law enforcement and corrections 3. care for families and dependent children let behind in the wake of mass incarceration fell upon women
Gender differences in justice-related professions focuses on:
1. underrepresentation of women in justice related employment and the use of law to leverage change 2. privileging of masculine qualities over feminine qualities in the use "doing" of justice work 3. ongoing challenges surrounding gender and differences within professions
Girls and women offending
1/4 and 1/3 of all arrests
Boys and men offending
3/4 of all arrests
Nonverbal communication
Anderson 2010 describes culture is mainly nonverbal; one must pay attention to nonverbal communication
Who first discussed microaggressions?
Chester Pierce 1970s
Who later popularized this concept?
D. Wing Sue
Is difference the problem?
Difference itself is not the problem its that differential value is placed on individuals, which means different allocation of resources, privileges, disadvantages, etc.
Alvin Poussaint
Harvard professor of psychiatry who called experiencing negative microaggrssions "death by a thousand nicks"
Matthew Shepard and James Byrd jr. 2009
Hate crimes prevention act: expanded federal hate crimes laws to include protection for sexual orientation, gender, and gender identity
Interlocking oppressions
Ken 2007 argues that intersectionality is based on class, race, and gender; no individual is all oppressed or all oppressing
Do people know that they are using microaggressions?
They do not always realized because they can be ingrained into social and cultural norms of a society
What has been linked to criminal offending?
a history of childhood and familial violence
What does difference assume?
a norm or standard that reflects power and privilege
social resources
ability of group members to benefit from relationships with others who can advance their interests
Cultural resources
ability of social groups to mold popular consciousness by influencing the content of mass media and public communication
Devaluation
attaching lesser value to some social identity, frames one group as valued and one group as inferior and "the other"
Socialist feminist
both capitalism and patriarchy are responsible for gender inequalities Social change= women must gain access to political and economic power
Racialization
can be used to illustrate the ways race and other social identities influence how people make sense of their interactions with the justice system complex process of socially constructing and ascribing characteristics and meanings to biological racial categories
Marxsit feminism
capitalism is the source of gender inequalities social change= overthrow the economic system, eliminate class difference, struggle and inequality
Microaggressions
chasing nature of discrimination; more subtle and convert kinds of discrimination
Social _____ is a component of social difference in the US that both reflects and shapes the unequal allocation of life options and social worth among various groups of people.
class
Culture
cross cultural communication would ensure quality across the criminal justice system
The ability of social groups to mold popular consciousness by influencing the content of mass media, education, or other platforms of public communication is known as _____.
cultural resources
Political resources
direct and indirect forms (positions as public leaders voting interest groups)
Privilege and disadvantage
either earned or unearned; born into it
Sexual orientation
enduring romantic, physical, or sexual attraction to individuals of the other sex or same sex
Intersectionality focuses on the significance of individual identity categories.
false
Street crimes cost more (in terms of life and resources) than do white collar crimes.
false
The crimes of the wealthy are criminalized in the same way as the crimes of the poor.
false
Liberal feminism
gender inequalities arise from gender based discrimination and a lack of equal opportunities for women social change=creating laws that prohbit gender-based discrimination and ensure equal access
Ascribed status
given based on things that individuals cannot change
Gender
greatest predictor of criminal activity; masculinity associated with aggression; nonverbal communication can differ
The least well off people in the US are those who _____.
have low or no income own little material property and few or no financial securities exhibit styles of speech, dress, and conduct that are viewed as maladjusted or "dangerous"
Gender expression
how individuals preform gender
Violence Against Women Act Reauthorization 2013
included preventions and services for LGBTQ victims
Economic resources
income and wealth
Gender Identity
individuals self-concept and beliefs about whether they are female, male, a combination of both, or neither
Gender identity
individuals understanding of their own identity
The way that differences overlap and affect experiences and outcomes in the justice system is known as _____.
intersectionality
Ethnocentrism
judge others by the standards of ones own group; considers something unfavorably because they are not familiar
Law and difference
law plays a central role in the construction and maintenance of difference; law artificially constructs difference through categorizations of people
Other feminisms
lesbian feminism and queer heteronomativy. Black feminists, indigenenous feminists, Latina feminists draw attention to racial differences
Naming
meaning of names changes overtime and geopraphy; process of naming is influenced by power dynamic; oppressed group lacks power in their own naming; names revel societal attitudes and beliefs about groups
Which gender engages in crime the most?
men are disproportionately responsible for engaging in harmful behavior
Messerschmidt 1986
men engage in crimes of domination and women engage in crimes of accommodation
How is devaluation expressed?
neighborhood segregation, structural barriers, interpersonal violence, hate crimes, micro aggressions, and interpersonal discrimination
Difference exists where there is a _____ or standard against which everyone else is compared.
norm
Heteronormativity
normalized behaviors and social expectations that presume heterosexuality to be the only sexual orientation
Normative privilege
occurs when the standard for evaluation reflects and maintains the already existing privilege of the more powerful group
Radical feminism
patriarchy is the source of gender inequality Social change= dismantle the patriarchy and equalize power
Stereotyping
placing others in categories based on easily identified characteristics; can be positive or negative; prevent individuals from communicating effectively and interacting freely
Examples of nonverbal communication
posturing, touching, facial expressions, eye behavior, silence and verbal sounds, gestures and movements, personal space, movement while speaking, and symbols
Communication
process that occurs between two or more individuals who use words and/or nonverbal signals to construct the narrative of their interaction and to attach meaning to the message they transmit
Gender 2
social and cultural meanings assigned to sex difference; masculinity and feminity;
_____ approaches argue that if it were not for the biased nature of the justice system, the poor would appear just as law abiding as the affluent.
social interactionist
Difference
socially constructed
People make difference matter through the process of social interaction, which is to say that difference is _____.
socially constructed
What is the focus put on society?
society tends to focus on our differences rather than similarities
Legal definitions
sough to facilitate exclusion social control of a specific group
All of the following except _____ are examples of nonverbal communication.
texting
Importance of competence for Criminal Justice workers
the ability to communicate effectively has important implications like law enforcement training
Legalese
the formal and technical language of legal documents that is often hard to understand; based in latin
Globalization
the increase awareness of the human diversity on the planet
Situational context
the social or environmental setting of a person's behavior
Why is "biological fact" problematic?
there is no specific evidence that it is biologically related in anyway
Antidrug funds allocated to the department of education reduced from $14 million to $3 million
true
Between 1980 and 1984 FBI anti drug allocations increased from $8 million to $95 million
true
Budget for the national Institute on drug abuse was reduced from $274 million to $57 million
true
Categorization is the process by which society decides which individuals fit into the boxes used to define difference.
true
Criminal justice practitioners are largely members of privileged classes.
true
DEA antidrug spending increased from $86 million to $1 billion
true
Department of defense anti drug allocations increased from $33 million in 1981 to over $1 billion on 1991
true
FBI antidrug spending increased from $38 million to $181 million
true
Minimum wage in the US is the outcome of political decisions that have been shaped by elite interests.
true
Power and status are often linked
true
Racialization is a complex process of socially constructing and ascribing characteristics and meanings to biological racial categories.
true
Social class can mitigate other disadvantaged social positions such as race or gender.
true
The meanings attached to difference make some kinds of difference matter in society more.
true
The meanings we attach to difference change over time
true
The popular media image of the poor preying on the rich is inaccurate.
true
Sex
typically conceived as a categorical difference; thought of as binary; many cultures have a third sex
Hard social control
use of coercion and force to ensure compliance
Postmodern feminism
use of power and privilege to socially construct gender inequalities Social change=people must recognize and exercise their power to shape meaning of gender and achieve greater justice
Sheffield 2007 sexual terrorism
violence toward women might be best conceived as sexual terrorism since the intimidation and violence directed toward some women is designed to create fear in all women so they win fear in all women so they will "stay in their place"
Soft social control
way that compliance with cultural expectation is assured by encouraging individuals to internalize gender norms
American with Disabilities Act
workplace must provide "reasonable accommodations" for qualified difference
