Soc of Families Final

On average American families have how many children?

1 to 3 (2 is the most common)

The scenarios that could cause a "marriage squeeze"

1. A large influx of young adult male migrants into the country 2. A sudden fertility rate (that is, the number of children born to each woman) drop among young women

Identify the reasons why international adoptions in the United States peaked in 2004

1. Adoptions from some nations were haulted entirely 2. Ethical and legal violations were more closely scrutinized

What are some barriers tho part-time work that mothers encounter

1. Employers often do not offer the option to work part-time 2. Part-time work creates barriers to career advancement

Identify the evidence that supports short-term cohabitation is replacing marriage as a long-term committment

1. In countries where cohabitation is more common, relationships marked by cohabitation are usually stable and long-term 2. Increasing agreement that couples do not need to be married to be committed

Why do Americans spend far fewer of their adult years in marriage now compared with the 1950s?

1. Increase incidence of divorce 2. Delays in marriage

What are some social changes experienced by the baby boom generation

1. Increasing rates of single motherhood 2. Increasing rates of women working outside the home

What changes in institutions outside the family could make the division of household work and child care more equitable?

1. Less occupational gender segregation 2. Govt. support for paid leave and child care

Reasons for the declining rates of marriage in young adulthood.

1. Many women do not need marriage for financial stability. 2. Marriage is less central to how young people define a happy life. 3. High unemployment rates among some groups mean a shortage of marriageable men for some women to choose from (Black men and men who have not completed college)

The textbook argues that increasing numbers of cohabiting couples could mean that (2 things)

1. Marriage is eroding and being replaced by short-term cohabitation 2. Cohabitation is replacing marriage as a form of long-term relationship.

Identify the factors that contributed to families' having fewer children during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

1. More children lived into adulthood. 2. Raising children cost more money. 3. Childrens labor was not needed

Identify the evidence that supports short-term cohabitation is replacing long-term marriage

1. Most cohabitations in the United States last fewer than six months. 2. Cohabiting couples report lower levels of commitment than married couples.

What are the 2 trends in marriage rates?

1. People get married much older now 2. More likely to find an unmarried person now

The reasons why a large majority of adults eventually marry.

1. People tend to do what others around them have done. 2. Marriage brings both legal and symbolic rewards. 3. Media, family, and religious leaders pressure people to marry.

Reasons why married couples with children are much less likely to be poor than single mothers with children

1. People tend to marry others with similar levels of education- which consolidates high wages among well educated people 2. People with college degrees are more likely to marry so married couples are often relatively higher earners

What are the concerns that critics expressed about the federal government's funding marriage promotion.

1. Poverty, not singlehood is the cause of problems 2. Men and woman in abusive relationships are more encouraged to stay

Identify the ways marriage brings about health benefits.

1. Through enhanced status 2. Through increased cooperation 3. Through changes in behavior

Identify the arguments raised by Bernadette Powell's defenders regarding family violence

1. Violence can be a controlling force, preventing a victim from leaving a violent situation. 2. The danger of family violence increases when victims leave without support.

What are some child behaviors that are warning signs of family violence.

1. Weight probs 2. Abusing drugs and alcohol

What are the 2 kinds of studies on marriage and happiness?

1. Whether people are happy in their marriages 2. Whether people who are married are emotionally happy in general

Researchers have identified three common forms of intimate partner violence-

1. common couple violence 2. intimate terrorism 3. violent resistance

Infertility is typically defined as the failure to have a successful pregnancy despite having sex without contraception for how many months?

12

Workers must have been employed for how long before being eligible for FMLA

12 months

What % of women have been raped at some point in their life?

18%

What years did welfare provide cash to mothers?

1930s to 1996

When did the divorce revolution occur?

1960s-1980s

What year were children the least likely to live with a grandparent

1970

Single mothers make up what percentage of births?

20%

Unmarried, cohabiting couples make up what percentage of births?

20%

What year were children the most likely to live with a grandparent

2010

Unpaid work is equal to what percentage of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP)?

26%

What percentage of young adults reported being physically assaulted by parents or caregivers during childhood?

28%

What percentage of children are born to parents who are not married?

40%

Single mothers and their children's have poverty rates how many times larger than those of married couples with children?

5 times

What percentage of women who are not married when they have their first child are living with the male?

50%

Married mothers make up what percentage of births?

60%

Since the 1970s what % of people claim they are very happy with their marriages?

60%

Among todays 50 year olds, what percentage have been married at some point in their life?

80%

What % of people who are married cohabited first?

About 2/3

What group has experienced the most dramatic decline in their marriage rates?

African Americans

In 1996 the US congress ended

Aid to Families with Dependent Children

What are some arguments Americans made about divorce in the late 19th century?

Allowing men and women to divorce would degrade the meaning of marriage Remarriage was viewed as more of a problem than divorce Many viewed remarriage for the spouse who had been "innocent" as acceptable

Identify the examples of transitions that may add to children's stress and affect their development

An aunt moving in after losing her job A mother bf moving into the home Moving to a newer, safer neighborhood

Place the women from the following racial-ethnic groups in order from the lowest to the highest marriage rates. Asian, Whites, Latinas, Blacks

Blacks Latinas Whites Asians

What is the difference between the meaning of childless and childfree?

Childless- Those who want but are unable to have children Childfree- Those who choose not to have children

Divorced and widowed adults are most associated with which form of cohabitation?

Cohabitation after marrige

Same-sex individuals are most associated with which form of cohabitation?

Cohabitation instead of marriage

How is cohabitation related to the likelihood of getting a divorce?

Couples who cohabit before marriage are more likely to divorce but for factors other than cohabitation

Intensive motherhood-

Cultural pressure on women to devote more time, energy, and money to raising their children

Does satisfaction and happiness increase or decrease for married couples over time?

Decrease

Has family violence increased or decreased over time

Decreased

Have couples increased or decreased their total time doing housework?

Decreased (38.6 - 28.5)

Annulment-

Determination that marriage was never valid

Divorce rates for individuals over 50 has done what in recent decades?

Doubled

The number of woman reaching 45 without having a child has done what since the 1980s

Doubled

Are domestic violence courts effective or ineffective?

Effective

Are services for domestic violence victims effective or ineffective?

Effective

For many people the goal of modern relationships is to do what?

Emotionally fulfill both partner

The policy agenda related to the critical perspective has revolved around

Family diversity. Freeing people, especially women, from the need to rely on their families for survival. Chief among these policies are a variety of welfare supports for poor women and their children.

More than 1 in how many couples are not married, but act as if they are?

Four

How demanding and responsive are authoritative parents?

Highly responsive and high demanding (This is the ideal parenting type, in which parents hold high expectations for children but also support them emotionally.)

How demanding and responsive are indulgent parents?

Highly responsive, but low demanding (They are supportive of their children, they do not demand a lot from them)

What racial/ethnicity group has the largest amount of remarriages?

Hispanics

Have couples increased or decreased their total time doing childcare?

Increased

The growth of what has weakened the ties of marriage?

Individualism

Sociologists object to the marriage market model because

Individuals often have conflicting preferences (such as personal versus educational preferences), individuals often make poor decisions, and individuals don't always have a range of options available to them

Are court-ordered treatments effective or ineffective?

Ineffective

Are mandatory arrest rules effective or ineffective?

Ineffective

The victims of family violence may be classified in three groups: intimate partners, children, and elders. What two elements are usually present in the relationship between victims and perpetrators of family violence?

Intimacy and a care relationship

In recent years what has happened to the feminization of poverty?

It has decreased because more women work higher paying jobs now

What has happened to the % of adults that do not live with children?

It has doubled

What has happened to the amount of time men spend doing housework over time?

It has nearly doubled

What is the refined divorce rate and what does it help calculate?

It is the number of divorces for every 1,000 MARRIED COUPLES. This can be used to track demographic trends

What is the crude divorce rate and what does it help calculate?

It is the number of divorces per 1,000 PEOPLE. It estimates how common divorce is in an entire country

What were effects of the divorce revolution on peoples behaviors?

It made divorce in the next generation more common More peopled delayed getting married

While emotionally fulfilling both partner can be positive, what are the cons?

It makes relationships more unstable and at risk of dissolution

When did marital rape become a recognized crime in most U.S. states?

Late 1970s

What racial ethnicity group has the highest fertility rate?

Latinos

Has family become more or less central to the distribution of housework?

Less

Is infertility more or less equal across race/ethnicity than educational attainment.

Less equal among races (Blacks are MUCH higher than whites and latinas)

When women do more or less unpaid work do they have more vibrant social lives

Less unpaid work because unpaid workers work at home more and get out less often

Many political independants embrace what?

Live and let-live mentality

How demanding and responsive are authoritarian parents?

Low responsive, but highly demanding (This tends to result in more arbitrary discipline, which can be too unpredictable for children)

Is the fertility rate higher or lower today than in the 1960s

Lower

Do the most well-educated women have the highest or lowest infertility rates

Lowest due largely to their better health status compared with other women.

There has been a remarkable growth of what work in the system of care?

Market work

What statement describes the assumptions that underlie Becker's marketplace theory of marriage?

Marriage is voluntary and there is a competition for mates

Are men or women more likely to remarry?

Men

Do men or women spend more time on nonwork activities?

Men

Steven Pinker-

Modernity encourages greater empathy.

Phillip Aries-

Modernity introduced the concept of childhood as a life stage.

Norbort Elias-

Modernity teaches people to restrain violent impulses,

Did divorce rates increase during the Great Recession of the late 2000s?

No

Does the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993 cover all government and private sector workers?

No it only covers government and private sector employees who work at a workplace with at least 50 employees

Do limited access to unions and professional societies for women create gender segregation?

No this cannot be proven

Has the independence effect made women more likely to leave happy marriages?

No, this effect has contributed to the upward trend in divorce but women are not more likely to leave happy marriages

What 2 groups are more likely to use assisted reproductive technology?

Older couples Same-sex couples Individuals who anticipate damage to their reproductive organs due to chemotherapy or another challenge

What did the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act do?

Promote marriage

Couples often act out the gender roles they saw their parents enact, which is an example of what process?

Socialization

Identify the challenges that studying fathers presents to researchers

Some fathers do not live in households with their children. Only 3% of single parents are fathers

When have marriage rates fallen since?

The 1970s

Marital Dissolution-

The end of a marriage

Divorce-

The legal dissolution of a marriage

What conclusion can we draw about first-time cohabitors in the United States?

The majority are still with their partners 3 years later but those who are edcuted are more likely to have married

What is the selection effect?

The problem that occurs when the case being studied has already been determined by the outcome that is under investigation

The most common reason victims give for not reporting intimate violence

They are afraid their abusers will get revenge or they fear getting their abusers in trouble.

How does the govt. get rid of gender roles that are deeply entrenched in families?

They provide incentives for families to improve work-family life

The likelihood of experiencing divorce and remarriage is high among who?

Those with low education

In today's political environment, progressive work-family policies are the most innovative at the state and local levels. True/False?

True

Place the following racial-ethnic groups in order, from lowest to highest, by the lifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence reported by women. White, Hispanic, American Indian, Black

White, Hispanic, Black, American Indian

Place each racial-ethnic group in order from least to most likely to marry across racial-ethnic lines. Asians, Whites, American Indians, Blacks, Hispanics

Whites Blacks Hispanics Asians American Indians

Are older women or men more likely to live with their children?

Women

Does FMLA does require that health coverage remain in effect during leaves.

Yes

What group has the highest likelihood of remarriage?

Young adults (18 to 34)

Before a demographic transition

children work for families high mortality rates poor sanitation and health high fertility rates

What social factors have led to some individuals' having either no family or few family members.

immigration policies incarceration low fertility

After a demographic transistion

low fertility rates low mortality rates high rates of education modern medicine

Since 1960 is there is greater representation of two-parent-family or non-two-parent family structures

non-two-parent family structures

The liberal attitude toward tolerating family diversity has mostly promoted

policies of relaxing restrictions on family behavior

The ways that societies organize care work and housework are called the

system of care

In 1996 the US congress voted in

the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act

Seperation-

the formal or informal separation of married spouses into different households