Social Psychology Final - Stein (Rutgers)
Three college friends went swimming in a local creek, ignoring both a No-Trespassing sign and a No-Swimming sign. These friends were violating ________.
Injunctive Norms
________ is the mechanism by which women learn what kind of body is considered attractive at a given time in their culture.
Information Social Influence
Which of the following increases the likelihood that a person will feel empathy toward others?
A recent inclusion in a group
A possible reason why authority figures can be so successful in getting obedience for horrific tasks is that they ________.
Allow the obedient person to escalate their tasks very gradually
The lowball procedure is based on the ________ principle of compliance
Commitment/Consistency
The type of social influence that involves direct requests from one individual to another is known as ________.
Compliance
The loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can't be identified is called
Deindividuation
The term _____ refers to the loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can't be identified.
Deindividuation
________ are defined as people's perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations
Descriptive Norms
The idea that social facilitation stems from the conflict that occurs when individuals simultaneously attempt to pay attention to other people and to the task they are performing is expressed as ________.
Distraction-conflict theory
What mode of communication is the most effective when negotiating a solution to a conflict?
Face-to-face communication
What mode of communication is the most effective when negotiating a solution to a conflict?
Face-to-face communication.
Pointing out incidental similarities between ourselves and those whom we wish to influence is based on the ________ principle of compliance.
Friendship/Liking
The term _____ is used to describe qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members.
Group cohesiveness.
People who live _____ are less likely to help others in need.
In cities
People who live _____ are less likely to help others in need.
In cities.
The need to belong to a group is ________.
Innate.
According to the five-step decision-making process proposed by Latane and Darley, the next step after noticing an event is
Interpreting the event as an emergency
Who is most likely to risk personal danger to save a stranger?
Men
Research has shown that groups tend to make _____ decisions than lone individuals make.
More risky
Dominant responses are responses that are ________.
Most likely to occur in a given situation
________ explain(s) women's attempts to create the ideal body through dieting and, more disturbingly, through eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
Normative Social Influence
The type of social influence that occurs when one person orders another to perform some action and the other person then complies is known as ________.
Obedience
Zajonc's "cockroach" study showed that cockroaches perform the required difficult task faster when _______.
Other cockroaches are not present
In Zajonc's "cockroach" study, the results showed that cockroaches performed the required simple task better when _______.
Other cockroaches were present.
One benefit of groups is that ______.
Other people can be a good source of information.
When it comes to simple tasks, people tend to _____ in the presence of others.
Perform better
Bystanders frequently fail to respond to an emergency because no one else is responding. We tend to rely on what others say and do when we are not sure of the nature of the situation or of what behaviors to engage in. This is known as ________.
Pluralistic ignorance
________ is defined as conforming to other people's behavior out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right.
Private acceptance
Volunteerism and community service are forms of
Pro-social behavior
_____ behavior is defined as any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person.
Prosocial
When people have a/an _____ attachment style, they have a greater capacity to feel empathy toward others.
Secure
_____ is one way to improve a group's decision-making.
Seeking outside opinions
_____ that is brought to bear on people who do not conform to their roles can help explain why people are reluctant to break out of assigned societal roles.
Social Pressure
The effect on our performance that results from the presence of others is ________.
Social facilitation
One technique for gaining compliance is to offer a very favorable deal to someone, then change the terms of the deal to make it less attractive after the target person has accepted the initial deal. This is known as ________.
The low-ball procedure
In Milgram's various versions of his experiment, which one resulted in the highest percentage of participants giving the highest level of shock?
The standard version.
A _____ strategy encourages cooperation by at first acting cooperatively, but then always responding the way your opponent did on the previous trial.
Tit-for-tat
Some social psychologists use the term _____ to explain the typical reaction of most city dwellers to a person's need for help in a public area.
Urban overload
According to social impact theory, the likelihood that you will respond to social influence from others depends on all of these variables EXCEPT
Vulnerability
Pressures toward conformity have a stronger effect on our behavior when ________.
We like and admire a particular group of persons
Which of the following increases the likelihood that a person will feel empathy toward others?
a recent inclusion in a group
Frank is a young musician who sometimes earns extra money by playing guitar on a downtown street corner during the lunch hour. He sometimes puts a dollar and a few coins in his open guitar case before he starts playing. Frank does this because he ________.
believes the presence of the money will act as a model for prosocial behavior for his audience
Social loafing is reduced when ________.
each participant's effort is readily identifiable
Being part of a large crowd and experiencing deindividuation ________.
increases the probability that crowd members will follow the norms of the crowd
Latane and Darley suggested that people go through _____ decision-making steps before they help someone in an emergency.
five
The _____ theory maintains that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation the leader faces.
great person
Group polarization involves the tendency of ________.
group members to shift toward more extreme positions than those they initially held as a result of group discussion
The empathic joy hypothesis suggests we ________.
help others because of the positive emotions we anticipate experiencing as a result of our helping behaviors
When people work on relatively simple, well-known tasks, an audience ________.
improves performance for most people
A group consists of two or more people who
influence eachother
According to the five-step decision-making process proposed by Latane and Darley, the next step after noticing an event is
interpreting the event as an emergency
The term _____ refers to the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection.
kin selection
Who is most likely to risk personal danger to save a stranger?
men
Research has shown that groups tend to make _____ decisions than lone individuals make.
more risky
Dominant responses are responses that are ________.
most likely to occur in a given situation
The first step involved in deciding whether or not to offer assistance in an emergency is to ________.
notice that something unusual is happening
Zajonc's "cockroach" study showed that cockroaches perform the required difficult task faster when
other cockroaches are not present
According to social facilitation theories, people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can be affected by the(a) ________.
presence of others
If you are involved in an accident in a public place and need help, the best way to get help is to
single out one person and ask, "Will you please call 911?"
We are more likely to help a stranger than a friend when
the help might result in the friend doing better than us in some important area.
One of the factors associated with compliance is friendship. This is because we are more ________.
willing to comply with requests from friends or from those we like than with requests from strangers or people we dislike
People in the minority can cause other group members to conform through ________ influence.
Informational social
Social exchange theory argues that true _____ does not exist
Altruism
The term _____ is used to describe the helping that is done purely out of the desire to benefit someone else, without benefit (and often at a cost) to oneself.
Altruism
People with _____ personalities have qualities that could cause them to help others in a wide variety of situations.
Altruistic
Informational social influence is based on our desire to ________.
Be correct and have accurate perceptions
Informational social influence is based on our desire to ________.
Be correct and have accurate perceptions.
Normative social influence is based on our desire to ________.
Be liked or accepted by others
Group members tend to _______.
Be similar.
Carl falls down the stairs and badly sprains his ankle. When will Carl most likely receive help?
Before school starts when only one other student is in the hallway.
________ is changing one's behavior due to the influence of others.
Conformity
Some social psychologists believe that in order to help others for purely altruistic reasons, you must first feel _____ the people in need.
Empathy for
According to the _____ theory, when we feel empathy for another person, we will try to help that person, regardless of what we have to gain.
Empathy-altruism
Ruth volunteers at a homeless shelter two days a month. She finds that she looks forward to her volunteer days because she feels good when helping others. Her mood is elevated before she reaches the shelter and for a few days afterwards. This situation best represents the ________.
Emphatic joy hypothesis
When Mr. Bean was in college, streaking was popular, so one day he streaked at a football game with his friends. Streaking is an example of a
Fad
In what group situation are people most likely to help each other?
Groups that have been together for a while
________ is the mechanism by which women learn what kind of body is considered attractive at a given time in their culture.
Informational social influence
Studies have shown that people who attend regular church services are not more likely to help others
In private situations, when no one will know if they helped.
Being part of a large crowd and experiencing deindividuation ________.
Increases the probability that crowd members will follow the norms of the crowd
Descriptive norms ________.
Indicate what most people do in a particular situation
Judy is participating in a conversation in an online chat room. She doesn't know how to read the member profiles, so she decides to ask if anyone can help her figure it out. To receive the quickest response, whom should she ask?
One specific person who is currently online.
Jason, Paul, and Mark are working on a group project for their social psychology class. Jason believes that Paul is not doing as much work on the project as he and Mark are doing. If Jason is accurate in his perception, Paul is engaging in ________.
Social loafing
When people are engaged in pulling a rope as a group activity, rather than as individuals, they tend to pull with less energy. This tendency is called
Social loafing
The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members are known as
Social norms
Social loafing is reduced when ________.
The apparent value of the task is maximized
When there are many bystanders during an emergency, the probability of receiving help is reduced. This is because of ________.
The diffusion of responsibility that occurs
William joined a small fraternity at his college. The initiation he faced was quite severe and somewhat dangerous. Now, he's a senior member of the fraternity and the college is investigating the fraternity for possible violations of the college's hazing policy. As a result, William finds that ________.
The fraternity's cohesiveness has substantially increased
Most people believe that social influence plays a smaller role in shaping their persona actions, while other people are more susceptible. This belief is referred to as _____.
The introspection illusion
The idea that we sometimes engage in helping behaviors to reduce negative emotions that we might be experiencing from any cause is known as ________.
The negative-state relief model
A technique sometimes used for gaining compliance is to suggest that a person or object is difficult to obtain. This technique is known as the ________.
The playing-hard-to-get technique
Individuals who make conservative decisions on their own are likely to make _____ decisions when they consider the same problem in a conservative group.
more conservative
Asch and later researchers discovered that conformity increased as the number of people in the group increased until the group reached ________ other people, when conformity didn't increase much.
4-5
A content-analysis of all the Supreme Court decisions from 1953 to 2000 indicated that the least common decision was
8-1
The type of social influence in which individuals change either their attitudes or behavior to adhere to existing social norms is known as ________.
Conformity
In the experiment measuring people's tendency to litter, which type of norm was most effective at changing behavior?
Injunctive
What was the result of Milgram's original shock experiment?
Most of the participants delivered the maximum shock