social psych exam 5
Research shows that when a group is brainstorming, if debate and criticism occurs within the group, then:
quality of ideas increases.
____s a motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests.
Altruism
Usually, when you feel bad, you do good, meaning you're more likely to help other people. Which emotion is an exception to this rule?
Anger
Which of the following are suggestions for preventing groupthink?
Be impartial. Encourage critical evaluation.
Which of the following are examples of circumstances that increase self-awareness, thus decreasing the likelihood of deindividuation?
Cameras Mirrors Name tags
When American troops entered Iraq's cities in 2003, looters took hospital beds, library books, and even lightbulbs. The fact that the looters often ran in large groups (producing feelings of anonymity), and they felt little responsibility for their actions relates to which concept?
Deindividuation
Which of the following are factors in our increased arousal by the presence of others?
Distractions Mere presence Evaluation apprehension
Which phenomenon has "exceptions to the rule," such as when feelings of anger or extreme grief don't lead to the predicted outcome?
Feel-bad/do-good phenomenon
According to Marwin Shaw, all groups have this in common.
Group members interact.
The two social norms that motivate altruism are ___________ and _____________.
reciprocity; social responsibility
_____ is the tendency of decision-making groups to suppress dissent or disagreement in the interest of harmony, sometimes leading to bad decisions.
Groupthink
_______occurs when a group doesn't consider alternative solutions, and people choose not to voice disagreements because they want to maintain group harmony.
Groupthink
______ causes distress and is a negative emotion we act to reduce, sometimes by helping others.
Guilt
The main critique of groupthink research is that the research was ______.
retrospective
Consistency, ______, and defection allow a minority opinion to influence the majority opinion in a group.
self-confidence
Minority opinions are most likely to influence the majority with:
self-confidence. defection. consistency.
Reciprocity is based on __________, the connections that keep a community healthy.
social capital
Which of the theories of altruism below suggests that helping is mostly motivated by external rewards?
social-exchange
In research involving participants in the online game World of Tanks (Shen et al., 2020), players were more likely to insult other players when ______.
their teammates did the same thing
In numerous accounts of individuals being attacked or injured when no one helped, the one commonality was ______.
there were many bystanders
Darley and Batson's (1973) experiment at Princeton found that ______ was the major factor explaining why some seminary students stopped and helped.
time
True or false: Janis's evidence for groupthink is retrospective, leading many researchers to question the validity of the research.
true
Which of the following often lead groups to overestimate their "might and right," sometimes leading to groupthink.
Illusion of invulnerability Unquestioned belief in the group's morality
______selection is the idea of selective altruism toward one's close family members in order to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.
Kin
________ is the process by which individuals mobilize and guide groups.
Leadership
Happy people are helpful people, and their good mood comes from which of the following?
Love Success Happy thoughts
Exploitation or cruelty becomes acceptable, even appropriate, toward those whom we regard as undeserving or as nonpersons. Which of the following concepts does this statement exemplify?
Moral exclusion
______ is the perception of people as being outside your circle of values and fairness.
Moral exclusion
______ occurs when one omits certain people from one's circle of concern and results in exploitation and cruelty to those regarded as undeserving or nonpersons.
Moral exclusion
A parent stands next to a donation box for charity. When they see someone approaching, they have their child put money in the box while the approaching person can see, hoping that the stranger will be more likely to donate. The parent is using which idea below?
Prosocial modeling
Social exchange--- Social norms-- Evolutionary---
Relief from distress Social-responsibility norm Kin selection
Groupthink symptoms include which of the following?
Self-censorship Illusion of unanimity Stereotyped view of opponent
______ is the tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.
Social Loafing
This symptom of groupthink occurs when group members see those outside of the group as evil, weak, or unintelligent.
Stereotyped view of opponent
Groupthink symptoms include which of the following?
Stereotyped view of opponent Illusion of unanimity Self-censorship
According to research by Mann (1981) and Smith, et al. (2020), what factors made crowds more likely to encourage a person who was threatening to jump from a building or bridge?
a large group at night
Which of the following is an example of social loafing in everyday life? Multiple choice question.
a team playing tug-a-war
Research by Marsh et al. (2014) found that the _____ of people who were "extraordinary altruists" was larger than average.
amygdala
Norman Tripplet (1898) compared children winding a fishing reel alone with children winding the reel along with others performing the same task. Triplett was attempting to demonstrate that ______.
another's presence boosts performance
In order to keep from suppressing information sharing and degrading the quality of decisions, groups should ______.
be impartial
When a minority in a group demonstrates self-confidence, the majority ______.
begins to self doubt
Task leaders generally have a ________ style that keeps the group's attention and effort focused on its mission.
directive
On Saturday morning, you heard a scream coming from your next door neighbor's house and ran over to check. In helping your neighbor, you lessened your own ______.
distress
When we feel securely attached to another, or we vicariously experience the feelings of others, and put oneself in another's shoes, we are experiencing_____ for the other.
empathy
In consideration of Cialdini's (2003) experiment of modeling altruism, it would be more effective for a professor to ________.
emphasize those who do not cheat than to warn of the penalties of cheating
Crowding _____ arousal, which facilitates _____ responses.
enhances; dominant
Being in a crowd _____ positive or negative reactions.
intensifies
According to research, the _____ a mob of people, the more likely its members are to commit atrocities.
larger
The process by which individuals mobilize and guide groups is ________.
leadership
According to kin selection theory, children will be ______ devoted to their parents than/as their parents are to them.
less
Latané and Darley's (1975) study found that when collaborators "accidentally" dropped coins or pencils in an elevator, _____ of the people helped when there were six passengers on the elevator.
less than 20%
In Latané and Darley's 1968 study of the smoke-filled classroom, those alone noticed the smoke in ______. Those in groups noticed the smoke in ______.
less than 5 seconds; about 20 seconds
Philip Zimbardo (1970) dressed women in identical white coats and hoods and asked them to deliver electric shocks to a woman. They pressed the shock button _____ women who were unconcealed and wearing name tags.
longer than
Research shows that helping goes up if the person needing help introduces themselves by name and looks the other person in the eye. This kind of approach is increasing the ______ of the situation.
personalized appeal
One study (Bryan & Test, 1967) found that people are more likely to stop and help someone change a flat tire if they saw someone else doing the same thing earlier on the road. This effect is due to ______.
prosocial modeling
In a study by a Reed College research team led by Richard Katzev (1978), after visitors to the Portland Art Museum disobeyed a "Please don't touch" sign and were reprimanded, _______ offered to help another experimenter who had "accidentally" dropped something.
58%
_______ leadership organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals, whereas ______ leadership builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.
Task; social
Which of the following statements is true of morally inclusive people?
Their moral concern encircles diverse people.
This type of leadership motivates others to identify with and commit themselves to the group's mission, even more than to their own needs or desires.
Transformational
_______ leadership occurs when group members think about the good of the group collective more than their own, personal needs.
Transformational
________leaders are generally charismatic, energetic, self-confident extraverts, articulate high standards, inspire people to share their vision, and offer personal attention.
Transformational
According to Eriksson et al. (2018), around the world, people who help others earn more money and have more children than selfish people.
True
Which of the following is not a reason that city people are less helpful than country people, according to the textbook?
Urban denial
One analyst of technology's social effects (quoted by Stelter, 2008) noted that the anonymous nature of online communities increases participants' ______.
callousness
According to a research study conducted by McGlynn et al. (1995) and Wright et al. (1990), several heads in a group critiquing one another ______.
can allow the group to avoid some forms of cognitive bias
An altruistic person ______.
cares for others and helps them even when there are no obvious benefits
Defections from the majority, self-confidence, and ______ allow a minority opinion to influence the majority opinion in a group setting.
consistency
Norman Triplett (1898) noticed that: Multiple choice question.
cyclists' times were faster when they raced together compared with when racing alone.
_____ is the loss of self-awareness in groups.
deindividuation
The things we "ought to do" in life, the norms, are social______
expectations
Both ______ and ________ rewards can motivate helping.
external; internal
Few people want to appear prejudiced. Perhaps, then, people favor their own race but keep that bias secret to preserve a positive image. If so, the same-race bias should appear only when people can attribute failure to help to ______.
factors other than race
When we _____, we help others not out of our own distress but through genuine sympathy and compassion for the other.
feel empathy
Helping softens a bad mood and sustains a good mood. The idea that happy people are helpful people is called the ______ effect.
feel-good/do-good
In studies by Latané and Darley, the presence of many bystanders ______ intervention or helping behaviors.
greatly decreased
Two or more individuals who interact with each other meet the definition of a ______.
group
Throughout recorded history, ______ has been a painful emotion that people avoid and seek to relieve (Ty et al., 2017).
guilt
Max Ringelmann found that the collective effort of tug-a-war teams was ______ the sum of the individual efforts.
half
Groupthink symptoms include ______.
illusion of invulnerability rationalization conformity pressure
Large anonymous groups _____ the probability of deinviduation.
increase
Generally, the effect of others' presence ______ with their number.
increases
When people are less self-aware, deindividuation _____.
increases
"Social economics" describes human interactions as being based on an exchange of ________ and __________ goods.
material; social
Which of the following plays a role in the fact that our arousal is increased by the presence of others?
mere presence
In social-exchange theory we seek to _________ and __________.
minimize costs; maximize rewards
The ______ is the tendency for people with minority views to express them less quickly than do people in the majority.
minority slowness effect
When a _____ group demonstrates self-confidence, the ______ group begins to self doubt. Multiple choice question.
minority; majority
Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe, leaders of the antislavery movement, and medical missionaries share at least one common trait, which is called ______.
moral inclusion
According to studies conducted by Lount and Wilk ( 2014), in workplace group experiments, employees had produced Blank______ when their individual performance was posted when compared with when it was not posted.
more
In a study by Katz et al. (2015), college undergraduates were asked to image they witnessed someone leading a drunk woman into a bedroom at a party. They were (more/less)______ willing to intervene when the woman was a friend rather than a stranger.
more
Studies have found that we are ______ likely to help someone of the same race when bystanders are present.
more
Minorities that are consistent in their position are _____ to influence the majority.
more likely
In Darley and Batson's (1973) experiment at Princeton Theological Seminary, ______ of the participants stopped and helped the man slumped in a doorway, coughing and groaning when reminded that they were running late to a recording studio. Multiple choice question.
only 10%
In the Kitty Genovese case, it was initially reported that 38 neighbors were awakened by her screams. It was found later that about a dozen neighbors witnessed her murder, out of which Blank______ called the police, and Blank______ intervened until the attacker left. Multiple choice question.
only two; no one
Cialdini (2003) found that the best way to get people to follow national park rules like "don't remove petrified wood" is to tell people that ______.
past visitors have left the wood alone
A(n) ______ approach when asking for help makes other people feel less anonymous and more responsible, and thus increases helping.
personal
Groups members perceive one another as "_____."
us
