Social Inequality Review 3
in which decade did changes in fiscal policy result in a substantial redistribution of income upward?
1980s
according to the american time use survey, women spend almost ___ more time on household chores than men
50%
currently, euro-americans comprise ___ percent of the US population, almost ___ times the size of the african american population
63.7;five
in the US, women's wages, on average, are about ___ percent of men's wages
78 percent
an example of institutionalized discrimination would be
a gov policy requiring separate public facilities for different ethnic groups
the size of the american indian population has been increasing in recent decades. one reason for this is the high birthrate among american indians and the other is
a growing tendency for people to declare their native american affiliation
the most critical factor accounting for the enslavement of africans was
a lack of power to resist slavery
most social scientists believe that gender differences between males and females are
a product of socialization, discrimination, and other forms of social control
according to olsen's hierarchy of political participation, which group will have the greatest influence on the political system?
activists
until recently the largest ethnic minority group in the US was ___, though today the largest ethnic minority group is ___
african americans;hispanic americans
Which of the following illustrates the role of the government in promoting the growth of the middle classes in the US?
all of these
if middle-class americans wanted to lessen income and wealth inequality, they could
all of these
in which of the following ways can gov act to influence the distribution of income and wealth in society?
all of these
lobbying and lobbyists
all of these
policy creation and change are dependent upon which of the following factors?
all of these
the elite in the US
all of these
the pluralist perspective disagrees with both the class perspective and the power elite perspective on
all of these
which of the following factors account for the difference between the US and other capitalist industrial societies in their welfare states?
all of these
the perspective on power that most americans accept is
the pluralist perspective
the perspective on power in the US that argues that power is based on control of major social organizations is
the power elite perspective
gender refers to
the sexual role one assumes
according to your text, the majority of cultural, social and psychological differences between men and women are the result of
the socialization process
which of the following perspectives on power argues that politicians naturally come to believe that the interests of the dominant economic groups are the most important interests that government must pay attention to?
the structuralist perspective
which of the following models of power would be associated with a marxist interpretation of the basis for power?
the structuralist view
the term gender essentialism is the idea that
there are unique male and female traits that make men and women naturally suited to different occupational roles
the examination of campaign financing as well as of lobbying reveals that
there is an inextricable link between money and political power
the traditional view of democracy assumes that citizen participation is equated with citizen power. evidence suggests that
this assumption is ill-founded
affirmative action programs have contributed to the expansion of the middle classes in the US
true
americans express greater levels of distrust in their gov than do citizens in other industrialized societies
true
median income is higher in the US than in most other developed nations, but a much higher percentage of families are poor relative to that median
true
the study of how opportunity structures are shaped by public policies is an example of political economy
true
in comparison to canada and western europe, the welfare state in the US
covers fewer people
which of the following groups has the highest level of economic and educational attainment?
cuban americans
the corporate elite in the US
disproportionately shapes the agenda and boundaries of political debate
research on the structure of power in the US provides support for
each of the three models of political power
groups whose members are able to exercise authority, influence, and control of resources within society's important institutions are termed
elites
groups that share a unique set of cultural traits that distinguish them from other groups are termed ___ groups
ethnic
the american "ethnic hierarchy" is divided into three tiers. the first tier consists of
euro-american protestants
In the IS the welfare state provides assistance only to poor people
false
entitlement programs primarily benefit the lower classes
false
since the middle of the twentieth century, the proportion of the federal budget financed through corporate taxes has increased
false
the US welfare system is more generous and more complex than those found in western european societies
false
the antitrust legislation and government regulatory agencies established during the progressive era were successful in curbing the political influence and power of large corporations
false
the overall tax burden for americans is significantly greater than it is in other western industrial societies
false
if the fed gov wishes to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, the most comprehensive way to achieve this is through changes in ___ policy
fiscal
The US census bureau currently identifies ___ major categories of people in the US population
five
theories that emphasize that gender differentiation and inequality are necessary to help fill and accomplish certain roles in a society are called
functionalist theories
political participation is not correlated with which of the following?
gender
of the following hispanic groups, which one has experienced social conditions in the US similar to the jim crow system that african americans faced?
mexican americans
the text distinguishes between two periods of asian immigration and notes that the people who immigrated to the US during the second period were ___ than those whose immigrated during the first period
more educated
according to the text, societies with a variety of ethnic groups are referred to as
multiethnic
the systematic dominance of males over females is referred to as
patriarchy
women represent half of the world's population and
perform two-thirds of the world's work
the notion that there is not one single elite but rather multiple elites in society is associated with the ___ perspective
pluralist
the perspective on power that argues that average citizens have meaningful input into political decision-making is the ___ perspective
pluralist
the fact that there is disagreement among the elite on critical issues such as free trade provides support for which of the following models of power in the US?
pluralist model
supply-side policies suggest ___
producers should be given incentives
which of the following serves to redistribute wealth downward?
progressive taxes
a primary reason the gap between the rich and the poor is narrower in western european countries is that the US welfare system is less ___ than others
redistributive
The fact that the differential between the top and bottom income fifths in Germany is less than in the US
reflects differences in political economy
within the context of a capitalist system, fairness and equity in the way societal resources are distributed is maximized by gov
regulation
which of the following is not an example of corporate welfare?
sales taxes
___ continues to be justifications for gender inequality between males and females in different spheres of social life
sexist stereotypes
gender inequality is legitimated by
sexist stereotypes and sexism
races and racial categories are
social creations
according to marvin harris, the differences in aggressive tendencies seen between males and females in a given society is due to
social expectations
of the following, which is an example of a regressive tax?
social security tax
the ability of individuals and organizations to influence many elements of a society is termed
societal power
the democratic belief in public policy is
state intervention is needed
in which of the following countries is the tax burden on citizens the highest?
sweden
which of the following countries have the highest percent of female political representation?
sweden
a set of beliefs and actions that focus on achieving equality of women and men is
termed feminism
sexism, is
the belief that women are inferior to men
the gov action that represented the beginning of the end for the jim crow system of racial segregation was
the brown v. board of education of topeka supreme court ruling
which of the following served to fundamentally change the role of the fed gov, including an enormous expansion in the taxes it collected?
the development of a welfare state
which of the following areas of gov spending has the greatest direct impact on the class system?
the distribution of transfer payments and various services to people
the government's role in influencing the business cycle was most active during
the great depression
thinking about the american ethnic hierarchy, euro-american catholics would be found in which of the following levels of hierarchy?
the intermediate tier
of the following, which today are the major recipients of gov social welfare programs?
the middle classes
Which of the following gov actions provided for the establishment of colleges and universities for the children of workers and farmers?
the morrill act
women were not given the right to vote in the US until
1920
welfare benefits for the poor reached a peak in which decade?
1960s
according to noel, factors that create ethnic stratification between groups are
competition for scarce resources, ethnocentrism and differential power
considering the difference between the US and other capitalist industrial societies in the nature of their welfare states, it can be said that citizens in other countries are more concerned with equality of ___ than US citizens
condition
a panethnic group refers to
any ethnic group lumped together based upon their world region of origin
social expectations for males and females
are different in every society
sexism and racism
are perpetuated by stereotypes, myths and irrational fears
which of the following is a panethnic group?
asian americans
the feminine mystique (1963), was written by
betty friedan
which of the following contributes the greatest amount of money to political campaigns
big business
the "chapter (or core) group" in the US was
british
according to olsen's hierarchy of political participation, individuals who have knowledge of the political system, hold opinions on issues, have a party preference, and vote are
citizens
today, almost ___ of all medical and legal degrees are earned by women
half
when it comes to educational attainment the ethnic group with the lowest proportion of high school and college graduates over the age of 25 are ___
hispanic americans
the argument that the economic elite rule society through their control of political officials and institutions is associated with the
instrumental view
during the "first wave of immigration", the country from which the most immigrants came to the US was
ireland and germany
most immigrants coming into the US today are from
latin america and asia
The contradiction between the ideals of capitalism and the ideals of democracy represents the tension between
liberty and equity
the "interlockers" that thomas dye identifies are those individuals who
link the corporate world with other major institutions, especially government, universities, and foundations
if the fed gov decides to make the income tax more progressive, this is an example of
macroeconomic policy