soc psy 4 pt 2

Based on the information about suicide in the text, which of the following statements would be most likely to appear in a suicide note? A) "I don't think I was ever loved as a child." B) "I think that human beings are born to be evil." C) "Please be sure that Mom remembers to take the dog to the vet this week." D) "I believe that World War III will break out any day now."

"Please be sure that Mom remembers to take the dog to the vet this week."

According to the text, why is it usually a doomed idea to try to diet when you are under stress? A) Because dieting tends to temporarily deplete cognitive resources, which are needed for successfully coping with stressors B) Because cortisol, the hormone released during times of stress, affects metabolism in such a way that it is almost impossible to diet successfully C) Because people's capacity for willpower is limited, and can be depleted by attending to stressors (such that little willpower is left for dieting) D) Because people require a greater caloric intake than usual in order to successfully cope with stressors

Because people's capacity for willpower is limited, and can be depleted by attending to stressors (such that little willpower is left for dieting)

Johanna had a terrible car accident that left her a quadriplegic. She is terribly depressed and believes that she creates work for others that she does not wish to have to rely on. Which factor below best describes why Johanna might be at risk for suicide? A) Temporal discounting B) Burdensomeness C) Risk aversion D) Preoccupation with recent events

Burdensomeness

Of the following people, who is at greatest risk for suicide? A) Brock, who plans to go to medical school after graduating next year B) Brenda, who is looking forward to a date this weekend C) Scott, who doesn't enjoy law school but wants to own his own practice D) Carolyn, a sophomore in college who hates college and can't see its usefulness

Carolyn, a sophomore in college who hates college and can't see its usefulness

According to the text, which of the following may best describe the relationship between habits and goals? A) Habits are vestiges of past efforts at pursuing goals. B) Habits are generally opposed to one's goals. C) Habits are irrelevant to goals. D) Habits are the result of setting unrealistic goals.

Habits are vestiges of past efforts at pursuing goals.

Do goals and plans actually facilitate achievement? A) In general, goal-setting facilitates achievement, but plan-making has no effect on achievement. B) In general, goal-setting and plan-making both facilitate achievement. C) In general, goal-setting has no effect, but plan-making facilitates achievement. D) In general, neither goal-setting nor plan-making has not been shown to have any effect on achievement.

In general, goal-setting and plan-making both facilitate achievement.

Which statement about willpower is accurate? A) In general, people have far more willpower than they think they do. B) Most people actually tend to decrease in willpower as they age. C) People who practice willpower "exercises" develop stronger levels of willpower in the long term. D) People show very different levels of willpower depending on the domain (eating behavior, work behavior, criminal behavior, etc.)

People who practice willpower "exercises" develop stronger levels of willpower in the long term.

How do suicidal people tend to think about the future? A) Constantly, and with hope that it will be better B) Often, but with thoughts of how it can't improve upon their current circumstances C) Often, but with thoughts that it will improve upon the present D) Rarely, with the most focus on the present

Rarely, with the most focus on the present

The acronym that summarizes the feedback loop of the self-regulation process is known as ________________.

TOTE

When pursuit of a goal has been interrupted, and people experience automatic, intrusive thoughts about that goal, they are said to be experiencing the ________________ effect.

Ziegarnik

According to MOST theories in social psychology, self-defeating behavior is ____. A) a paradox B) genetically wired C) is rational D) a clear sign of a mental disorder

a paradox

Gisele has applied to a very competitive graduate program. She knows that a faculty committee meets for several days to make decisions about who to admit. Based on research, the faculty committee will be making their best decisions ____. A) after a relaxing lunch break on the first day B) towards the end of the first day, when they have gotten used to the criteria C) towards the end of the second day, when they only have a few decisions left D) throughout both days, since they are professionals

after a relaxing lunch break on the first day

Perhaps the most widely recognized and important factor that interferes with successful monitoring (and thereby undermines successful self-regulation) is ____. A) emotional distress B) fatigue C) social isolation D) alcohol intoxication

alcohol intoxication

Suicide rates tend to be higher ____. A) among poor people (in general) than rich people (in general) B) among rich people (in general) than poor people (in general) C) among rich people who have recently become poor than among poor people who have recently become rich D) among poor people who have recently become rich than among rich people who have recently become poor

among rich people who have recently become poor than among poor people who have recently become rich

Effective self-regulation involves ____. A) an awareness of needs, the ability to monitor oneself, and a strict adherence to rules regardless of circumstances B) an awareness of standards, the ability to control the external environment, and the capacity for change C) an awareness of needs, the ability to control the external environment, and a strict adherence to rules regardless of circumstances D) an awareness of standards, the ability to monitor oneself, and the capacity for change

an awareness of standards, the ability to monitor oneself, and the capacity for change

Habits are largely controlled by the ____ system. A) automatic B) conscious C) deliberate D) emotional

automatic

Habits are primarily influenced by the ________________ system.

automatic

As described in the text, the standards against which people compare themselves ____ supplied by culture and ____. A) can be (but are not always); can dictate both negatives and positives (what not to do as well as what to do) B) can be (but are not always); only dictate positives (what to do) C) are always; can dictate both negatives and positives (what not to do as well as what to do) D) are always; only dictate positives (what to do)

can be (but are not always); can dictate both negatives and positives (what not to do as well as what to do)

The common notion of willpower is known as ________________ by psychologists who study self-regulation.

capacity for change

Closing one's eyes, so one does not need to look at a desired (but forbidden) object, is a good way to increase one's ____. A) self-awareness B) tendency to engage in self-defeating behavior C) capacity to delay gratification D) learned helplessness

capacity to delay gratification

Research on habits shows that if you want to break a habit it helps to ____. A) stay in your routine to keep your arousal level lower B) change your routine to raise your arousal level C) stay in your routine to maintain social support cues D) change your routine to alter the stimulus cues that support the habit

change your routine to alter the stimulus cues that support the habit

Self-regulation involves monitoring your behavior, ____, and adjusting your behavior accordingly. A) reading the current social environment and its norms B) comparing the behavior against standards C) comparing the behavior against past behavior D) monitoring other people's behavior

comparing the behavior against standards

Dr. Mischel is conducting an experiment with young children. He tells each child that they have a choice to make: They can have a cookie right now, OR they can wait ten minutes and get two cookies. It appears that Dr. Mischel is measuring the children's capacity to ________________.

delay gratification

In terms of their emotional state, the primary emotional state of people who are suicidal is a sort of ____. A) sadness or hopelessness B) anger or fury C) shame, regret, or guilt D) emotional numbness

emotional numbness

As discussed in the text, suicide typically starts with some discrepancy between ____. A) expectations (or other standards) and reality B) one's past experiences and one's current circumstances C) one's current circumstances and the circumstances of close others D) one's emotional intelligence and the quality of one's relationships

expectations (or other standards) and reality

People rarely use habits. True or False

false

People who are suicidal tend to be especially low in self-awareness. True or False

false

People would make better decisions if they would focus more on the quantitative aspects than the qualitative aspects of the decision. True or False

false

Research on decision-making indicates that people tend to place more weight on possible gains than on possible losses when considering the pros and cons of a particular choice. True or False

false

Suicidal people tend to focus a lot on the future and how miserable it appears to be. True or False

false

The existence of absolute free will is undisputed amongst social psychologists. True or False

false

The so-called Zeigarnik effect refers to the tendency for people to be over ambitious when setting goals. True or False

false

When asked whether they have any current goals or personal projects, only about 50% of people indicate that they do; other people are unable to identify any current goals that they have. True or False

false

The idea that many people have a(n) "________________," and therefore sabotage their careers, has received no empirical support.

fear of success

Suicide often ____. A) involves an automatic-versus-deliberate conflict B) fits the now-versus-future trade-off pattern C) involves the goals-versus-intention dilemma D) fits a temporal-versus-certainty cycle

fits the now-versus-future trade-off pattern

Research on suicide notes shows that when people leave notes, the notes tend to ____. A) focus on mundane, concrete topics B) dwell on the person's (usually unhappy) childhood experiences C) list or discuss the person's accomplishments-possibly as a "last ditch" effort for the person to show his or her worth D) draw comparisons between the person and famous martyrs or celebrities who have committed suicide

focus on mundane, concrete topics

Both reactance theory and self-determination suggest that a sense of ________________ is important to people, and that they will strive to achieve it.

freedom or autonomy

Researchers offered people free popcorn at the movies. Some people were offered fresh popcorn, while others were offered stale popcorn. People ate more ____. A) fresh popcorn than stale popcorn B) stale popcorn than fresh popcorn C) fresh popcorn than stale if they were not in the habit of eating popcorn at the movies D) fresh popcorn than stale if they were in the habit of eating popcorn at the movies

fresh popcorn than stale if they were not in the habit of eating popcorn at the movies

Janie just has to get her paper written for her English class. Even though she is getting married this summer and planning the wedding is more personally important to her, she simply shuts all thoughts of her wedding out of her mind and buckles down to get the paper done. Janie has experienced ________________.

goal shielding

Martina is studying for her calculus exam. She needs to write a paper for another class, too, but while she is studying for her calculus class, her mind shuts off the paper so that she can focus on her math. Martina is experiencing ____. A) learned helplessness B) the panic button effect C) the Zeigarnik effect D) goal shielding

goal shielding

Suicide rates tend to be higher in places that generally have ____ climates. In general, suicide rates also tend to be higher during the ____. A) good; spring and summer months B) good; winter months C) bad; spring and summer months D) bad; winter months

good; spring and summer months

The so-called "fear of success" theory-the idea that many people fear being too successful at work lest they turn off potential romantic partners-____. A) has generally been discredited B) has been proposed as an explanation for self-handicapping C) has been supported in research with younger women (those born after 1970), but not supported in research with older women (those born before 1970) D) has been supported in research with older women (those born before 1970), but not supported in research with younger women (those born after 1970)

has generally been discredited

Research on proximal goals, distal goals, and goal hierarchies suggests that MOST people ____. A) have goal hierarchies (including proximal goals and distal goals) B) have proximal goals but not distal goals C) have distal goals but not proximal goals D) have either proximal goals or distal goals (but not both)

have goal hierarchies (including proximal goals and distal goals)

Mr. Lee has been drinking a lot of whiskey lately and wants to cut back. Research suggests that he is more likely to be successful if he keeps a record of exactly how much whiskey he consumes every week. In other words, ____. A) he will be less likely to engage in temporal discounting if he self-regulates B) he will be less likely to engage in temporal discounting if he monitors his behavior C) he will be more effective at self-regulation if he engages in temporal discounting D) he will be more effective at self-regulation if he monitors his behavior

he will be more effective at self-regulation if he monitors his behavior

People who have suicidal tendencies tend to be ____. A) high in self-awareness but emotionally numb B) high in self-awareness and plagued by emotional distress C) low in self-awareness and emotionally numb D) low in self-awareness but plagued by emotional distress

high in self-awareness but emotionally numb

People who are suicidal tend to be ____ in self-awareness and ____ in emotionality. A) low; low B) low; high C) high; low D) high; high

high; low

Research on suicide among humans and non-human animals has shown that ____. A) humans are apparently the only animals who engage in suicide B) aside from humans, chimpanzees are the only other animals who occasionally engage in suicide C) suicide occurs in all known primate species, but not in any other animals D) suicide is known to occur in a number of different animal species, but it is more common among humans than it is among any other species

humans are apparently the only animals who engage in suicide

Carefully controlled research testing the idea that many people have a "fear of success," and therefore sabotage their careers, has shown that ____. A) this is somewhat common among women, but uncommon among men B) this is somewhat common among men, but uncommon among women C) many people do this, though they typically do it unconsciously D) in reality, almost no one seems to do this

in reality, almost no one seems to do this

Someone with a(n) ________________ theory of intelligence believes that you can become smarter if you work hard, study, and apply yourself.

incremental

Freud's notion that most people have a "death wish" that impels them to pursue their own downfall and death ____. A) has received a good deal of recent empirical support B) is consistent with research showing that many people have a "fear of success" C) is consistent with cognitive dissonance theory D) is apparently wrong

is apparently wrong

Entity theorists are more likely than incremental theorists to experience ________________.

learned helplessness

The purpose of goal shielding is to ____. A) ensure that you achieve your most important goals B) provide rules to monitor your progress towards your goals C) help develop plans to achieve your goals D) manage the competition between multiple goals

manage the competition between multiple goals

Peter is team leader for a major project at work. The project is very complex and will require a number of months to complete. He wants to ensure that the team members will stay motivated and on task despite the inevitable frustrations. Based on research, it is likely that the lowest motivation will occur ____. A) at the start of the project B) midway through the project C) when the project is very close to complete D) almost randomly, throughout the course of the project

midway through the project

The acronym TOTE-which stands for "Test, Operate, Test, Exit"-is shorthand for the processes involved in ____. A) setting goals B) pursuing, or striving for, goals C) making plans about how to execute goals D) monitoring oneself

monitoring oneself

Emotionally, suicidal people tend to be ________________.

numb

Realizing that the due date for several rather substantial research papers was approaching, Rob decides that he ought to get to work. However, somehow, whenever he sits down to work, he finds himself playing games, surfing the web, checking his Facebook, or doing just about anything other than working. In terms of the TOTE approach, Rob is having trouble with the ____ phase. A) initial test B) operate C) retest D) exit

operate

Suicide is commonly thought to involve a trade-off between death, which people think will bring ____, and future life, which ____. A) peace from suffering; people are looking forward to B) peace from suffering; could turn out to be good C) pain and suffering; people expect to be terrible D) pain and suffering; could turn out to be good

peace from suffering; could turn out to be good

Research on habits show that ____. A) people rarely employ habits B) people occasionally use habits C) people rely exclusively on a small number of habits D) people have plenty of habits and use them frequently

people have plenty of habits and use them frequently

One of the biggest differences between attending to current concerns and engaging in long-term planning is that how people deal with current concerns is more dependent upon ____. A) intrinsic rewards rather than extrinsic rewards B) the cultural or social significance of things C) high levels of meaning D) practical constraints

practical constraints

Suicidal people tend to focus more on the ____. A) present and how miserable it is B) meaning of existence C) future and how wonderful it might be D) loss of long-term goals and dreams

present and how miserable it is

Pranav provided richly for his family for many years. As he ages, he develops a degenerative illness that threatens the family finances. As an act of kindness to protect them and their financial stability, Pranav most likely commits suicide to ____. A) escape his present misery B) avoid emotional distress C) prevent himself from being a burden D) gain enlightenment

prevent himself from being a burden

When making decisions, people often focus too much on the ________________ aspects of the decision and too little on the ________________ aspects of the decision.

quantitative, qualitative

Dierdre smokes a pack of Marlboro Reds every day. Social psychologists would say that this is a self-defeating behavior ____. A) only if Dierdre is aware of the health risks associated with smoking B) only if Dierdre gets sick or dies as a direct result of smoking C) only if Dierdre is aware of the health risks associated with smoking AND gets sick or dies as a direct result of smoking D) regardless of what Dierdre is aware of the health risks or whether she gets sick

regardless of what Dierdre is aware of the health risks or whether she gets sick

The human capacity for ____ offers the best explanation as to why humans kill themselves but nonhuman animals do not kill themselves. A) panic B) self-awareness C) delay of gratification D) panic.

self-awareness

The term self-regulation essentially refers to ____. A) self-monitoring B) self-control C) behaving consistently across time D) behaving similarly to other people

self-control

According to ________________ theory, most people need to feel at least some degree of autonomy and internal motivation.

self-determination

According to the text, many of the problems that afflict people in modern society -such as drug addictions, anger management problems, obesity, sexually transmitted diseases, and crime-involve some component of inadequate ____. A) self-regulation B) self-monitoring C) response modification D) reactance

self-regulation

Monitoring oneself is one of the key ingredients in ____. A) self-regulation B) reactance C) entity seeking D) temporal discounting

self-regulation

Social psychologists use the term ____ to self's capacity to alter its own responses. A) self-regulation B) self-monitoring C) response modification D) prosocial behavior

self-regulation

The term ________________ is used to describe active self-awareness, monitoring of one's behavior, and comparison of one's behaviors to standards.

self-regulation

Research suggests that goals are MOST helpful in facilitating achievement when they are ____. A) specific and somewhat difficult to achieve B) specific and very easy to achieve C) broad and somewhat difficult to achieve D) broad and very easy to achieve

specific and somewhat difficult to achieve

The tendency for people to place greater weight on the present over the future in decision-making is known as ________________.

temporal discounting

People who practice willpower "exercises" find that they ____. A) temporarily deplete their willpower resources and show no improvement in willpower levels in the long term B) temporarily deplete their willpower resources but develop stronger levels of willpower in the long term C) show improvement in their willpower levels immediately (while they are "exercising"), but show no improvement in willpower levels in the long term D) show improvement in their willpower levels both immediately (while they are "exercising") and in the long term

temporarily deplete their willpower resources but develop stronger levels of willpower in the long term

Because attending college involves the ability to make immediate sacrifices for later rewards, it is sometimes thought of as a very long exercise in ____. A) goal shielding B) incremental awareness C) the capacity to delay gratification D) learned helplessness

the capacity to delay gratification

The ability to make immediate sacrifices for later rewards is known as ____. A) goal shielding B) incremental awareness C) the capacity to delay gratification D) learned helplessness

the capacity to delay gratification

Dr. Mischel is conducting an experiment with young children. He tells each child that they have a choice to make: They can have a cookie right now, OR they can wait ten minutes and get two cookies. Dr. Mischel appears to be measuring ____. A) the planning fallacy B) the children's levels of abstract decision-making C) whether the children are incremental theorists or entity theorists D) the children's capacity to delay gratification

the children's capacity to delay gratification

According to the textbook, children's capacity to delay gratification is increased when ____. A) they do not have to look at the desired object B) they are with other children who weaken and give in to temptation C) they are distracted D) they have already weakened and given in to temptation once

they do not have to look at the desired object

According to the text, one key reason that people engage in self-defeating behaviors is because of ____. A) the "death drive" B) a "fear of success" C) they have faulty knowledge D) self-enhancement motivation

they have faulty knowledge

Two key reasons that people engage in self-defeating behaviors are because of ____ and because of ____. A) tradeoffs (good and bad outcomes are often linked); faulty knowledge or strategies B) tradeoffs (good and bad outcomes are often linked); a "fear of success" C) a "fear of success"; faulty knowledge or strategies D) a "fear of success"; a lack of self-awareness

tradeoffs (good and bad outcomes are often linked); faulty knowledge or strategies

Goal shielding is the ability to block off consciousness from thinking about one goal to allow a person to focus on the immediate goal at hand. True or False

true

If Allison believes that intelligence is something that you are "just born with," then it would be correct to say that she has an entity theory of intelligence. True or False

true

Monitoring is one of the key components of self-regulation. True or False

true

Reactance theory and self-determination theory both suggest that a sense of freedom and autonomy is important to people. True or False

true

Self-determination theory suggests that most people need to feel at least some degree of autonomy and internal motivation. True or False

true

The "positive illusions" that characterize most thinking are typically set aside when people set goals for themselves. True or False

true

When entity theorists encounter failure, they are more likely to experience learned helplessness than incremental theorists are when they experience failure. True or False

true

When is the best time for a person to try to quit a habit like smoking? A) when their job is most stressful B) when they are traveling on vacation C) when they are traveling for work D) when their marriage is breaking up

when they are traveling on vacation

Research suggests that dieters are most successful in losing weight ____. A) when they are under high levels of stress and keep careful track of their eating behavior B) when they are under high levels of stress and eat "naturally" (i.e., do not keep careful track of their eating behavior) C) when they are under low levels of stress and keep careful track of their eating behavior D) when they are under normal levels of stress and eat "naturally" (i.e., do not keep careful track of their eating behavior)

when they are under low levels of stress and keep careful track of their eating behavior

Capacity for change is one of the key ingredients for successful self-regulation, and is essentially the same thing as ____. A) potential B) willpower C) intent D) opportunity

willpower

When people make multiple demands upon themselves (when they must complete or persist at multiple tasks), their capacity for change (their willpower) sometimes seems to get "used up." Research shows that in fact, ____. A) this effect is solely due to fatigue B) this effect is solely due to emotions C) this effect is solely due to attitudes about the tasks D) willpower really does seem to get depleted; it appears that only so much willpower is available to people at a time

willpower really does seem to get depleted; it appears that only so much willpower is available to people at a time