Social Psych Chapter 5
Stereotype
A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics. Cognition.
Modern Racism
A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize
The normative pressure to conform to a majority is reduced by
An ally
Illusory Correlation
An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated EX:"Blacks are more likely to commit crimes"
Impression management theory suggests that people change their attitudes to match their behaviors in an effort to
Appear consistent
An attitude is implicit if you
Are not aware of it
Many participants in the social influence study conducted by ______ gave public responses that they privately knew to be inaccurate.
Asch
Discrimination
Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group. Behavior is actively treating people differently
Mara pays close attention to the quality of the speaker's arguments in making up her mind on an issue. She is demonstrating
Central route to persuasion
Social Categorization Theory
Classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes
An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognitions is called
Cognitive dissonance
The tendency to alter thoughts, feelings, and behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms is called
Conformity
Relative deprevation
Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others (land, jobs, etc) Causes resentment and problems. EX: Idea of suburbia
Direct Competition
For valuable but limited resources. EX: Isreal War
Optimal Distinctive Theory
Having shared enemy brings people together because we like to find similarities
Realistic Conflict Theory
Hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources (Relative deprevation and direct competition)
Prescriptive Stereotypes for gender
In the sense that it tells us HOW men and women are supposed to act
Measuring attitudes by assessing physiological arousal tends to identify the _____ but not the _____ of the attitude.
Intensity; direction
In comparison to obedience and compliance, conformity
Involves less direct pressure from others
Cialdini et al. (1991) observed participants in a clean or cluttered parking garage and found that participants were most likely to litter when they observed a confederate
Litter in a cluttered garage
Collectivist Group
More likely to value connectedness and interdepence with people bc it boosts self-esteem They are less likely to show biases favoring their ingroups in order to boost SE. Difficult to join an ingroup so they draw sharper distinctions between in and out group members EX: Jews
Benevolent Sexism
More prevelent. "Good sexism" men paying for dinner. embedded in chivarly
Prejudice
Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups Affect. Where the harm starts
Hostile Sexism
Negative, resentful feelings about women's abilities, value, and ability to challenge men's power. Experience it if it is safe to do so. A lot like modern racism
The unspoken rule dictating that we should treat others as they have treated us is called the
Norm of reciprocity
One factor that did not seem related to the amount of obedience exhibited in the Milgram obedience study was the
Participant's sex
Social Identity theory
People favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem
Sexism
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender
Racism
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another
Implicit Racism
Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally. More dangerous. Biases
The idea that we infer our own attitudes by coolly observing ourselves and the circumstances of our behavior is most consistent with
Self-perception theory
The most direct and straightforward way to assess an attitude is through the use of
Self-report measures
The ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others is called
Social Influence
Difficulty overcoming stereotypes
Stereotype activation is automatic just like fundemental attribution error
The tendency to unconsciously mimic the nonverbal behavior of others is called
The chameleon effect
In group favoritism
The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups
Terror Management Theory
We are terrified of death so we defent
Outgroup dehumanization
We assume that those in outgroup are extremely different. We ask ourselves if they are 100% human? EX: Stalins rationale on ethnic cleansing
Confirmation Bias
We seek out info that confirms these beliefs and discount info that goes against it. Stereotyping can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies
Out-group homogeneity effect
When we assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups EX: Blacks are alike
Research on stereotype threat suggests that underperformance by Blacks in academic settings may be due to
a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of Blacks.
Attitudes are useful because they
allow us to judge whether something we encounter is good or bad.
According to social identity theory, people display ingroup favoritism
as a means of increasing self-esteem.
Affectionate feelings towards women based on the belief that women need protection are referred to as
benevolent sexism
The concepts of ostracism and conformity are related in that
failure to conform can lead to ostracism.
Social categorization is advantageous because it
frees up cognitive resources.
Gender stereotypes are prescriptive. This means that gender stereotypes
identify what men and women should be like.
Realistic conflict theory proposes that
intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources.
Modern racism can be distinguished from what has been termed "old-fashioned" racism in that modern racism is
less obvious than "old-fashioned" racism.
The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that
prejudice can result from intergroup competition.
One potential problem with self-report measures is that
respondents might not respond truthfully.
Aronson's jigsaw classroom work is similar to Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment because both illustrated how
shared goals can reduce prejudice.
Bridgette thinks short people are lazy and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club. Bridgette is exhibiting _____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting _____.
stereotyping; discrimination
Attitudes are best understood as
varying in strength along both positive and negative dimensions.