SOCI305 Marriage and the Family Test 2

The lower age of marriage in the 1950s and the growing economy pushed employers to change their policy of hiring

The correct answer is: women only if they were single. FEEDBACK: Until the 1950s, employers tended to hire only single women. But because women married at younger ages in the post-World War II decades, there were fewer unmarried women available for work. Moreover, the increased availability of services and technology to do the work that women once did in the home meant that businesses needed workers to do this work and women were no longer stuck at home doing it.

separate spheres

The cultural doctrine under which women were to work at home, to make it a sanctuary from the industrial world in which their husbands worked for pay. (page 46)

From 1638 to the end of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in 1807, the marriages of enslaved Africans were not legally recognized and children were the property of the slave owner. In this context,

The correct answer is: most slaves married and most children lived with both parents. FEEDBACK: Particularly on large plantations, most slaves lived in nuclear families.

monogamy

A family system in which each person has only one spouse. (page 49)

polygamy

A family system in which one person has more than one spouse, usually one man and multiple women. (page 49)

coverture

A legal doctrine that lasted until the late nineteenth century, under which wives were incorporated into their husbands' citizenship. (page 41)

nuclear family

A married couple living with their own (usually biological) children and no extended family members. (page 34)

companionate marriage

A view of marriage as a companionship, a friendship, and a romance, rather than as a practical platform for cooperation and survival. (page 54)

companionship family

An ideal type of family characterized by the mutual affection, equality, and comradeship of its members. (page 53)

Match the era to the ideal of childhood.

Children were considered to be blank slates of innocence. - emerging modern childhood Children played economic roles and the "idea" of childhood did not exist. - colonial America There were less parental authority and closer parent-child relationships. - modern

Indicate which family ideal is illustrated by each description.

FEEDBACK: The patriarchal family was characterized by inequality, father's authority, and duty and tradition, and it included extended family members. The companionate family is more equal and based on mutual affection and personal growth, and it is likely to have a nuclear family structure. The correct answer is: Sunniva and Karl live with their children, Sunniva's parents, and her younger sister. - patriarchal family Lorna and Martin are married and live with their biological and adopted children. - companionship family Sylvia and Leonard had quite different childhoods, but they fell in love and married without consulting their parents. - companionship family Natasha and Jordan felt a sense of duty to fulfill the expectations of their parents. - patriarchal family Charlie makes all significant decisions in his family and expects his wife to care for the home and children - patriarchal family Juan was viewed as the leader of the family and the respect his family held for him held the family together through difficult times. - patriarchal family Amy and Sarah are married and work hard to prioritize their relationship and support each other's goals and dreams. - companionship family Anne's parents chose John as a suitable spouse for her because his family's resources would help them maintain their property. - patriarchal family Jorge and Sandra enjoy many similar interests, and their children make every effort to return to the family home to enjoy large gatherings and celebrations - companionship family Elaine and Alex both work outside the home and share the home and child care as equally as they can. - companionship family

extended families

Family households in which relatives beyond parents and their children live together. (page 41)

heterogamy

Marriage between a man and a woman. (page 37)

homogamy

Marriage between two people of the same sex. (page 37)

We can argue that elevating marriage to the status of a true love relationship, instead of a relationship based on tradition and economic necessity, might contribute to a(n) __________ acceptance of divorce.

The correct answer is: increased FEEDBACK: The belief that marriage should be based on love may contribute to the belief that a marriage that does not meet this standard of emotional fulfillment is not acceptable. In the past, the expectation of love as the primary basis for marriage was less common and couples stayed married out of tradition and economic necessity.

Industrialization and the ideology of separate spheres __________ economic equality between husbands and wives, and __________ advantage grew.

The correct answer is: increased; husbands' FEEDBACK: Men earned a family wage, and while women's labor in the home was essential for survival, it was unpaid and thus created the perception (and perhaps the reality) that they were dependent on their husbands.

What contributed to the decline of courtship in the process of mate selection?

The correct answer is: increasing freedom for young adults FEEDBACK: As the ideal for marriage shifted to one based on companionship, friendship, and romance and young adults became more independent from their parents and gained access to money and cars, dating became the way young adults found a spouse.

According to the textbook, the decline of the name Mary in the United States represents the rising trend of what attitude?

The correct answer is: individualism FEEDBACK: The twentieth century brought a focus on individuality and opportunities for parents to give more unique names to their children. In the past, children were often named after their parents. People now choose rather than simply following tradition. Today the most common names make up a much smaller percentage of the names given to babies.

When they were instituted in the early twentieth century, programs like Social Security and Aid to Dependent Children promoted marriage by

The correct answer is: making women who were never married or who divorced ineligible. FEEDBACK: Because these programs did not provide support to women who were never married or who had gotten divorced, they provided incentive for women to marry.

family wage

The amount necessary for a male earner to provide subsistence for his wife and children without their having to work for pay. (page 55)

During the 1960s and after, __________ increased the independence of middle class and more educated women, while __________ increased the independence of poor women.

The correct answer is: market forces; state forces FEEDBACK: The shift to work outside the home meant that middle-class and more educated women had increased economic independence. Poor women had long worked outside their homes for pay, but the wages were often low. Welfare programs helped support them, especially poor single women, and thus increased their options.

Growing family diversity has come from which type of household becoming less common?

The correct answer is: married couple FEEDBACK: Married-couple families have become a smaller proportion of household types. People living alone, single parents, and nonfamily groups have increased their proportions so more households look like something other than married couples than in the past.

Under the ideology of separate spheres, what two things were separated?

The correct answer is: men at work and women at home FEEDBACK: The Industrial Revolution led to (mostly) men working for wages in factors and other industrial jobs and the ideal that women would stay at home to care for the house and children and create a haven for their husbands where they could escape from the harsh realities of the workplace.

The baby boom refers to births in the United States in which years?

The correct answer is: 1946-1964 FEEDBACK: As men returned from World War II and the economy revived, the age at marriage declined and they had higher numbers of children than couples in the decades before.

Christian traditions that included monogamous marriage and required a woman to be faithful to her husband and a man to economically support his wife and children were written in secular laws that enforced "monogamous morality." Which of these are examples? Choose all that apply.

The correct answer is: Comstock Act, Dawes Act FEEDBACK: Monogamous morality was a set of ideals that the federal government employed to create laws that enforced a particular type of family. A family was structured as having one spouse per person, sex only within marriage, and wives' depending on their husbands.

While the nuclear family with the breadwinner husband-father, homemaker wife-mother is often referred to as the traditional family, it was not a reality for all families or for very long. Instead, the 1950s (when this ideal was most dominant) were highly unusual due to a combination of which of the following? Choose all that apply.

The correct answer is: People who were children during the Great Depression were now experiencing a booming economy as young adults, The decline of birthrates in the first half of the twentieth century and loss of life in World War II combined with a strong economy and resulted in higher wages FEEDBACK: The cohort of adults who married in the 1940s and 1950s grew up during the Great Depression, and when the economy revived after World War II, they responded by marrying early and having lots of children as a way to find stability. The booming economy meant men could earn enough to support their families and women took care of the home and children so they could do so.

Since the nineteenth century, what has happened to children?

The correct answer is: They lost economic value and gained emotional value. FEEDBACK: As families became less dependent on children's labor and infant mortality declined, they had fewer children and relationships between parents and children became emotionally closer.

Which of the following demonstrates the increased likelihood that adults will spend more of their lives outside marriage than in the past?

The correct answer is: a higher percentage of adults living with no relatives FEEDBACK: People tend to be older when they first marry; divorce is more acceptable and more common, as is single parenthood; women are more economically independent; and people are more likely to live on their own, with intimate partners, or with nonfamily members than ever before.

In Europe prior to the formation of the United States, what was the principal role of marriage?

The correct answer is: a system of property and labor cooperation FEEDBACK: For the rich, marriage maintained lineage and created ties between powerful families. For the poor, it created a union and division of labor necessary for survival (particularly in the countryside). Marriage was a practical matter.

According to the text, what had a significant impact on the emergence of the dating system in the early to mid-twentieth century?

The correct answer is: cars FEEDBACK: Young people became more independent and, with the availability of cars, were able to easily go on unsupervised dates. This was connected to the move toward companionate marriage. Young adults spent time with a variety of dating partners, eventually choosing the one who they thought would make them happiest.

In colonial America, Christian doctrine supported the legal concept of coverture, and wives

The correct answer is: did not have a legal existence, but were incorporated into their husband's citizenship. FEEDBACK: All property that wives brought to the marriage and anything they produced while married became the property of their husbands. Women had essentially no rights as individuals and officials were often more concerned about husbands controlling their wives than whether they abused them or treated them well.

Figure 2.5 shows the dramatic increase in the percentage of households with washing machines, refrigerators, and vacuum cleaners in the middle part of the twentieth century. The presence of these appliances __________ the average number of hours per week that nonemployed women spent on household tasks.

The correct answer is: had little effect on FEEDBACK: Many household tasks were made easier by these appliances, but ever higher standards of cleanliness and hygiene meant women did tasks more frequently and spent more time cooking meals and shopping. The addition of a bathroom inside the home also meant there was more to clean.

Beth and Kathryn were married in Massachusetts. If we wish to distinguish the characteristics of different types of married couples, we could refer to this marriage between two people of the same gender as

The correct answer is: homogamy. FEEDBACK: Because so many countries and states now permit marriages of same-sex individuals, it may make sense to use the term homogamy (homo is the Greek work for "same" and gamos is the Greek word for "marriage") if we wish to distinguish married couples in this way.

stem family

The household formed by one grown child remaining in the family home with his or her parents. (page 41)

courtship

The mate selection process in which couples begin a relationship with supervised contact in public, then proceed to additional dates in the woman's home and then to marriage if the parents approve. (page 44)

dating

The mate selection process in which young adults spend time with a variety of partners before making a long-term commitment. (page 54)

baby boom

The period of high birth rates in the United States between 1946 and 1964. (page 56)

patriarchy

The system of men's control over property and fathers' authority over all family members. (page 38)

Archeological findings in central Europe indicate which of the following about families?

a. Diverse family arrangements, and not only the nuclear family, were recognized by the villagers. FEEDBACK: Victims of a massacre were buried by other villagers. In one grave, archeologists found a male, a female, and their biological children. In another they found a woman with several other children who were not her biological children. They were placed in the graves differently, but clearly the villagers recognized other family arrangements.

Since, the 1980s, what is the pattern of names given to baby girls?

a. There is increasing diversity, with the most common names becoming less prevalent FEEDBACK: The twentieth century brought a focus on individuality and opportunities for parents to more unique names for their children. In the past, children were often named after their parents. People now choose rather than simply following tradition. Today the most common names make up a much smaller percentage of the names given to babies.

To say that the shift to market work contributed to women's independence within their families as well as from their families is to say that

a. more women had less work to do within the home, and because they had their own income, they were freer to live outside of a marriage relationship. FEEDBACK: Because some of the work that women had previously done in the home could now be provided by others (laundry, restaurants) or technology (washing machines, dishwashers) and many more women worked outside the home for pay, women were freer to consider divorce, cohabit without marriage, or live on their own than before.

According to Cohen's book, family wage refers to the

a. wage necessary for a male earner to provide for his wife and children. FEEDBACK: The family ideal of a man supporting his wife who stayed home was made possible when employers paid men enough to support their families on a single wage. This also kept workers happy, and employers hoped it would support stability, worker loyalty, and consumption.