SOCI201 Chapter 3

When younger people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ____. A) Resocialization B) Socialization C) The "looking-glass self" D) Anticipatory Socialization

A: Resocialization

In Kholberg's theory of moral development, the stage in which the child has no sense of right or wrong and only personal needs to be satisfied is the ____ stage. A) Amoral B) Preconventional C) Conventional D) Postconventional

A; Amoral

Mead describes the active, creative, and spontaneous part of the self as the _____. A) I B) Me C) Id D) Ego

A; I

According to Mead's theory of development, individuals who have a profound influence on the lives of another person, such as parents or siblings, are referred to as _____. A) Significant others B) The person's reference group C) The person's in-group D) Generalized others

A; Significant others

In psychoanalytic theory, the "culture within us" is represented by the _____. A) Superego B) Id C) Ego D) Libido

A; Superego

Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider most essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society? A) The ability to take the role of another B) An average or above-average IQ C) A well-developed id D) The influence of positive peers

A; The ability to take the role of another

In Freud's theory, what part of the personality represents the pleasure-seeking aspect, demanding immediate fulfillment of basic needs such as attention, food, safety, and sex? A) The id B) The ego C) The superego D) The libido

A; The id

Which of the following traits is least likely to be linked to "nature" (heredity) and most likely linked to "nurture" (the social environment)? A) Vocational choice B) Temperament C) Ability at sports D) Aptitude for mathematics

A; Vocational choice

What is the proposed source of the six specific emotions that Paul Ekman identified as being present in all cultures? A) They are based on the social environment B) They are a product of our genes C) They are based on common cultural values held worldwide D) They are based on intellectual capability

B: They are a product of our genes

The case study of Jack and Oskar provides support for which of the following explanations of behavior? A) Identical twins will always exhibit similar behavior because their gene complement is identical B) Environment has a significant influence on behavior, regardless of gene complement C) Behavior is the result of genetic influences D) The father's genetic influence is greater than the mother's as a determinant of behavior

B; Environment has a significant influence on behavior, regardless of gene compliment

According to Piaget, when children are capable of abstract thinking, they have reached the level of development called the ____. A) Sensorimotor stage B) Formal operational stage C) Preoperational stage D) Concrete operational stage

B; Formal operational stage

What term would Mead use to refer to the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of the public? A) Primary group B) Generalized others C) Secondary group D) Significant others

B; Generalized others

The sociologist who studied feral children, including the abused child Isabelle who was discovered in 1938 living in an attic with her deaf-mute mother, was _____. A) Michael Burawoy B) Kingsley Davis C) Wilbert Moore D) Herbert Gans

B; Kingsley Davis

Jean Piaget's use of the term "operational" is most aligned with the concept of _____. A) Motor skills B) Reasoning skills C) Language skills D) Social skills

B; Reasoning skills

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to ____. A) Heredity B) The social environment C) Instinct D) Genetic Composition

B; The social environment

People and groups that influence our orientation in life- our self- soncept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors- are called ____. A) Total institutions B) Generalized others C) Agents of socialization D) Out-groups

C: Agents of socialization

The social scientist who criticized the theory of Lawrence Kholberg and developed an alternative theory on the development of morality based on personal relationship was ____. A) Jane Addams B) Margaret Sanger C) Carol Gilligan D) Margaret Mead

C: Carol Gilligan

How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society? A) It encourages a sexless society B) It encourages women to assume male roles to be successful C) It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex D) It encourages cross-gender behavior

C: It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex

Individuals who are approximately the same age and are linked by common interests, including friends, classmates, and the "kids in the neighborhood," are most appropriately referred to as ____. A) Significant others B) Generalized others C) Peers D) Confederates

C: Peers

What term applies to the stages that people pass through from birth to death, beginning with "childhood" and concluding with "the older years" A) Rites of passage B) Life theme C) The life course D) Stages of development

C: The life course

According to Sigmund Freud, when the id gets out of hand, individuals follow their desires for pleasure and ____. A) Demand self-gratification B) Seek intimacy C) Break society's norms D) Need for isolation

C; Break society's norms

The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to as that "looking-glass self," was developed by _____. A) George Herbert Mead B) William I. Thomas C) Charles Horton Cooley D) Robert K. Melton

C; Charles Horton Cooley

The symbolic interactionist who taught at the University of Chicago and stressed that play was crucial to the development of self was ____. A) Charles Horton Cooley B) Lester Ward C) George Herbert Mead D) Talcott Parsons

C; George Herbert Mead

Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted? A) Biological makeup B) Basic intelligence C) Intimate early social interaction D) Strict discipline

C; Intimate early social interaction

Morris is a 3 year old and is just beginning to talk. He can count to 10 but is not altogether sure what numbers actually mean. According to Piaget, Morris is in the ____ stage. A) Sensorimotor B) Concrete operational C) Preoperational D) Formal operational

C; Preoperational

The technique created by Sigmund Freud for the treatment of emotional problems through long-term, intensive exploration of the subconscious mind is referred to as ____. A) Transactional analysis B) Rational emotive therapy C) Psychoanalysis D) Reality therapy

C; Psychoanalysis

According to Piaget, the stage of development that is dominated by touching, listening, looking, and the inability to recognize cause and effect is the ___ stage. A) Formal operational B) Preoperational C) Sensorimotor D) Concrete operational

C; Sensorimotor

What term is used to describe children who are assumed to have been raised by animals in the wilderness and isolated from other children, such as the "wild boy of Aveyron"? A) Mentally challenged B) Developmentally Disabled C) Deprived D) Feral

D: Feral

In developing his theory on moral development, when did Kholberg claim most people reash the Postconventional stage? A) Most people reach this stage shortly after birth B) Most people reach this stage after passing through puberty C) Most people reach this stage during the "midlife crisis" D) Most people do not reach this stage

D: Most people do not reach this stage

George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role of another entails three stages- the ___ stage, ____ stage, and ____ stage. A) Primary; Secondary; Tertiary B) Id; Ego; Superego C) Sensorimotor; Preoperational; Operational D) Imitation; Play; Team games

D; Imitation; Preoperational; Operational

What concept of sociologists refer to when they say that "society makes us human"? A) Stratification B) Psychoanalysis C) Cultural tradition D) Socialization

D; Socialization

Why do many sociologists object to psychoanalysis as a valid explanation for human behavior? A) Sociologists reject the notion that personality develops in stages. B) Sociologists disagree on the influence of the super ego as a balancing force of behavior. C) Sociologists argue that Freud failed to study a wide range of subjects before developing his theory. D) Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior.

D; Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior

True/ False Sociologists usually embrace Freudian theory on personality development because of its universal acceptance among the social sciences.

False

True/ False Because of the power of peers and social institutions, we are all prisoners of socialization

False

True/ False Mead's theory of personal development is based on the image that we present to those around us, the reactions of these people, and ways that we interpret these reactions.

False

True/ False Sociologists have clearly demonstrated that most emotions are universal and are "products of our genes"

False

True/ False The "corridor curriculum" often emphasizes racism, sexism, illicit ways to make money, and "being cool"

False

True/ False The advent of Laura Croft and other women of action has clearly divided children with an interest in actions films into two camps- one supporting male characters and the other supporting emerging female characters

False

True/ False The latent function of formal education is to teach knowledge and skills, such as writing, reading, and arithmetic

False

True/ False The research of Melissa Milkie demonstrated that there is little difference in how boys and girls interpret the cultural expectations of gender

False

True/ False The research of sociologist Melvin Kohn and others demonstrates differences in the supervision of children are a matter of the race and ethnicity of the parents more than any other factor

False

True/ False The research of the Harlows demonstrated that the key to mother-child bonding is the ability of the mother to provide food and other nutrition to the offspring.

False

True/ False Freud assumed that what was male was "normal" and that females were :inferior, castrated males"

True

True/ False Without language there can be no culture, no shared way of life.

True

True/ False Cooley's conclusions about the looking-glass self appear to be true for people around the world.

True

True/ False Gender serves as the primary basis for social inequality

True

True/ False Identical twins share exactly the same genetic heredity.

True

True/ False In Mead's theory of development, the "me" is the "object of action" or the "self as object"

True

True/ False In Piaget's model for children's development of reasoning skills, the term "reasoning skills" is synonymous with the term "operational" as it is used in the theory

True

True/ False Mead emphasized that in order to learn to take the role of the "other" a child must pass through three stages- imitation, play, and team game.

True

True/ False Parents are the first significant others to teach children about the fundamental symbolic division of the world.

True

True/ False Social class, Gender, race, and ethnicity are aspects of one's life that fall into the category of social location

True