Social psychology - Final exam review
Distraction-Conflict Theory, Dominant Response Theory, and the Yerkes-Dodson law all agree that the _____________ of others is required to affect how well you do on a task.
mere presence
The concepts of synthetic happiness and mere exposure help explain why people in arranged marriages are _______ likely to stay married and articulate greater ________ in their relationships.
more; satisfaction
In contrast to "vanilla" pro-social behavior, Altruism is unique in that it involves:
no benefit to oneself
About 2/3 of the way through the pandemic, I got vaccinated. Months later, knowing that I have a low risk of contracting or passing on the infection, I still mask up when I enter a business containing other people wearing masks. This behavior likely surprises nobody, but a social psychologist would say that I do this because of the power of:
normative conformity
In one variation on Milgram's experiment, other supposed "teachers" refused to administer a shock, while in the same room as the research subject. In this case, the subject demonstrated ___________ and also refused to shock the "learner."
normative conformity
Solomon Asch's study demonstrated the power of _________ conformity on inducing __________ conformity.
normative; public
Self-fulfilling prophesies demonstrate that our biases and heuristics can:
not just result in us seeing the world inaccurately, but also have practical consequences for us.
Lois has just won a lottery that netted her a great deal of money. According to research on happiness, Lois should be ________ as a result.
not much happier, especially if she has attended college
According to the minimal-group paradigm, which of the following must be similar among people for them to form into a group:
nothing
The Actor/Observer difference helps to explain the Fundamental Attribution Error, saying it is a result of:
our point of view
In the last module, you learned that getting paid to do something you love is a great way to quickly learn to hate it. Bill Watterson, creator of the timeless comic strip "Calvin and Hobbes" often described his difficulties with staying motivated to create his artwork for money. Thanks to this module, you have learned that social psychology has a handy concept to explain just this idea. Which term is it?
over justification
Research on affective forecasting suggests that people tend to
overestimate the emotional impact of negative life events.
Which hormone promotes closeness and commitment?
oxytocin
Long-distance relationships are hard. Especially for people who are aiming to focus on *the spark* or as Robert Sternberg put it:
passion
System justificaiton theory helps explain why:
people continue to vote in elections that present them with candidates they don't like.
Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk, Bill Gates, Richard Branson, and others possess life-altering, unimaginable wealth, but thanks to the use of social creativity, you can feel good knowing that:
people like you get to experience what really matters, making you better people in the end.
Kurt Lewin, the founder of modern social psychology, argued that the effects of psychological forces can be understood in the same way that ________ forces are understood.
physical
In the event that you buy a new car, rent a jet ski, or finally make up your mind to work hard on your application to get the job of your dreams, you will make use of effort justification, to reduce or eliminate the experience of ________________.
postdecisional dissonance
According to the ____________, an easy way to get a man to act aggressively is to point out how much bigger your truck is than his. . .and you know what I mean by "truck."
precarious manhood hypothesis
Being drunk, hungry, irritated, or uncomfortable are all states that shut down your _________ and make you more aggressive.
prefrontal cortex
We make use of self ________ to influence how others see us.
presentation
Leaders who wield expert and referent power are much more likely to produce __________ in their followers than leaders who wield coercive or reward power.
private acceptance
If you held a job that paid $50,000 a year, worked super hard, and never spent a dime of the money you made, you would still need to work THREE POINT EIGHT MILLION YEARS to have as much money as Jeff Bezos does right now (according to Google, his net worth is 192 Billion dollars). So, while you worry about whether you can afford a life-saving trip to the emergency room, he can take a quick trip to (not-quite) space. Still, there are people who particularly value ________________ who think this is pretty okay.
procedural fairness
Contrary to what many of us have experienced in our current, "post-truth" era, our society explicitly reveres correctness and accuracy. As such, seeing ourselves, our abilities, and our accomplishments as clearly as possible is held up as a virtue. At the same time, however, it is possible that our collective overconfidence benefits us by:
protecting us from the painful effects of our numerous failures.
When opportunities to behave truly selflessly arise--like acting heroically to save someone else from danger--we often fail to do the right thing. Decades of research demonstrate that this inaction is most often due to:
psychological paralysis.
Often, with our children, employees, pets, and even co-workers, we would like to induce obedience rather than compliance. More often than not, however, attempts to demand obedience backfire because your target experiences:
psychological reactance
Repeated rounds of either the Prisoner's Dilemma or the Ultimatum Game demonstrate the importance of a person's:
reputation
"You aren't yourself when you're hungry." In particular, you tend to be hangry, selfish, and less likely to cooperate. This nicely demonstrates how people are more likely to compete when:
resources are scarce.
One danger of talking things out as a group is that people tend to reach decisions that are:
riskier and more extreme.
As compared with individuals, a committee is more likely to come up with decisions that are:
risky
Which of the following phenomena best illustrates the relationship between social influence and behavior?
running faster when people are watching you (as opposed to when you are alone)
Social psychology can be defined as the ________ study of the ________ of individuals in social situations.
scientific; feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
That no-good Donny is up to his tricks again. Not only did he get you to convince your Dad to let you go to his party, now he wants you and everyone else to go jump off a bridge. Looking around, it's clear that your group of "friends" is going to jump, even though you know how dangerous it is. The fall is too far; the water is too shallow; there are sharp rocks down there! You need to speak up now. If you don't overcome your _____________ and do something, you and these other people might get hurt!
self-censorship
That no-good Donny is up to his tricks again. Not only did he get you to convince your Dad to let you go to his party, now he wants you and everyone else to go jump off a bridge. Looking around, it's clear that your group of "friends" is going to jump, even though you know how dangerous it is. The fall is too far; water is too shallow; there are sharp rocks down there! You need to speak up now. If you don't overcome your _____________ and do something, you and these other people might
self-censorship
In the case of a failure in one area of interest, we can often think of success in another realm, and our feelings are protected. As a result, people who are involved in a lot of different activities and think of themselves in a lot of different ways are protected by their:
self-complexity
Proponents of the ___________ theory say that we look to others and perform social comparisons, not to understand ourselves better, but to view ourselves as being as successful as possible.
self-enhancement
Related to the actor/observer difference, we all fall prey to outgroup homogeneity and assume that people in another group are all more ___________ than they really are.
similar
When selecting partners for relationships--romantic and otherwise--one of the most important characterisitics is:
similarity
According to the Distraction-Conflict model, the arousal produced by being watched by other people facilitates performance on ________ tasks, but inhibits performance on _________ tasks.
simple; complex
We often refer to people who are particularly successful as being exceptional people. Since you are now a social psychologist, however, you know that we should really make ___________ attributions about these people and their success.
situational
The credibility of a speaker is really important, except in the case of the ________ effect.
sleeper
Research into facial feedback and body language lends support to the commonly held belief that when you answer the phone at work (or your parents' house) you should:
smile
According to economic theory, when presented with the "Prisoner's Dilemma" you should:
snitch
One of the things we hate about working in groups on projects is that—more often than not—one group member demonstrates _______________ and assumes everyone else will take up the slack.
social loafing
The ____________ norm is that we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks.
social responsibility
Reciprocal altruism illustrates one of the many ways that we seek _____________ by acting altruistically.
social rewards
Many people who hail from the South, especially the Appalachian mountain region and were raised in a culture of honor would be more likely than most people to act aggressively when:
someone tells them that their "mamma is so ugly when she tried to join an ugly contest they said, 'Sorry, no professionals.'"
The prevalence of white instructors at institutions like Santa Fe, along with ingroup favoritism, outgroup homogeneity, and the ultimate attribution error all predict that:
students of color will underperform, compared with their white counterparts.
Not only is the concept of ____________ harmful to our performance, but it also contracts social psychology's stance on the ___________________ debate.
talent; person/situation
Milgram's research is considered highly unethical because of the potential consequences for the __________ in the study.
teacher
Sandra thinks that smiling a lot during a job interview increases a person's chances of getting a job offer. The main difference between Sandra's folk theory and social psychological theories is that social psychological theories are
tested using the scientific method
I'm a great bowler. I really am. I mean, I haven't bowled in about 22 years. But back when I was a kid, I was great. I mean, I lost most of the time, but when I had those inflatable bumpers, I almost got a strike once. Still, I bet if I bowled now I would be great! Of course, you aren't surprised by how good I think I am (even though I'm probably terrible) because you know all about:
the Dunning/Kruger effect.
Kurt Lewin's concept, the field of forces, emphasizes that ________ underlie(s) much of human behavior.
the characteristics of a situation
Catching someone in a lie can be relatively easy for someone who is trained to do so, because of:
the close connection between our emotions and our facial expressions.
The "Good Samaritan" study conducted by Darley and Batson (1973) examined helping behavior in seminary students at Princeton University. These students were either rushed or not rushed to get to an appointment. Results of this study showed that
the nature of participants' religious orientations did not predict helping behavior; only being rushed or not predicted helping.
Growth mindsets are easily observable in lots of settings, not just classroom learning. In one study from 2010 the researchers told non-athletic participants in a long-term exercise class one of two things: 1. athletic ability is inborn (fixed mindset) 2. athletic ability can be developed (growth mindset) Over the next several weeks, the psychologists communicated these messages to participants and measured their performance in a number of physical tasks. Since you are now a social psychologist, and you have thought carefully about growth mindsets, you can predict that:
the second group outperformed the first group.
In East-Asian cultures, upward social comparisons are less likely to impact self-esteem because:
the success of the group is even more important to the self concept than individual success.
Many people like to maintain the Just World Hypothesis and believe that:
the world is fair and people get what they deserve.
In an attempt to boost academic achievement and test scores nation-wide, many states are now linking teachers' pay to their students' performance on standardized tests, like the FCAT. Given what you have learned about emotion, intrinsic motivation, and intrinsic motivation, you can probably guess that offering to pay a bonus to a committed teacher whose students perform will will likely result in:
their students' performance decreasing.
You feel super exhausted after driving for six hours, sitting in a class for three hours, or talking on the phone with your mother for five minutes because:
these experiences require a lot of self-regulation.
Because of the Fundamental Attribution Error, when someone doesn't do their share of the work in a group, you are likely to assume that:
they are lazy
It's noon. You've finally gotten a break from work (a short one) and you're rushing to get your munch on. You planned ahead, ordered online, and all you need to do is duck into publix to grab that oh-so-tasty chicken tender sub. But, just as you're about to merge into the lane that will let you turn, someone rushes ahead, cuts you off, and blocks your ability to get in. You're furious, but also a social psychologist, so you know that this person's action can mean lots of things, except that:
they're a bad person
According to the Dunning Kruger Effect, I have little experience baking, so I am likely to:
think I am actually really good at baking
If a message is related to a topic of great personal relevance, we are more likely to process the message through the ____________ route
thoughtful
Elon Musk is brilliant. But he is also charismatic, quick-witted, well-dressed, and constantly speaks of working to achieve tasks that seem impossible--like colonizing mars, making solar power ubiquitous and affordable, and creating high-speed long-distance travel that anyone could afford to use. As a result, it is clear that he is a:
transformational leader
In a variation on Solomon Asch's study, he found that if even one of the actors did not pick the same, wrong, answer, the subject would stick with what they believed was right. This is because the majority of the group did not possess:
unanimity
The game-show "Golden Balls," reality TV programming, and the podcast "The Deadly Airship Race" all demonstrate that horrible behavior (and very watchable TV) can come from:
unchecked competition
In "Bowie, Jazz, and the Unplayable Piano," Tim Harford encourages us to consider a growth mindset from a different perspective. In it, he shows us how having a growth mindset allows us to embrace, rather than avoid:
uncomfortable positions
Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of the goals of social psychology?
understanding how personality traits predispose people to respond to major events in their lives
Eyewitnesses in court tend to be very confident of their testimony. This confidence is:
unjustified
If we can get past how they make us feel, ___________ can be useful tools in improving our performance.
upward social comparisons
Results from the "Good Samaritan" study and other social psychology studies support the idea that:
we are not nearly as consistent in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as we think.
The most common, traditional interpretation of Walter Mischel's "Marshmallow Experiment" is that:
we can learn a lot about someone's lifelong personality at a very young age.
Social Psychologists use tools like the Implicit Associations Test to examine our beliefs because:
we have a hard time being honest about them—even with ourselves.
According to the Dominant Response model, when in the presence of others you will do better on ________ tasks, but worse on _________ tasks.
well-learned; new
According to social psychologists, which of the following conditions is most likely to make someone do what an authority figure says to do—even if it involves hurting someone?/div
when people can hold an authority figure responsible for his or her actions
Normally, upward social comparisons will negatively affect our self esteem, unless:
you can think of the other person as "one of us."
If you want to convince someone to do their homework, and keep doing it, you should pay them _________ dollars to get their homework done.
zero
When you get "dunked on" (literally or figuratively) by someone who does way better than you at something you care about (like basketball), you are likely to make a self-serving attribution like:
"It was just beginner's luck."
The classic Milgram study showed that about ________ percent of participants delivered ________ to the "learner."
60; the highest possible shock
Research by social psychologists, like Omid Fotuhi, has influenced a lot of what we do in this class. Which of the following course policies could have been directly caused by Dr. Fotuhi's presentation "How Myopic Mindsets Undermine Success"?
A total of 9, lower stakes, test scores during the semester, instead of 3 large ones
Which of the following research findings, if true, would support an evolutionary explanation for aggression?
All these answers support an evolutionary explanation
If your manager wants to motivate you to not only show up to work, but to go above and beyond at your position, which of the following should they offer you?
An opportunity to take on a leadership position on a new project that doesn't pay anything, but they think will interest you.
Given what you know about French and Raven's types of power, what should I do if I want students to really believe that they should follow my study tips?
Demonstrate how much I know about education, psychology, and study habits
________ psychology stresses the fact that objects are perceived by active, usually unconscious, interpretations of what the object represents as a whole.
Gestalt
In addition to evolutionary explanations for aggression, it's also important to consider:
Individual differences, culture, and circumstance
Everyone falls prey to confirmation bias pretty much all the time. But, according to sources like The Oatmeal, which of the following would be most likely to cause you to experience The Backfire Effect?
Information that suggests your religious beliefs are hypocritica
As we observed, especially in the second half of the pandemic, one of the biggest issues with _______________ is that conflicting sources are often presented as equally ________________________.
Informational conformity; credible
One of the cognitive explanations for why we stereotype is that:
It makes the world a lot easier for us to understand.
Jacob sees a motorist stranded on the side of the road. Which of the following factors will make Jacob MORE likely to help the motorist?
It's a deserted road and other cars are unlikely to pass by and see the stranded motorist.
Which of the following best characterizes the effects of implicit biases in today's society?
Male teachers in STEM fields may call on male students more frequently, accidentally encouraging them more than their female counterparts.
Generally speaking, who is more aggressive, people from an individualistic culture or people from a collectivistic culture?
Neither; individualists prefer direct aggression while collectivists employ indirect aggression.
Given their experience researching and extensive knowledge of how we experience, express, and attempt to hide our emotions, if you were going to recruit an interregator, you would probably want to turn to:
Paul ekman
Which of the following best describes our understanding of the relationship between people's attitudes and their behaviors?
People frequently behave in ways that do not match with their explicit attitudes.
Which of the following might be seen as wrong, in terms of both harm-based and social-convention morality?
Playing my music super loud in the front yard while I have a wild raging part with my buds in the front yard at my grandparents' retirement community
An institution like Santa Fe college might contract with an innovative, well-regarded, scientifically supported Professional Development Agency to come and teach professors how to teach better. Even if this agency had a confident and attractive spokesperson, however, this would still be a really bad idea. Why?
Professors would be likely to reject ideas from outside their group.
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, which of the following tasks would benefit from greatly increased arousal?
Running a Race
When asked to remember the traits of people in four groups or people in two groups, those with more groups to think about resort to more stereotyping. This supports the idea of:
Schemas as energy-savers
Since self-esteem and achievement are positively correlated, the best way to ensure childrens' success is through:
Since self-esteem and achievement are positively correlated, the best way to ensure childrens' success is through:
Thanks to social psychology's research into propinquity and the mere-exposure effect, we now have evidence to support a simple treatment for prejudice, xenophobia, and nationalism. This solution is:
Spend time with people who are different from you.
A 1973 experiment from Darley and Bateson illustrates that:
Stated moral values matter less to altruistic behavior than time pressure.
Which of the following is the paradox at the heart of stereotype formation?
Stereotypes tend to be built on the most salient members of a group, although they represent the group the least.
According to the Self-Evaluation Maintenance theory, what is NOT a way to deal with a girl
Study harder to get better grades.
Plane crashes are international news; car crashes are rarely mentioned. When you are more afraid of flying than driving, this is an example of:
The availability heuristic.
A man and a woman meet for the first time on a blind date. If they know their science:
The woman is more worried about her safety than the man.
According to Tim Harford--and Malcolm Gladwell--the lesson we desperately need to learn about the Dunning Kruger effect is that:
We are all susceptible to blind overconfidence.
Which of the following is a major reason that we should question the accuracy and validity of Stanley Milgram's findings?
While similar studies have been performed, it has never been full replicated.
Given what you know about the demographic factors that make people more altruistic, you should ask for help from someone in:
Williston, fl
When you first met your roommate, you were dismayed to learn that they only listened to speed metal while you only enjoyed listening to German opera. Fast forward five years, and we can predict that:
You are both listening to both speed metal and German opera.
You did it! You finally locked down that first date with Avery. It took all your courage, but you finally got up the nerve to ask them out. There's only one problem--you have no idea where to take them. So, you do what we all might do in this scenario, and you ask your friends/family members for ideas. Knowing what you do about misattribution and initial attraction, you decide to go with:
Your brother Tom's idea: take them skydiving.
Which of the following is not a part of your self-presentation?
Your level of skill at playing soccer, while watching a soccer game on TV.
According to findings with the Prisoner's Dilemma, people tend to adopt:
a Tit-for-Tat strategy.
The cognitive argument for why people struggle to admit that a system in which they participate (like the US economy) is unfair, boils down to the fact that fairness is important, but:
accommodation is harder than assimmilation.
Ekman and colleagues' research on the universality of facial expression showed that people from diverse cultures tend to agree in how they label the emotions of
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.
Given what we know about relationships--and social psychology, in general--we can predict that people who are on the lookout for their soul mate:
are less likely to be happy in their relationships than most people.
Being a distinctive individual is unlikely to be particularly important to people in _________ cultures.
asian
If you know that your significant other doesn't want you going with your friends to Las Vegas for a wild party weekend, you might be tempted to "ease into" the conversation about it by dropping little hints about your friends, the trip, how hard you've been working, and how nice it would be for them to have some "alone time." Because of ____________, this is a terrible idea.
attitude inoculation
According to research by Dan Gilbert and other experts in affect, when your friend tells you that they *really are* happier that they didn't get into the college they always dreamed of, you should:
believe them
Right now, you are probably thinking about all these cognitive biases in terms of others' decisions and behavior rather than your own. This tendency to demonstrate biases even when aware of biases theoretically has been termed:
bias blind spot
According to Moral Foundations Theory, one of the biggest differences between today's conservatives and liberals is the amount of importance placed on loyalty. Given that political conservatives value loyalty particularly highly, members of this group are more likely than liberals to experience the:
black-sheep effect
The ______________ explains why we hate traitors—even more than we hate our enemies.
black-sheep effect
Though they are all involved in the same process, stereotyping is rooted in _____________, while prejudice represents _______________, and discrimination is ________________.
cognition; attitude; behavior
Now that we know about the relationship between attitudes and behaviors, Dan Gilbert's findings with student photographers (and consumers, amputees, and lottery winners) isn't surprising now that you know synthetic happiness is a natural path to reducing:
cognitive dissonance
One way to effectively begin a negotiation is to imply that the person you are trying to persuade has wronged you in some way. Most people like to feel generous, but you just suggested that they did some bad. As a result, they are more likely to do something nice for you, in an attemp to resolve:
cognitive dissonance
Which of the following HAS NOT been shown to increase aggressive behavior or thoughts?
cold weather
Which of the following is not a result of the cognitive dissonance that arises from: - believing the world is fair, and - seeing that the world is not fair.
collective action.
In any given situation, ___________ are more likely to act altruistically.
collectivist
Social Psychology proposes that there are two kinds of relationships. We maintain one of these kinds of relationships simply because they are rewarding. We call these relationships:
communal
Gina Perry, author of "Behind the Shock Machine," uncovered evidence that Stanley Milgram likely lied about:
debriefing participants about the true nature of the study.
In large groups of similar people, we experience __________, which can lead to a loss of self-awareness and behaviors that seem out-of-character.
deindividuation
According to Barry Schwartz, one of the biggest mistakes we make as consumers is:
demanding options
Much like what we observe individually in the Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model of self esteem, when someone's sense of their group's worth is threatened, they can regain esteem by:
denigrating the outgroup.
We often find that _____________ people have a more realistic appraisal of their skill levels.
depressed
In our culture, men are more likely to use _______ aggression, while women are more likely to make use of _________ aggression.
direct; relational
According to recent research into emotions and behavior, people who explicitly identify as politically conservative are more likely to experience a stronger sense of:
disgust
Among other things, Moral Foundations Theory proposes that political liberals and conservatives struggle to connect with each other because their political beliefs are built on fundamentally different moral foundations. In particular, political conservatives tend to respond strongly to violations of "Purity," making it no surprise that right-leaning Americans are more sensitive to feelings of ___________ than their liberal counterparts.
disgust
Your boss shouts at you. Later, at home, you get angry with your partner. This is an example of:
displaced aggression
Students who see themselves as "talented" or "gifted" don't just suffer from a fixed mindset--they also make use of ___________ attributions to explain their success.
dispositional
As I talked about in the online video, if you're halfway through studying and need to boost your self-regulation, you should:
eat a sugary snack
Whether for school, clubs, fraternities, sororities, jobs, or the military, many people are exposed to harsh, trying, and (some would say) unnecessary rites in which they have to prove themselves before they enter. Rather than deciding that entry isn't worth it or that the people who abused and humiliated them are terrible, these people often value their place in the group even more highly after having been hazed. Which form of rationalization explains this?
effort justification
____________ refers to an emotional response in which someone understands, and even feels, another person's emotions and experiences events the same way as the other person.
empathy
Sometimes, people don't conform to our stereotypes—it turns out the hipster just drinks Folgers, that student was late to class because they were studying extra hard for the exam, the "redneck" down the street holds a Ph.D. in particle physics. In these cases, we:
employ belief persistence and stick to our stereotype.
Much of our poor performance in the presence of others is a result of our fear of what people will think if we mess up—in other words:
evaluation apprehension
When I was in college, depending on the year, I drove between 2 and 4 hours each way to visit my then-girlfriend every weekend. On the way back, I would call and talk to my brother about how the visit went and what the weekend is like. Knowing what you do about propinquity, induced compliance, and effort justifications, you can guess that these grueling drives, weekly visits, and follow-up reports led me to feel:
even more invested in the relationship.
A long, long, long, long, long, long, long, long, long time ago, if we caught our significant other checking out some other cave-person, we were likely to act aggressively toward them both--and today, we're not really any different. This explanation for why we act aggressively is best described as the __________ perspective.
evolutionary
Social psychologists differ from personality psychologists because social psychologists tend to
examine the influence of situations on behaviors.
The experimenter in Stanley Milgram's study was able to induce compliance in the teachers, thanks to his apparent ___________ power.
expert
When white-nationalist group Citizens for Constitutional Freedom occupied the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in 2016, they expected support from the public in terms of both praise and material support. They were surprised to receive neither; most people disagreed with their politics, philosophy and actions. This is an example of:
false consensus effect
Given what we have learned about social comparisons, the just-world hypothesis, and self-serving attributions, it is not surprising to learn that:
feeling wealthy can make people callous.
In social psychology, the primacy effect helps explain why:
first impressions are so important
One of the potential explanations for the infighting, demonization, underhanded tactics, misleading advertisements, and generally bad behavior observed during election years is that our elections result in:
fixed-sum outcomes
If you asked for 2 points on your exam, then upped your request to 10 points, you'd be using the _____ technique:
foot-in-the-door
Many gifted, high-achieving students have spent their academic careers being told that they possess inherent qualities making them particularly good at school or other intellectual pursuits. Knowing what you do from researchers like Carol Dweck and Omid Fotuhi, you are not at all surprised to learn that these students tend to:
give up on difficult tasks more quickly than other students.
According to the "Yale Tetanus Study," if I want to motivate you to study for an exam, I will:
give you specific study strategies
According to the "Yale Tetanus Study," if I want to motivate you to study for an exam, I will:
give you specific study strategies.
People who have a highly complex self-concept are also likely to:
have high self-esteem
In terms of attractiveness, we like people who are young, average, and free of deformities--indicating that the person is:
healthy
A scholar of social cognition would explain stereotypes--assuming that people who share a surface similarity, like apparent ethnicity, are similar in lots of (often negative) ways--by pointing out that they:
help make the world simpler and easier to understand.
A cognitive explanation for stereotypes is that they are tools that often get misused, in that they:
help us simplify a confusing and complex world.
According to evolutionary psychologists, altruism still exists because:
it helps groups survive, and we need groups
The cognitive explanation for stereotyping or creating ingroups and outgroups says that we do this because:
it makes the world easier to understand
Social Identity theory and the Self-Evaluation Maintence Model of self-esteem predict that we are likely to demonize and dehumanize people in other groups because:
it makes us feel better about ourselves.
Which of the following messages related to seat-belts, when displayed on a road sign, would be most likely to result in compliance--according to the principles of overjustification and insufficient justification.
just try. you'll feel better.
A person who possesses an avoidant attachment style is likely to ___________, which produces behaviors in other people that continue to justify this attachment style.
keep others at a distance
The "father" of social psychology, _____________, was not a psychologist at all, but a physicist.
kurt Lewin
All of the following statements about emotions are accurate EXCEPT emotions
last for hours or even days
Thanks to Darley and Batson's work with seminary students, we now know that people who are __________ are more altruistic.
less hurried
One of the keys to communicating effectively with people who differ from us as much as we seem to in today's particularly charged political climate is to understand where they are coming from. As it turns out, in the United States, political conservatives and liberals see things very differently. One such difference is that political conservatives pay closer attention to who a spokesperson is than what their message is, compared with political liberals. In particular, viewers or listeners are trying to identify if the person is a member of the __________ and, as such, a trustworthy source of information.
in-group
Seeing ourselves optimistically is probably:
inaccurate, but good for us overall.
Variations on Milgram's base study found that increasing the distance from the teacher to the learner:
increased compliance
Because of the self-serving attributional bias, people who see themselves as successful are ___________ to help people in need.
less likely than others
As discussed by Malcolm Gladwell in "The Talent Myth," people and organizations who think of themselves as gifted, talented, or skilled will do which of the following when it is clear they are not performing as they expected?
lie
People who are high in self-monitoring are likely to have ________ self-esteem
low
One of the big differences between compliance and obedience is that, with obedience, the person giving the order:
is higher in social status
______________ refers to a situation where a smaller set of group members change to match what the larger group is doing.
majority influence
Your brother just got embarrassingly, disgustingly, "nose-punkingly" drunk at your engagement party. In thinking about just how terrible he might be, you observe three things: 1. Lots of people drank too much at the engagement party. 2.You saw your brother get drunk at your sister's, and your friend's, and your cousin's engagement parties. 3. Your brother tends to drink way too much at occasions like this, but otherwise comports himself rather well. Because you know about the covariation principle, you can easily:
make a situational attribution for your brother's behavior.
Connecting what you know about self-esteem, group functioning, relationships, and aggression, it should be no surprise to you that you are more likely to act aggressively when you are forced to:
make upward social comparisons
Just like with the negative-state relief hypothesis of persuasion, we often attempt to help other people when it will:
make us feel better
According to the sociometer hypothesis, we feel good when our self-esteem goes up and bad when it goes down, because your self-esteem:
measures you current social status
In the decades following Milgram's research, later analyses of his findings have uncovered something interesting: The actor playing the experimenter reacted to resistant "teachers" with scripted responses ranging from extremely soft, "Please continue," to firm "It is absolutely essential that you continue," to outright orders "You must continue. You have no other choice. The interesting finding is this: When receiving the direct order--You must continue. You have no other choice--100% of the participants refused to continue and demanded that the experiment be stopped. This is in contrast to participants who were asked to continue, more than 2/3 of whom did as they were asked. This finding suggests that Stanley Milgram was, in fact, examining:
compliance
Theoretically, a teacher who is challenged in class should never back down, continuing to hold the position that their test questions are fair. Theoretically, this should still be the case, even when the teacher themselves thinks the question might not be great. This is because we know that the most effective persuasive messages come from sources that are:
confident
You are a social psychologist and know better than to just take a personality test's results at face-value. Many of these tests give us results that are not only overly positive, but are also so broad that they can *seem* to apply to you, even if they don't really. When the recipients believe the information in the horoscopes I mean, "personality tests" describes them well, this might be an example of:
confirmation bias
According to Robert Sternberg, the most rewarding relationships were characterized by:
consummate love
Even though the term was defined long after he died, Mark Twain's famous quote, "Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, and many of our people need it sorely on these accounts," demonstrates that he personally understood and supported the:
contact hypothesis
In line with what we learned about relationships and the mere exposure effect, the ______________ predicts that we can reduce discrimination by ______________.
contact hypothesis; being around people from other groups
Darryll is a worry wart. He worries about leaving appliances plugged in. He worries about running out of gas on the way to work. He worries about whether people like him. But, today, he's worried about whether or not the text he sent to his girlfriend was the right thing to do. After all, if it's too much too quickly she might reject him because he's foolish and stupid and he worries too much and there's nothing good about him and nobody likes him anyway and of course she's going to reject him and he's so stupid for ever thinking she might like to get takeout tonight and he knew she was going to reject him so why did he even try to impress her in the first place and it's just like Darryll always knew—nobody would ever like him and everyone would reject him and it would always be terrible. Darryll clearly needs to speak with a counselor to help him deal with the fact that he is very:
high on the anxiety dimension of attachment.
"What do you mean, you want the 2012 Taurus??" the car dealer exclaimed angrily. Pointing out discrepant thoughts and behaviors, he continues, "I thought you had good taste! I thought you were successful! I thought you said you weren't going to go for the same old crap every other loser settles for!" Attemptin to employ cognitive dissonance, he closes out his tirade with "If you're really the one-of-a-kind, bootstrapping, freedom-loving, fun-having, won't-settle-for-less American you said you were, you'll sign for the brand new Mustang convertable right here and now." Fortunately, this technique won't work on you, because you have:
high self-esteem
According to the Dual-Concern model, we would expect the best group performance from people who are _______ on self concern and __________ on other concern.
high; high
Third degree murder, committed in the heat of the moment, is best described as _______ aggression, while a cold, calculating killer (like the kind you see on TV) is more likely to express _______ aggression.
hostile; instrumental
There are lots of phony charities out there. People on the phone, television, and internet attempt to get you to donate money to victims of hurricanes, earthquakes, and tsunamis, all while pocketing the money people send their way. Unfortunately, many of these advertisements are effective, because they use:
identifiable victims.
In the past several years, you may have heard heard--at family dinners, for example--about something called "Net Neutrality." You find yourself beginning to nod your head as you munch on your mashed potatoes and they talk about the importance of a "free internet that allows for and encourages innovation." You mutter "uh huh," "yeah," and "for sure," as you suck down your yams and agree with their fears of a "corporation and political croney controlled internet." But, then, they identify their political party (which is the opposite of yours) and you immediately decide that everything they said was worthless. This is an example of the power of:
reactive devaluation
Sitting at the Thanksgiving table, you may have heard someone in your family begin talking about something called "Net Neutrality." You find yourself beginning to nod your head as you munch on your mashed potatoes and they talk about the importance of a "free internet that allows for and encourages innovation." You mutter "uh huh," "yeah," and "for sure," as you suck down your yams and agree with their fears of a "corporation and political croney controlled internet." But, then, they identify their political party (which is the opposite of yours) and you immediately decide that everything they said was worthless. This is an example of the power of:
reactive devaluation
___________ altruism demonstrates quite nicely that prosicial deeds often aren't selfless at all.
reciprocal
Milgram's research found that increasing the distance between the learner and the source of power:
reduce rates of "obedience"
It's really easy to post a long-winded, offensive rant on Facebook, but when it comes to acting aggressively, social media tools have accidentally provided a long list of tools for expressing less direct, ____________.
relational aggression
As evidenced by multiple questions asked by the teacher to the experimenter in Stanley Milgram's study of Obedience, an important element of convincing someone to do something unethical is:
removing their personal responsibility for consequences.