SOCA 105 Exam 3 Study Guide

Archaic H. sapiens

(300,000 - 28,000 B.P.) encompasses earliest members of our species. Brain size in archaic h. sapiens with modern human range (1,350 cm3) Rounding out of the brain case associated with increased brain size. Encompasses the earliest members of our species, along with Homo sapiens Neandertalensis (Neandertals, 130,000-28,000 B.P.).

Phylogeny

(biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms

3.8 to 3.0 mya

A. Afarensis

3.0 to 2.0 mya

A. Africanus

4.2 to 3.9 mya

A. Anamensis

2.6 to 1.0 mya

A. Boisei

2.5 mya

A. garhi

2.0 to 1.0 mya

A. robustus

Western Europe

AMH's spread to other areas around 130,000 B.P. including _________ ___________

Very large brain

All of the following are characteristics of Ardipithecus except:

Evolutionary chronology

Ardipithecus/date Australopithecines A. afarensis A. garhi

Gregor Mendel

Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)

Out of Africa

Biological and cultural changes enable h. erectus to exploit new gathering and hunting strategies. Biological and cultural changes allowed H. erectus to gather and hunt, which helped them move out of Africa into Asia and Europe. Small groups broke off from larger ones. H. erectus gradually spread changed

What makes us human?

Bipedalism bipedality, large brains, complex culture, complex tool use and MORE

Neanderthals

First discovered in Western Europe in German Neander Valley. In 2007, Svante Pääbo announced the identification of Neandertal mitochondrial DNA found in central Asia and Siberia, placing Neandertals much farther east than previously suspected. The first fossil was discovered in 1856 in Germany.

Primates

Flexible digits, a large cerebrum, and arms that rotate at the shoulders are characteristics.

garhi

In 1999, a new hominin species was found in Ethiopia associated with stone tools and the remains of butchered animals. The new fossils date to 2.5 m.y.a. This find is significant for three reasons: A. It added a new potential ancestor to the human family tree. B. It demonstrated that the thigh bone elongated one million years before the forearm shortened—to create current human limb proportions. C. It showed that early stone tools were designed for obtaining meat and marrow from big game, suggesting a dietary revolution

Holistic

Interested in the whole of human condition. Past, present, and future. Biology, society, language, and culture

Phenotype

Is the organism's evident biological characteristics. Natural selection only acts on them. Environmental influence in this interaction extremely important. Lends great plasticity to human biology

Catastrophism

Modified version of creationism that accounts for fossil record by positing divinely authored worldwide disasters that wiped out creatures represented in the fossil record

afarensis

Nearly 40% complete skeleton of this specimen discovered by paleoanthropologist Donald Johannson and his team of researchers in 1974 at Hadar in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia's Afar Depression. Lucy is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago. Had a powerful jaw, smaller dentition in the front, still retaining chimp

Out of Africa II

Only mother contributes mtDNA. Concluded everyone alive today has mtDNA that descends from woman (dubbed "eve'") who lived in sub-Saharan Africa around 200,000 years ago. Fossil and archaeological evidence has been accumulated to support the African origin of AMHs.

Biochemical Genetics

examines structure, function, and changes in DNA

Subdisciplines

explore variation in time and space to improve understanding of basics of human biology, society, and culture

Terrestrial

ground living

The Genus Homo

had significantly larger brain sizes than all Australopithecine and Paranthropine hominins (sizes below 600 cc), humans associated primarily with the Pleistocene Epoch

Paleoanthropology

human evolution as revealed by the fossil record. Work to reconstruct behavior, structure, and ecology of early hominids

Hominin

human line after its split from ancestral chimps. used to designate the human line after its split from ancestral chimps.

Charles Darwin

influenced by Lyell's Principle of Uniformitarianism - present is the key to the past

Population Genetics

investigates natural selection and other causes of genetic variation, stability, and change in breeding population

Convergent Evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

Genotype

Refers to the genetic makeup of an organism

Analogy

Separate evolutionary origins

Homology

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.

Microevolution

Small-scale changes in allele frequencies over just a few generations, but without speciation

Bone Biology

Study of bone as a biological tissue, including its genetics, cell structure, growth, development, decay, and patterns of movement

Biological/Physical Anthropology

Study of human biological variation in time and space

A. afarensis

To which species of Australopithecines did Lucy belong to?

Early Homo and A. boisei

Two distinct hominin groups

Acheulian Traditions

Upper Paleolithic toolmaking has been traditionally associated with AMHs in Europe and emphasized blade tools. Blade tools: the basic Upper Paleolithic tool, hammered off a prepared core. Blades modified to produce a variety of special-purpose tools

Molecular Anthropology

Uses genetic analysis, involving comparison of dna sequences to determine evolutionary links and distances among species and among ancient and modern populations

H. erectus

What group lived side by side with H. habilis in Eastern Africa for some 500,000 years?

Phenotype

What is NOT considered a mechanism of genetic evolution?

H. erectus

What species under the Genus Homo migrated out of Africa and throughout Eurasia in "Out of Africa I"?

Variety and Competition

What two things must take place/or be present in order for Natural Selection to occur?

D. All of the above

What were the conflicts with Darwin's theory? A. His theory questioned beliefs of the church B. His beliefs were considered dangerous C. Many scholars rejected the idea that humans evolved from ape-like ancestors D. All of the above

Replacement Hypothesis

also recognizes the initial migration of homo erectus out of africa 1.8 mya. The second stage is that homo sapiens evolved in africa about 200,000 ya and then migrates out of africa about 100,000 ya. This second migration completely replaced all of the original populations of homo erectus (right)

Upper Paleolithic

anatomically modern humans, up to 15,000 years ago

Middle Paleolithic

archaic Homo sapiens, including Neandertals

Genetic Evolution

change in gene frequency: a change in the frequency of alleles in a breeding population from generation to generation

Australopithecines

coexisted with Homo until around 1.0 m.y.a. Contemporaneous (2 m.y.a.) sets of teeth, very different in size, constitute the earliest evidence of a split between the ancestors of Homo (H. habilis) and the later australopithecines, such as A. boisei. The distinctive early Homo trends are a rapid increase in brain size, increasingly elaborate toolmaking, and an increasing emphasis on hunting and gathering, but there remains considerable debate as to when and in what population these trends led to speciation

The Modern Synthesis

currently accepted view of evolution. Macro and Microevolution.

Macroevolution

larger-scale genetic changes in a population over a longer time period, which result in speciation

Natural Selection

process by which nature selects the forms most suited to survive and reproduce in a given environment

Gene Pool

refers to alleles and genotypes within breeding population

Hominid

refers to the taxonomic family that includes humans and the African apes and their immediate ancestors.

Arboreal

relating to trees; living in trees

Multiregional Evolution

scientific model that provides an alternative explanation to the more widely accepted "Out of Africa" model for the pattern of human evolution. Holds that the human species first arose around two million years ago and subsequent human evolution has been within a single, continuous human species. The theory contends that the mechanism of clinal variation through a model of "Centre and Edge" allowed for the necessary balance between genetic drift, gene flow and selection throughout the Pleistocene, as well as overall evolution as a global species, but while retaining regional differences in certain morphological features.

Mendelian Genetics

studies ways in which chromosomes transmit genes across generations

Primatology

study of biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of primates

Paleopathology

study of disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites

Mousterian Traditions

style of predominantly flint tools (or industry) associated primarily with Homo neanderthalensis and dating to the Middle Paleolithic, the middle part of the Old Stone Age.

Blade Tools

the basic Upper Paleolithic tool, hammered off a prepared core

Pliocene

5 to 2 million years ago

Questions of Anthro

How we originated. How we have changed. How we are still changing.

Linnaeus

(1707-1778) developed first comprehensive and still influential classification, or taxonomy of plants and animals

Gene Flow

Exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species. Alleles spread through this even when selection not operating on the alleles. Tends to prevent speciation

Six Species of Australopithecus

1. A. anamensis (4.2 to 3.9 m.y.a.). 2. A. afarensis (3.8? to 3.0 m.y.a.). 3. A. africanus (3.0? to 2.0? m.y.a.) 4. A. garhi (2.5 m.y.a.) 5. A. robustus (2.0? to 1.0? m.y.a.). 6. A. boisei (2.6? to 1.0 m.y.a.).

Human evolution

1.bigger brain 2.bipedal motion 3.smaller jaw 4.use of tools 5.culture

Pleistocene

2 million years ago to 10,000 B.P.

Evolution

Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. Also call transformism

Mutation

Changes in the DNA molecules of which genes and chromosomes are built. Most important source of variety upon which natural selection acts. Can be neutral

Evolutionary Road

Compared with contemporary humans, early hominins had very small brains. Brain size has increased during hominin evolution, especially with the advent of the genus Homo. Compared with the young of other primates, human children have a long period of childhood dependency, during which their brains and skulls grow dramatically.

Taxonomy

Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name

Importance of Tools

Early hominins likely shared the ability to use and manufacture tools as a homology with the apes. Upright bipedalism would have permitted the use and carriage of tools and weapons against predators in an open grassland habitat.

Lower Paleolithic

Homo erectus

Punctuated Equilibrium

Long periods of stasis may be interrupted by evolutionary leaps. Sudden environmental change offers possibility for pace of evolutions to speed up. Although species can survive radical environmental shifts, extinction is more common

Random Genetic Drift

Loss of alleles from a population's gene pool through chance. Lost alleles reappear in gene pool only through mutation

Acheulian

Lower Paleolithic tool tradition associated with H. erectus

Creationism

The commonly accepted explanation for the origin of species during the 18th century. Idea that biological similarities and differences originated at the Creation

Ardipithecus

The earliest fossil hominid is a recent discovery. It is dated at 4.4 million years ago. The remains are incomplete but enough is available to suggest it was bipedal and about 4 feet tall. Other fossils were found with the ramidus fossil which would suggest that ramidus was a forest dweller.

Oldowan Tools

The oldest known manufactured tools, dated at 2.5-2 m.y.a., were found in Ethiopia, Congo, and Malawi

D. A and B

Which of the following are part of modern synthesis? A. Microevolution B. Macroevolution C. Punctuated Equilibrium D. A and B

Smaller brain than anatomically modern humans

Which of the following is not a characteristic of cold-adapted Neanderthals?

Anthropometry

measurement of human body parts and dimensions, including skeletal parts (osteometry) for use in anthropological classification and comparison

technological advances

• Scrapers • Burins • Awls • Needles