Social Epi Final

Assume a population of 1000 people of whom 30 are bitten by newly discovered poisonous spiders, and in 1 year 12 of the 30 die from said spider bites. What is the mortality rate from the spider bites in this year?

1.2%

A prevalence survey conducted from January 1 through December 31, 2003, identified 1000 cases of asthma in a city of 2 million persons. The incidence rate of asthma in this population is 5/100,000 persons each year. What percent of the 1000 cases were newly diagnosed in 2003

10

Given: population of city A on June 30, 2008=183,000, number of new cases of disease X occurring between January 1 and December 31, 2008 =26, number of active X cases on December 31, 2008=264 Then, the incidence rate of active cases of disease X for the 12 month period was

14 per 100,000 population

Give: population of city A on June 30, 2008=183,000, number of new cases of disease X occurring between January 1 and December 31, 2008 =26, number of active X cases on December 31, 2008=264 Then the prevalence rate of active cases of disease X as of December 31, 2008 was

144 per 100,000 population

Assume a population of 1000 people of whom 30 are bitten by newly discovered poisonous spider and in 1 year 12 of 30 die from said spider bites. What is the cause fatality from the spider bites in this year

40%

prevalence rate can never be greater than incidence rate but it can be equal to incidence rate

False

test A for disease X has a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 90%. Test B for disease X has a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 90%. If 100 patients undergo both tests, which of the following is correct

Test A will correctly identify fewer people with disease X than test B

a screening test is used in the same way in two similar populations , but the proportion of false-positive results among those who test positive in population A is higher than that among those who test positive in population B. What is the likely explanation for this finding?

The prevalence of disease is lower in population A

ecologic fallacy refers to

ascribing the characteristics of a group to every individual in that group

several studies have found that approximately 80% of cases of lung cancer are due to cigarette smoking. This measure is an example of:

attributable risk

which of the following is NOT a measure of disease occurrence?

casse fatality

when unplanned corssover occurs in experimental studies what corrective method should be used to deal with this problem?

conduct intent to treat analysis

which of the following is characteristic of single-exposure, common vehicle outbreak?

explosive

comparison groups for a cohort study are:

exposed versus not exposed groups

According to the film "Back to the basics", the study on diet and pellagra conducted by Dr. Jospeh Goldberger was a case-control study

false

Attributable risk is a measure of the strength of the exposure disease association

false

Given the following information: in 2000, 5,000 women aged 50-80 years were examined for the presence of breast cancer in 2000. Of those free from breast cancer in 2000 all were followed from Jan 1, 2001 through Dec 31, 2004. One hundred women were lost to follow-up and 398 died of other cases. During follow-up 104 women developed breast cancer. Then, the incidence e density for breast cancer for 2001-2004 is 0.021, or 21 per 1000 person years.

false

a good example of "poverty tax" is that residents of low income neighborhoods need to pay higher property tax than residents of affluent neighboorhoods

false

a retrospective cohort study selects a population and once selected followed them over a long period of time before measuring the outcome

false

according to the film we watched this week, during the past 100 years, life expectancy more than tripled in developed countries

false

based on evidence reviewed on one of the slides for chapter 15, coffee consumption is a confounding factor of the association between smoking and lung cancer

false

confounding is an error in the study that needs to be avoided by rigorous study design

false

descriptive epidemiology is focused on hypothesis testing

false

genetics play a big role in explaining why higher SES African Americans suffer more poor health outcomes compared to higher SES white Americans

false

in 1900, there were 4,500deaths due to lung diseases in miners aged 20 to 64 years. The expected number of deaths in this occupational group, based on age-specific death rates from lung diseases in all males aged 20 to 64 years, was 1800 during 1990. the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for lung diseases in miners is 0.4 or 40%

false

in general, most human characteristics are distributed bimodally

false

in infrequent disease, positive predictive values are more influenced by sensitivity than by specificity of a diagnostic test holding the disease prevalence constant

false

in sequential test, there is typically a loss in specificity

false

in the United States, economic policy has little health implications on its population

false

most experts insist that interaction effect needs to be greater than that expected by multiplicative models in order to be viewed as evidence of positive interactions

false

prevalence is a proportion indicating disease risks

false

relative risk can be used to measure the association between an exposure factor and risk of a disease in case control studies

false

relative to cancer of various sites, heart disease is a more significant contributor to years of potential life lost before age 65 years

false

since social hierarchy is a fundamental nature of capitalistic economy, there is no way from a policy point of view to reduce health disparity across social class.

false

stroke was number 1 killing cause of death in the United States in 1900.

false

symptoms of a disease always develop immediately after inoculation or infection

false

the power of study is 1 minus type 1 error

false

the united states has the highest healthcare expenditure per capita in the world; as a result, the life expectancy in the US is also ranked high compared to other developed countries

false

to perform "direct age adjustment", we need to calculate standardized mortality ratio (SMR).

false

we need 98% or over immunization rates to achieve herd immunity to infectious diseases in a population

false

the study of breast cancer prevention using tamoxifen was stopped before the study was completed due to which of the following ethical considerations

harm versus benefit issues arose due to lowered rates of breast cancer and increased rates of endometrial cancer

which of the following statements about relative survival is true?

it is generally closer to observed survival in young populations

factor A, B, or C can each individually cause a certain disease without the other two factors, but only when followed by exposure to fact X. Exposure to factor X alone is not followed by the disease, but the disease never occurs in the absence of exposure to factor X. Factor B is:

neither necessary nor sufficient

two colon cancer screening tests are simultaneously administered on a group of people aged 50 to 75 years old. Neither test has perfect sensitivity or specificity. What is the effect on net sensitivity and net specificity of this method of screening?

net sensitivity is increased and net specificity is decreased

all of the following are impotent criteria when making casual inferences except:

predictive value

Potential biases in cohort studies include all of the following except

random allocation bias

a one tailed test requires a larger or smaller sample size than a two-tailed test to measure an effect from a randomized trial?

smaller

a diagnostic test has been introduced that will dectect a certain disease 1 year earlier than it is usually detected. Which of the following is most likely to happen to the disease within the 10 years after the test is introduced

the apparent 5 year survival rate will increase

the incidence rate of a disease is five times greater in women than in men, but the prevalence rates show no sex difference. The best explanation is that

the case-fatality rate for this disease is greater in women.

in 2000, a case-control study was conducted to investigate the positive association between artificial sweetener use and bladder cancer. Controls were selected from a hospital sample of patients diagnosed with obesity related conditions. Obesity related conditions have been positively associated with artificial sweetener use. How would the use of these patients as controls affect the estimate of the association between artificial sweetener use and bladder cancer?

the estimate of association would tend to underestimate the true association

what would be the effect on age specific incidence rates if women with hysterectomies were excluded from the denominator of calculations, assuming that there are some women in each age group who have had hysterectomies

the rates would ten to increase

in a study of a disease in which all cases that developed were ascertained, if the relative risk for association between a factor and the disease is equal to or less than 1.0, then

there is either no association or a negative association between the factor and the disease

1897, Emile Durkheim (1951) suggested that social integration was an important factor in determining the rate if suicide in various groups

true

Given the following information: i 2000, 5,000 women aged 50-80 years old were examined for the presence of breast cancer, of those 5,000 women, 150 had detectable breast cancer in 2000. Of those free from breast cancer in 2000 all were followed from Jan 1, 2001 through December 31, 2004. One hundred women were lost to follow-up and 398 died of other causes (assume they were lost or died midway through the follow-up period). During follow-up 104 women developed breast cancer. Then, the prevalence of breast cancer in 2000 was 30 per 1000 persons

true

a key assumption of epidemiology is that states of health/disease are not randomly distributed within populations

true

a major concern in conducting a case-control study is that cases and controls may differ in characteristics or exposures other than the one that has been targeted for study

true

a prospective cohort study typically uses incidence to measure the disease occurrence

true

a stronger sense of control is one important mechanism through which higher SES people tend to have better health

true

according to the film we watched this week, diseases travel the globe with unprecedented rapidity, and older killers that once seemed controllable are roaring back with a vengeance

true

although it is extremely important for us to maximize our knowledge of the biology and pathogenesis of disease, it is not always necessary to know every detail of the pathogenic mechanism to be able to prevent a disease

true

analytical epidemiology studies the associations between exposure factors and disease

true

attack rate is a type of incidence rate

true

attributable risk has major application in clinical practice and public health in terms of disease prevention

true

experimental study design is considered as gold standard of epidemiological studies because of its strong ability to provide evidence on casual relationship from exposure to exposure

true

if all the incidence of a disease were the result of a single factor, the attributable risk for that factor would be 100%.

true

in general, people who do not respond in a study often differ from those who do in regard to many demographic, socioeconomic, cultural, lifestyle, and medical characteristics. So the nonresponse problem in surveys can cause selection bias

true

neither chronic stress nor its health effects are equally distributed on a social hierarchy

true

number of susceptible versus immune persons exposed is an important determinant of disease outbreaks

true

odds ration can be used to measure the association between an exposure factor and risks of a disease in cohort studies

true

one advantage of a cohort study is the ability to determine a temporal relationship or that the exposed precedes the disease

true

prevention and treatment should not be viewed a mutually exclusive activities

true

randomized trials are almost never used to study the effects of putative toxins or carcinogens and are generally used only for studying potentially beneficial agents

true

randomized trials are virtually always at the top of the list when study designs are ranked in order of descending design rigorousness or quality

true

the framingham study is an example of a prospective cohort study

true

the hallmark of the case sontrol study is that it begins with people with the disease (cases_ and compares them to people without the disease (controls) in terms of the exposure factors

true

the magnitude of social inequality in health does not stay constant over time

true

the positive wealth and health relationship, typically referred to as social gradient in health, is observed in many societies in the world including the United States

true

the purpose of community empowerment effort is to motivate and empower people to get more politically engaged to influence policies to make changes to their environments so that they become more health promoting

true

the same test can have a very different predictive value when it is administered to a high rick (high prevalence) population or to low risk (low prevalence) population

true

the validilty of a diagnostic test has two components: sensitivity and specificity

true

when relative risk of a disease between exposed and nonexposed groups is small, attributable rick expressed as a proportion is also small, but the attributable risk expressed as number of deaths from the disease that would be prevented if the exposure were eliminated can be large if the disease has a high prevalence rate.

true

when is odds ration (OR) a good estimate of relative risk (RR) in cse control studies?

when the risk of disease is low