Social Psych Chapter 5

Stereotype

A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics. Cognition.

Modern Racism

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize

The normative pressure to conform to a majority is reduced by

An ally

Illusory Correlation

An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated EX:"Blacks are more likely to commit crimes"

Impression management theory suggests that people change their attitudes to match their behaviors in an effort to

Appear consistent

An attitude is implicit if you

Are not aware of it

Many participants in the social influence study conducted by ______ gave public responses that they privately knew to be inaccurate.

Asch

Discrimination

Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group. Behavior is actively treating people differently

Mara pays close attention to the quality of the speaker's arguments in making up her mind on an issue. She is demonstrating

Central route to persuasion

Social Categorization Theory

Classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes

An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognitions is called

Cognitive dissonance

The tendency to alter thoughts, feelings, and behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms is called

Conformity

Relative deprevation

Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others (land, jobs, etc) Causes resentment and problems. EX: Idea of suburbia

Direct Competition

For valuable but limited resources. EX: Isreal War

Optimal Distinctive Theory

Having shared enemy brings people together because we like to find similarities

Realistic Conflict Theory

Hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources (Relative deprevation and direct competition)

Prescriptive Stereotypes for gender

In the sense that it tells us HOW men and women are supposed to act

Measuring attitudes by assessing physiological arousal tends to identify the _____ but not the _____ of the attitude.

Intensity; direction

In comparison to obedience and compliance, conformity

Involves less direct pressure from others

Cialdini et al. (1991) observed participants in a clean or cluttered parking garage and found that participants were most likely to litter when they observed a confederate

Litter in a cluttered garage

Collectivist Group

More likely to value connectedness and interdepence with people bc it boosts self-esteem They are less likely to show biases favoring their ingroups in order to boost SE. Difficult to join an ingroup so they draw sharper distinctions between in and out group members EX: Jews

Benevolent Sexism

More prevelent. "Good sexism" men paying for dinner. embedded in chivarly

Prejudice

Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups Affect. Where the harm starts

Hostile Sexism

Negative, resentful feelings about women's abilities, value, and ability to challenge men's power. Experience it if it is safe to do so. A lot like modern racism

The unspoken rule dictating that we should treat others as they have treated us is called the

Norm of reciprocity

One factor that did not seem related to the amount of obedience exhibited in the Milgram obedience study was the

Participant's sex

Social Identity theory

People favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem

Sexism

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender

Racism

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another

Implicit Racism

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally. More dangerous. Biases

The idea that we infer our own attitudes by coolly observing ourselves and the circumstances of our behavior is most consistent with

Self-perception theory

The most direct and straightforward way to assess an attitude is through the use of

Self-report measures

The ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others is called

Social Influence

Difficulty overcoming stereotypes

Stereotype activation is automatic just like fundemental attribution error

The tendency to unconsciously mimic the nonverbal behavior of others is called

The chameleon effect

In group favoritism

The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups

Terror Management Theory

We are terrified of death so we defent

Outgroup dehumanization

We assume that those in outgroup are extremely different. We ask ourselves if they are 100% human? EX: Stalins rationale on ethnic cleansing

Confirmation Bias

We seek out info that confirms these beliefs and discount info that goes against it. Stereotyping can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies

Out-group homogeneity effect

When we assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups EX: Blacks are alike

Research on stereotype threat suggests that underperformance by Blacks in academic settings may be due to

a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of Blacks.

Attitudes are useful because they

allow us to judge whether something we encounter is good or bad.

According to social identity theory, people display ingroup favoritism

as a means of increasing self-esteem.

Affectionate feelings towards women based on the belief that women need protection are referred to as

benevolent sexism

The concepts of ostracism and conformity are related in that

failure to conform can lead to ostracism.

Social categorization is advantageous because it

frees up cognitive resources.

Gender stereotypes are prescriptive. This means that gender stereotypes

identify what men and women should be like.

Realistic conflict theory proposes that

intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources.

Modern racism can be distinguished from what has been termed "old-fashioned" racism in that modern racism is

less obvious than "old-fashioned" racism.

The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that

prejudice can result from intergroup competition.

One potential problem with self-report measures is that

respondents might not respond truthfully.

Aronson's jigsaw classroom work is similar to Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment because both illustrated how

shared goals can reduce prejudice.

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club. Bridgette is exhibiting _____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting _____.

stereotyping; discrimination

Attitudes are best understood as

varying in strength along both positive and negative dimensions.