SOCA 105 Exam 3 Study Guide
Archaic H. sapiens
(300,000 - 28,000 B.P.) encompasses earliest members of our species. Brain size in archaic h. sapiens with modern human range (1,350 cm3) Rounding out of the brain case associated with increased brain size. Encompasses the earliest members of our species, along with Homo sapiens Neandertalensis (Neandertals, 130,000-28,000 B.P.).
Phylogeny
(biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms
3.8 to 3.0 mya
A. Afarensis
3.0 to 2.0 mya
A. Africanus
4.2 to 3.9 mya
A. Anamensis
2.6 to 1.0 mya
A. Boisei
2.5 mya
A. garhi
2.0 to 1.0 mya
A. robustus
Western Europe
AMH's spread to other areas around 130,000 B.P. including _________ ___________
Very large brain
All of the following are characteristics of Ardipithecus except:
Evolutionary chronology
Ardipithecus/date Australopithecines A. afarensis A. garhi
Gregor Mendel
Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)
Out of Africa
Biological and cultural changes enable h. erectus to exploit new gathering and hunting strategies. Biological and cultural changes allowed H. erectus to gather and hunt, which helped them move out of Africa into Asia and Europe. Small groups broke off from larger ones. H. erectus gradually spread changed
What makes us human?
Bipedalism bipedality, large brains, complex culture, complex tool use and MORE
Neanderthals
First discovered in Western Europe in German Neander Valley. In 2007, Svante Pääbo announced the identification of Neandertal mitochondrial DNA found in central Asia and Siberia, placing Neandertals much farther east than previously suspected. The first fossil was discovered in 1856 in Germany.
Primates
Flexible digits, a large cerebrum, and arms that rotate at the shoulders are characteristics.
garhi
In 1999, a new hominin species was found in Ethiopia associated with stone tools and the remains of butchered animals. The new fossils date to 2.5 m.y.a. This find is significant for three reasons: A. It added a new potential ancestor to the human family tree. B. It demonstrated that the thigh bone elongated one million years before the forearm shortened—to create current human limb proportions. C. It showed that early stone tools were designed for obtaining meat and marrow from big game, suggesting a dietary revolution
Holistic
Interested in the whole of human condition. Past, present, and future. Biology, society, language, and culture
Phenotype
Is the organism's evident biological characteristics. Natural selection only acts on them. Environmental influence in this interaction extremely important. Lends great plasticity to human biology
Catastrophism
Modified version of creationism that accounts for fossil record by positing divinely authored worldwide disasters that wiped out creatures represented in the fossil record
afarensis
Nearly 40% complete skeleton of this specimen discovered by paleoanthropologist Donald Johannson and his team of researchers in 1974 at Hadar in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia's Afar Depression. Lucy is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago. Had a powerful jaw, smaller dentition in the front, still retaining chimp
Out of Africa II
Only mother contributes mtDNA. Concluded everyone alive today has mtDNA that descends from woman (dubbed "eve'") who lived in sub-Saharan Africa around 200,000 years ago. Fossil and archaeological evidence has been accumulated to support the African origin of AMHs.
Biochemical Genetics
examines structure, function, and changes in DNA
Subdisciplines
explore variation in time and space to improve understanding of basics of human biology, society, and culture
Terrestrial
ground living
The Genus Homo
had significantly larger brain sizes than all Australopithecine and Paranthropine hominins (sizes below 600 cc), humans associated primarily with the Pleistocene Epoch
Paleoanthropology
human evolution as revealed by the fossil record. Work to reconstruct behavior, structure, and ecology of early hominids
Hominin
human line after its split from ancestral chimps. used to designate the human line after its split from ancestral chimps.
Charles Darwin
influenced by Lyell's Principle of Uniformitarianism - present is the key to the past
Population Genetics
investigates natural selection and other causes of genetic variation, stability, and change in breeding population
Convergent Evolution
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
Genotype
Refers to the genetic makeup of an organism
Analogy
Separate evolutionary origins
Homology
Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.
Microevolution
Small-scale changes in allele frequencies over just a few generations, but without speciation
Bone Biology
Study of bone as a biological tissue, including its genetics, cell structure, growth, development, decay, and patterns of movement
Biological/Physical Anthropology
Study of human biological variation in time and space
A. afarensis
To which species of Australopithecines did Lucy belong to?
Early Homo and A. boisei
Two distinct hominin groups
Acheulian Traditions
Upper Paleolithic toolmaking has been traditionally associated with AMHs in Europe and emphasized blade tools. Blade tools: the basic Upper Paleolithic tool, hammered off a prepared core. Blades modified to produce a variety of special-purpose tools
Molecular Anthropology
Uses genetic analysis, involving comparison of dna sequences to determine evolutionary links and distances among species and among ancient and modern populations
H. erectus
What group lived side by side with H. habilis in Eastern Africa for some 500,000 years?
Phenotype
What is NOT considered a mechanism of genetic evolution?
H. erectus
What species under the Genus Homo migrated out of Africa and throughout Eurasia in "Out of Africa I"?
Variety and Competition
What two things must take place/or be present in order for Natural Selection to occur?
D. All of the above
What were the conflicts with Darwin's theory? A. His theory questioned beliefs of the church B. His beliefs were considered dangerous C. Many scholars rejected the idea that humans evolved from ape-like ancestors D. All of the above
Replacement Hypothesis
also recognizes the initial migration of homo erectus out of africa 1.8 mya. The second stage is that homo sapiens evolved in africa about 200,000 ya and then migrates out of africa about 100,000 ya. This second migration completely replaced all of the original populations of homo erectus (right)
Upper Paleolithic
anatomically modern humans, up to 15,000 years ago
Middle Paleolithic
archaic Homo sapiens, including Neandertals
Genetic Evolution
change in gene frequency: a change in the frequency of alleles in a breeding population from generation to generation
Australopithecines
coexisted with Homo until around 1.0 m.y.a. Contemporaneous (2 m.y.a.) sets of teeth, very different in size, constitute the earliest evidence of a split between the ancestors of Homo (H. habilis) and the later australopithecines, such as A. boisei. The distinctive early Homo trends are a rapid increase in brain size, increasingly elaborate toolmaking, and an increasing emphasis on hunting and gathering, but there remains considerable debate as to when and in what population these trends led to speciation
The Modern Synthesis
currently accepted view of evolution. Macro and Microevolution.
Macroevolution
larger-scale genetic changes in a population over a longer time period, which result in speciation
Natural Selection
process by which nature selects the forms most suited to survive and reproduce in a given environment
Gene Pool
refers to alleles and genotypes within breeding population
Hominid
refers to the taxonomic family that includes humans and the African apes and their immediate ancestors.
Arboreal
relating to trees; living in trees
Multiregional Evolution
scientific model that provides an alternative explanation to the more widely accepted "Out of Africa" model for the pattern of human evolution. Holds that the human species first arose around two million years ago and subsequent human evolution has been within a single, continuous human species. The theory contends that the mechanism of clinal variation through a model of "Centre and Edge" allowed for the necessary balance between genetic drift, gene flow and selection throughout the Pleistocene, as well as overall evolution as a global species, but while retaining regional differences in certain morphological features.
Mendelian Genetics
studies ways in which chromosomes transmit genes across generations
Primatology
study of biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of primates
Paleopathology
study of disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites
Mousterian Traditions
style of predominantly flint tools (or industry) associated primarily with Homo neanderthalensis and dating to the Middle Paleolithic, the middle part of the Old Stone Age.
Blade Tools
the basic Upper Paleolithic tool, hammered off a prepared core
Pliocene
5 to 2 million years ago
Questions of Anthro
How we originated. How we have changed. How we are still changing.
Linnaeus
(1707-1778) developed first comprehensive and still influential classification, or taxonomy of plants and animals
Gene Flow
Exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species. Alleles spread through this even when selection not operating on the alleles. Tends to prevent speciation
Six Species of Australopithecus
1. A. anamensis (4.2 to 3.9 m.y.a.). 2. A. afarensis (3.8? to 3.0 m.y.a.). 3. A. africanus (3.0? to 2.0? m.y.a.) 4. A. garhi (2.5 m.y.a.) 5. A. robustus (2.0? to 1.0? m.y.a.). 6. A. boisei (2.6? to 1.0 m.y.a.).
Human evolution
1.bigger brain 2.bipedal motion 3.smaller jaw 4.use of tools 5.culture
Pleistocene
2 million years ago to 10,000 B.P.
Evolution
Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. Also call transformism
Mutation
Changes in the DNA molecules of which genes and chromosomes are built. Most important source of variety upon which natural selection acts. Can be neutral
Evolutionary Road
Compared with contemporary humans, early hominins had very small brains. Brain size has increased during hominin evolution, especially with the advent of the genus Homo. Compared with the young of other primates, human children have a long period of childhood dependency, during which their brains and skulls grow dramatically.
Taxonomy
Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name
Importance of Tools
Early hominins likely shared the ability to use and manufacture tools as a homology with the apes. Upright bipedalism would have permitted the use and carriage of tools and weapons against predators in an open grassland habitat.
Lower Paleolithic
Homo erectus
Punctuated Equilibrium
Long periods of stasis may be interrupted by evolutionary leaps. Sudden environmental change offers possibility for pace of evolutions to speed up. Although species can survive radical environmental shifts, extinction is more common
Random Genetic Drift
Loss of alleles from a population's gene pool through chance. Lost alleles reappear in gene pool only through mutation
Acheulian
Lower Paleolithic tool tradition associated with H. erectus
Creationism
The commonly accepted explanation for the origin of species during the 18th century. Idea that biological similarities and differences originated at the Creation
Ardipithecus
The earliest fossil hominid is a recent discovery. It is dated at 4.4 million years ago. The remains are incomplete but enough is available to suggest it was bipedal and about 4 feet tall. Other fossils were found with the ramidus fossil which would suggest that ramidus was a forest dweller.
Oldowan Tools
The oldest known manufactured tools, dated at 2.5-2 m.y.a., were found in Ethiopia, Congo, and Malawi
D. A and B
Which of the following are part of modern synthesis? A. Microevolution B. Macroevolution C. Punctuated Equilibrium D. A and B
Smaller brain than anatomically modern humans
Which of the following is not a characteristic of cold-adapted Neanderthals?
Anthropometry
measurement of human body parts and dimensions, including skeletal parts (osteometry) for use in anthropological classification and comparison
technological advances
• Scrapers • Burins • Awls • Needles