social psych test 2

The desire to be unique is our need to ________.

differ from others in some respects

After learning that another participant had refused to work with them, participants are more likely to complete the letter sequence "R _ P E" with what letter?

A

In Asch's classic experiment, a standard-setting line was first presented to small groups of people, followed by the presentation of three comparison lines of different lengths. In one condition, three accomplices, posing as students, chose an incorrect answer before the subject could respond. ________ of the research participants never yielded to group pressure to accept an incorrect response.

Almost 25 percent

Attitudes are ________.

our evaluations of different aspects of the social world

________ occurs when the boundaries between an in-group changes in relation to an out-group in such a way that at least some out-group members are now seen as being part of the in-group.

Recategorization

Which of the following examples BEST illustrates a situation where there is a gap between our attitudes and behavior?

Roz tells her new boyfriend that she is extremely excited to see the new James Bond movie, even though she truly dreads seeing that film.

Action taken by another individual that tends to trigger aggression in the recipient of that action is _______

a provocation

Being forewarned of the persuasive intent of a message will frequently help people to resist the effects of the message. This is because forewarning ________.

allows us a greater opportunity to create counterarguments

Imagine that you are at the park with a friend one day when you and your friend see someone casually toss a sandwich wrapper on the ground. Your friend comments, "How crude! People should not litter," and picks the trash up to drop it in a nearby trash receptacle. Your friend's words represent ________.

an injunctive norm

Minority members who are attempting to change the majority's opinion must be consistent in their opposition to the majority opinion. This is because ________.

apparent wavering within the minority group tend to weaken the impact of the minority opinion

After seeing a commercial for sneakers supposedly designed by the basketball star Michael Jordan, Dave decides to rush out and buy a pair. Dave has been influenced as a result of the compliance principle of ________.

authority

Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from disgust may result in behaviors that try to ________.

avoid contact with the out-group

One difference between bullies and their victims is that bullies ________, while victims ________

believe that others act the way they do intentionally or because of lasting characteristics; perceive others as behaving the way they do due to external stimuli

Prejudice can be ________ or ________.

blatant; subtle

The type of social influence that involves direct requests from one individual to another is known as ________

compliance

Programs that are intended to reduce bullying in schools or in prisons ________.

can be effective if bullying is recognized as a serious problem and organizations take strong and appropriate steps to correct it

One result of tokenism is that it ________.

can damage the self-esteem and confidence of tokenized individuals

The central route to persuasion involves ________.

careful consideration of the ideas contained by a message

One basic form of learning that helps to form our attitudes occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to cause reactions that were originally caused by another stimulus. This type of learning is known as ________

classical conditioning

Subliminal conditioning is ________.

classical conditioning that occurs without our awareness of the stimuli that are used

The foot-in-the-door technique is based on the ________ principle of compliance.

commitment/consistency

Even though there is a sign that clearly says "Park closes after 9 P.M." Mary says to herself, "What a silly sign! I just want to walk around here; I'm not a 'bad guy'" and proceeds to walk in the park. Mary's behavior is ________ with normative focus theory since ________.

consistent; she is disobeying an injunctive norm that she does not see as related to her own actions

Badges and insignia are helpful in gaining obedience because they are ________.

constant reminders of who has authority

People who frequently played violent video games tend to show ____ event-related brain potential (P300 activity) when viewing violent images compared to those who rarely played such games.

decreased

Classical conditioning suggests that people can learn to ________.

dislike stimuli to which they are initially neutral

A campaign manager has advised the candidate he represents to make sure there is a "spontaneous" demonstration of support for him during the candidate's next major speech. Given that the candidate relies on his audience's peripheral processing of his emotion-laden persuasive messages, the demonstration is useful because ________.

distractions can increase the persuasiveness of a speech

Among children, girls who bully others are motivated by their desire to ________

exercise power over others, their desire to be part of a "tough" group, and their desire to lessen negative feelings associated with depression

Automatically-triggered connections between group membership and evaluative (like/dislike) responses are known as ________.

implicit associations

The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that ________.

increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups

Three college friends went swimming in a local creek, ignoring both a No-Trespassing sign and a No-Swimming sign. These friends were violating ________.

injunctive norms

When heuristic processing is involved, the degree of persuasion ________.

is not increased by strong arguments in the message

In the march toward racial equality, Whites may perceive Black progress as a ________, while Blacks perceive it as a ________. If people generally tend to evaluate ________ more heavily than ________, then Whites should see ________ progress for Blacks than (as) Blacks see.

loss; gain; losses; gains; more

The general pattern of results of studies of TV violence suggests that ________.

media depictions of violence contribute to increased aggression levels in viewers

believe that others act the way they do intentionally or because of lasting characteristics; perceive others as behaving the way they do due to external stimuli

men are more aggressive towards other men than towards women.

Normative focus theory says ________.

norms will influence behavior only when they are salient

One study found that we perceive people with certain width-to-height face ratios to be aggressive, and further research shows that

our perceptions are founded.

When our membership in a group is salient, a stereotype (about an out-group) that our in-group endorses is more likely to ________ our ________ about that out-group.

overcome; personal beliefs

Gender stereotypes include ________.

positive and negative traits of men and women

Gender differences in aggression tend to shrink or disappear in situations where ________

provocation is present

Mate-retention behaviors include all of the following EXCEPT

refusing to care for offspring.

One way to help people become more resistant to commands from authorities that may lead to destructive behaviors is to ________.

remind people that they - not the authorities - are responsible for any harm done

Tony disagrees with a certain political commercial. When the commercial comes on, he immediately switches the television channel. This is an example of ________.

selective avoidance

According to the general aggression model, there are two broad categories of variables that influence aggressive behavior: ________ and ________.

situational factors; personal factors

Injunctive norms ________.

specify what ought to be done in a particular situation

A reason for any gender differences in conformity involves a difference in ________ between men and women.

status

Goals that can only be reached by cooperation between groups are known as ________.

superordinate goals

Research indicates that most people perceive ____ as ____ and therefore are more likely to respond ___

teasing; hostile; aggressively

One reason that people are willing to obey persons in authority who order them to engage in destructive behaviors is that ________.

the authority figure relieves those who obey of responsibility for their actions

Very brief exposures to faces of people from different ethnic backgrounds (about whom one has a negative attitude) frequently causes people to respond faster to words with negative meanings than to words with positive meanings. This technique or type of research is known as ________.

the bona fide pipeline

Miller has been watching a very exciting adventure movie at the theater. His heart rate is still a little elevated as he leaves the cinema. Just as he reaches his car in the parking lot, he sees someone accidentally bump his car as they back out of another parking space. Miller becomes extremely agitated and excitedly begins yelling and pounding on the other person's car fender. This extreme reaction to a relatively minor annoyance can best be explained by ________.

the excitation transfer theory

James and Wanda just bought a house, and moved into a new, upscale neighborhood. One of their friends, who lives down the street from them, has installed a hot tub in her rock garden and has pointed out all the advantages of having one. James and Wanda are debating whether to install a rock garden with a hot tub in their new home. Their decision may be strongly influenced by the ________.

the informational social influence of their friend

One technique for gaining compliance is to offer a very favorable deal to someone, then change the terms of the deal to make it less attractive after the target person has accepted the initial deal. This is known as ________.

the lowball procedure

Many experts suggest that stereotypes can be changed when ________.

the relationships between groups change

After watching wrestling on TV for an hour, five-year-old Samuel went outside to play. When five-year-old Jamie, who lives next door, came outside, Samuel shoved him and tried to get him in a head-lock. This situation can best be explained by ________.

the social learning perspective

In any particular situation, our conformity is influenced by at least four factors, including our desire to be in control of our own behavior, our need to be accurate, our need to be different from others, and ________.

to be liked by others

The stereotype for women shows them as being relatively high on ________ and relatively low on ________.

warmth; competence

Pressures toward conformity have a stronger effect on our behavior when ________.

we like and admire a particular group of persons