Social Inequality Review 3

in which decade did changes in fiscal policy result in a substantial redistribution of income upward?

1980s

according to the american time use survey, women spend almost ___ more time on household chores than men

50%

currently, euro-americans comprise ___ percent of the US population, almost ___ times the size of the african american population

63.7;five

in the US, women's wages, on average, are about ___ percent of men's wages

78 percent

an example of institutionalized discrimination would be

a gov policy requiring separate public facilities for different ethnic groups

the size of the american indian population has been increasing in recent decades. one reason for this is the high birthrate among american indians and the other is

a growing tendency for people to declare their native american affiliation

the most critical factor accounting for the enslavement of africans was

a lack of power to resist slavery

most social scientists believe that gender differences between males and females are

a product of socialization, discrimination, and other forms of social control

according to olsen's hierarchy of political participation, which group will have the greatest influence on the political system?

activists

until recently the largest ethnic minority group in the US was ___, though today the largest ethnic minority group is ___

african americans;hispanic americans

Which of the following illustrates the role of the government in promoting the growth of the middle classes in the US?

all of these

if middle-class americans wanted to lessen income and wealth inequality, they could

all of these

in which of the following ways can gov act to influence the distribution of income and wealth in society?

all of these

lobbying and lobbyists

all of these

policy creation and change are dependent upon which of the following factors?

all of these

the elite in the US

all of these

the pluralist perspective disagrees with both the class perspective and the power elite perspective on

all of these

which of the following factors account for the difference between the US and other capitalist industrial societies in their welfare states?

all of these

the perspective on power that most americans accept is

the pluralist perspective

the perspective on power in the US that argues that power is based on control of major social organizations is

the power elite perspective

gender refers to

the sexual role one assumes

according to your text, the majority of cultural, social and psychological differences between men and women are the result of

the socialization process

which of the following perspectives on power argues that politicians naturally come to believe that the interests of the dominant economic groups are the most important interests that government must pay attention to?

the structuralist perspective

which of the following models of power would be associated with a marxist interpretation of the basis for power?

the structuralist view

the term gender essentialism is the idea that

there are unique male and female traits that make men and women naturally suited to different occupational roles

the examination of campaign financing as well as of lobbying reveals that

there is an inextricable link between money and political power

the traditional view of democracy assumes that citizen participation is equated with citizen power. evidence suggests that

this assumption is ill-founded

affirmative action programs have contributed to the expansion of the middle classes in the US

true

americans express greater levels of distrust in their gov than do citizens in other industrialized societies

true

median income is higher in the US than in most other developed nations, but a much higher percentage of families are poor relative to that median

true

the study of how opportunity structures are shaped by public policies is an example of political economy

true

in comparison to canada and western europe, the welfare state in the US

covers fewer people

which of the following groups has the highest level of economic and educational attainment?

cuban americans

the corporate elite in the US

disproportionately shapes the agenda and boundaries of political debate

research on the structure of power in the US provides support for

each of the three models of political power

groups whose members are able to exercise authority, influence, and control of resources within society's important institutions are termed

elites

groups that share a unique set of cultural traits that distinguish them from other groups are termed ___ groups

ethnic

the american "ethnic hierarchy" is divided into three tiers. the first tier consists of

euro-american protestants

In the IS the welfare state provides assistance only to poor people

false

entitlement programs primarily benefit the lower classes

false

since the middle of the twentieth century, the proportion of the federal budget financed through corporate taxes has increased

false

the US welfare system is more generous and more complex than those found in western european societies

false

the antitrust legislation and government regulatory agencies established during the progressive era were successful in curbing the political influence and power of large corporations

false

the overall tax burden for americans is significantly greater than it is in other western industrial societies

false

if the fed gov wishes to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, the most comprehensive way to achieve this is through changes in ___ policy

fiscal

The US census bureau currently identifies ___ major categories of people in the US population

five

theories that emphasize that gender differentiation and inequality are necessary to help fill and accomplish certain roles in a society are called

functionalist theories

political participation is not correlated with which of the following?

gender

of the following hispanic groups, which one has experienced social conditions in the US similar to the jim crow system that african americans faced?

mexican americans

the text distinguishes between two periods of asian immigration and notes that the people who immigrated to the US during the second period were ___ than those whose immigrated during the first period

more educated

according to the text, societies with a variety of ethnic groups are referred to as

multiethnic

the systematic dominance of males over females is referred to as

patriarchy

women represent half of the world's population and

perform two-thirds of the world's work

the notion that there is not one single elite but rather multiple elites in society is associated with the ___ perspective

pluralist

the perspective on power that argues that average citizens have meaningful input into political decision-making is the ___ perspective

pluralist

the fact that there is disagreement among the elite on critical issues such as free trade provides support for which of the following models of power in the US?

pluralist model

supply-side policies suggest ___

producers should be given incentives

which of the following serves to redistribute wealth downward?

progressive taxes

a primary reason the gap between the rich and the poor is narrower in western european countries is that the US welfare system is less ___ than others

redistributive

The fact that the differential between the top and bottom income fifths in Germany is less than in the US

reflects differences in political economy

within the context of a capitalist system, fairness and equity in the way societal resources are distributed is maximized by gov

regulation

which of the following is not an example of corporate welfare?

sales taxes

___ continues to be justifications for gender inequality between males and females in different spheres of social life

sexist stereotypes

gender inequality is legitimated by

sexist stereotypes and sexism

races and racial categories are

social creations

according to marvin harris, the differences in aggressive tendencies seen between males and females in a given society is due to

social expectations

of the following, which is an example of a regressive tax?

social security tax

the ability of individuals and organizations to influence many elements of a society is termed

societal power

the democratic belief in public policy is

state intervention is needed

in which of the following countries is the tax burden on citizens the highest?

sweden

which of the following countries have the highest percent of female political representation?

sweden

a set of beliefs and actions that focus on achieving equality of women and men is

termed feminism

sexism, is

the belief that women are inferior to men

the gov action that represented the beginning of the end for the jim crow system of racial segregation was

the brown v. board of education of topeka supreme court ruling

which of the following served to fundamentally change the role of the fed gov, including an enormous expansion in the taxes it collected?

the development of a welfare state

which of the following areas of gov spending has the greatest direct impact on the class system?

the distribution of transfer payments and various services to people

the government's role in influencing the business cycle was most active during

the great depression

thinking about the american ethnic hierarchy, euro-american catholics would be found in which of the following levels of hierarchy?

the intermediate tier

of the following, which today are the major recipients of gov social welfare programs?

the middle classes

Which of the following gov actions provided for the establishment of colleges and universities for the children of workers and farmers?

the morrill act

women were not given the right to vote in the US until

1920

welfare benefits for the poor reached a peak in which decade?

1960s

according to noel, factors that create ethnic stratification between groups are

competition for scarce resources, ethnocentrism and differential power

considering the difference between the US and other capitalist industrial societies in the nature of their welfare states, it can be said that citizens in other countries are more concerned with equality of ___ than US citizens

condition

a panethnic group refers to

any ethnic group lumped together based upon their world region of origin

social expectations for males and females

are different in every society

sexism and racism

are perpetuated by stereotypes, myths and irrational fears

which of the following is a panethnic group?

asian americans

the feminine mystique (1963), was written by

betty friedan

which of the following contributes the greatest amount of money to political campaigns

big business

the "chapter (or core) group" in the US was

british

according to olsen's hierarchy of political participation, individuals who have knowledge of the political system, hold opinions on issues, have a party preference, and vote are

citizens

today, almost ___ of all medical and legal degrees are earned by women

half

when it comes to educational attainment the ethnic group with the lowest proportion of high school and college graduates over the age of 25 are ___

hispanic americans

the argument that the economic elite rule society through their control of political officials and institutions is associated with the

instrumental view

during the "first wave of immigration", the country from which the most immigrants came to the US was

ireland and germany

most immigrants coming into the US today are from

latin america and asia

The contradiction between the ideals of capitalism and the ideals of democracy represents the tension between

liberty and equity

the "interlockers" that thomas dye identifies are those individuals who

link the corporate world with other major institutions, especially government, universities, and foundations

if the fed gov decides to make the income tax more progressive, this is an example of

macroeconomic policy