Social Psychology Final Study Set
Whereas American people have the proverb "The squeaky wheel gets the grease
" Japanese people have a proverb that states, "The nail that stands out gets pounded down." These two different proverbs mirror social-psychological research that has demonstrated that people in Asian cultures,have a more interdependent concept of self than do Americans
Erich Fromm wrote
"Love is often nothing but a favorable exchange between two people who get the most of what they can expect, considering their value on the personality market." Although a bit cynical, this description of relationships is most compatible with the __________ theory of attraction.,social exchange
Which statement is an example of a causal theory for behavior or feelings?
"Mondays are bad days"
Dee Dee is running late for work and arrives 10 minutes late. Which conclusion represents an internal attribution that Dee Dee's supervisor would make?
"You probably overslept again because you're so lazy."
Brian does not know anything about Sally except that she is very attractive. Based on research on attractiveness
Brian is MOST likely to make the attribution that Sally is __________., sociable and extraverted
Recently
a major newspaper had to temporarily shut down its blog because of numerous anonymous posts that were highly offensive, much more offensive than any signed letter or posting. What is the best explanation as to why these online contributions were more offensive than signed letters?,being online led to a sense of deindividuation
One way to increase the possibility that research results will generalize is to study a(n) ____________ sample.
large random
A social influence strategy that gets people to agree to a small request that then makes them more likely to later agree to a second
larger request is called __________.,the foot-in-the-door technique
Attitude change that occurs after careful analysis of an argument will __________.
last longer
A researcher who examines several replications of a phenomenon would be most likely to examine these data using the statistical technique of __________.
meta-analysis
When people are motivated to reach an accurate judgment
or are suspicious of a person (suspecting lying or ulterior motives, for instance), they are more likely to engage in the __________ of the two-step process of attributions.,second step
Participants in an experiment conducted by Keith Davis and Ned Jones were instructed to provide hurtful feedback to another person (actually a confederate of the experimenter). After providing such mean assessments of his performance
participants then evaluated him privately. After providing this criticism, the participants' evaluations of the confederate were more __________ because the __________.,negative; participants convinced themselves that the victim deserved it
Given the choice between distorting the world in order to enhance their self-esteem or viewing the world accurately
people often __________.,put a slightly different spin on things in order to feel good about themselves
Fear-arousing communications are most likely to result in attitude change when __________.
people think that attending to a message will reduce the fear
Believing that others are right is to __________ as conforming without believing is to __________.
private acceptance; public compliance
Social psychologists asked Black middle-school students to complete carefully constructed self-affirming writing assignments regarding their good qualities outside of school. This type of self-affirmation _________.
produced lasting effects, as demonstrated by the greater likelihood of these children later attending college
Group discussion often pushes people's initial individual decisions to the extreme
producing group polarization. According to the persuasive arguments interpretation, this is because __________,others bring up perspectives or issues that the individual hadn't considered
Professor Takahami is a personality psychologist interested in understanding divorce. Compared to the others
which question is Dr. Takahami most likely to investigate?, Are some types of people more likely to divorce than others?
If you wanted to improve customer satisfaction survey ratings for your company using the availability heuristic
which task would you ask of customers in terms of their suggestions for improvement?,ask them to list 10 criticisms or suggestions
Recall the words of Dr. Robert Marion
who was the first physician to correctly diagnose a 9-year-old girl with a rare disease: "Doctors are just like everyone else. We go to the movies, watch TV, read newspapers and novels. If we happen to see a patient who has symptoms of a rare disease that was featured on the previous night's 'Movie of the Week,' we're more likely to consider that condition when making a diagnosis." In essence, Dr. Marion is describing the __________ heuristic.,availability
While interviewing a new employee
you find that they won't shake your hand, they don't make eye contact with you, and they speak so quietly you can barely hear them. In determining the reason for their behavior, you are most likely to __________.,make an attribution to explain their actions
Which person is making a downward social comparison?
Alan, who lost one leg in an automobile accident, comparing himself to the driver, who was killed
Which collection of individuals constitutes a group?
Casey, Koko, and Charlotte are working together to complete a project for their Religious Studies class
Why do schemas differ from culture to culture?
Cultures differ in terms of what is important and relevant to the people who live there.
Which major advantage applies to processing information automatically?
We can use our cognitive resources for other, more important matters.
According to research conducted by Dan Gilbert
Doug Krull, and Brett Pelham, we typically use two steps in making attributions. The first step involves __________, and the second step involves __________.,forming an internal attribution; adjusting for the situation
External validity is enhanced when results generalize across different people. __________ research is especially useful for this purpose.
cross-cultural
Social psychologists' emphasis on construals of social situations has its roots in __________ psychology.
Gesalt
Why is simply focusing on the importance of a long-term goal an ineffective strategy for reaching that goal?
Keeping the goal in mind makes it seem as though the goal is already within reach, so less effort is expended in trying to reach it.
Rudy is conducting a psychology experiment with the help of his instructor. As participants come into the laboratory
Rudy flips a coin. If it lands on heads, the participant takes part in the experimental group; if it lands on tails, the participant goes into the control group. What principle of experimental design is Rudy utilizing?,random assignment
"Belief in a just world" is best characterized as a form of __________.
defensive attribution
How do philosophers and social psychologists differ in their approach to understanding human behavior?
Social psychologists, like all scientists, rely on experimentation and measurement to answer empirical questions, whereas philosophers typically do not.
Which person is engaging in upward social comparison?
Toni, who reads William Faulkner to assess her own writing skills
Why does the availability heuristic sometimes lead to incorrect inferences?
What is easily brought to mind may not be typical of the overall picture in a given reasoning situation
People who have lived in the same place for a longer time tend to feel __________.
a greater attachment to the community
The primary goal of cross-cultural research is to __________.
demonstrate the universality or cultural dependence of psychological processes
"Blaming the victim" of rape
abuse, or other misfortunes is most closely related to __________.,belief in a just world
The availability heuristic is associated with which of the following characteristics of schemas?
accessibility
Schema that are __________ are at the forefront of a person's mind and easily invoked in a relevant social situation.
accessible
Researchers systematically varied the quality of persuasive communications that advocated comprehensive exams for college students
and also varied the prestige of the communicator. These researchers found that when some students believed that their university was considering such examination, those students used the __________ route to persuasion, and were influenced by the __________.,central; quality of the persuasive arguments
Solomon Asch conducted a series of experiments in which participants were asked to estimate the lengths of lines that clearly differed in length. Participants then heard other group members give correct estimations for some trials
and blatantly incorrect estimations for others. When confederates in the study gave an incorrect response, how did participants respond?,they tended to conform on at least one of the trials
You are reading a magazine article about how to do well in college
and it presents several correlation coefficients. These correlation coefficients indicate __________.,how well you can predict one variable from the other
The Westgates bought their television from a store with a 30-day return policy
and the Leongs bought the same television from a different store with a policy that "All Sales Are Final!" Based on the principles of cognitive dissonance, which family is more likely to be satisfied with their TV?,The Leongs
Wing Na believes very strongly that saccharine is an unsafe sugar substitute that may even cause cancer. Even though Wing Na is diabetic
and thus should be using sugar substitutes, she often opts for sugar-laden foods and drinks to avoid saccharine. "I'll just exercise more later; the sugar isn't a big deal. I'm really being healthier by avoiding saccharine," she thinks. Wing Na's behavior and thoughts are examples of __________ in the face of cognitive dissonance.,rationalizing
Xaviera didn't want to attend the lecture on endangered South American snails
anticipating that it would be frightfully boring and a waste of her time. Yet she found herself sitting through the entire 3-hour presentation. What can Xaviera do to reduce the feelings of cognitive dissonance between her cognition ("This is a boring subject") and her behavior ("But I just sat through an entire lecture on this subject")?,Change her cognition to be in line with her behavior, and conclude that she likes snails after all
__________ theory provides a description of how people explain the causes of their own and others' behaviors.
attribution
Social psychologists have identified two motives that are of primary importance in explaining our thoughts and behaviors; these are the need to __________ and the need to __________
be as accurate as possible; feel good about ourselves
The elaboration likelihood model explains the conditions under which someone will __________.
be influenced by what the speech says, and when influence occurs by superficial cues
The behaviorist approach __________.
claims that all learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment
A researcher interested in testing a __________ hypothesis would be most likely to conduct an experiment.
causal
Armando is listening carefully to a persuasive communication and thinking about the arguments. He is using the __________ route to persuasion.
central
Sheila fancies herself an outgoing extrovert. She smiles a lot and gestures dramatically as she talks. This example best illustrates the use of nonverbal behavior to __________.
communicate personality traits
Social psychologists use the term __________ to describe the way in which people perceive
comprehend, and interpret their social worlds.,construal
Changing one's behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people is called __________.
conformity
Ted likes Jim and smiles at him every chance he gets. Jim wonders why Ted is always smirking at him sarcastically and studiously avoids him. Ted thinks he's being friendly and cannot understand Jim's standoffishness; Jim thinks Ted is a jerk for continuing to smirk at him without explanation. This difference illustrates the role of __________ in explaining social behavior.
construals
Lee Ross describes the idea of "naïve realism" as the __________.
conviction we all have that we perceive things "as they really are"
An ambitious study of leadership in 62 countries determined that __________.
different traits for leaders are preferred in different cultures
__________ information addresses the extent to which the same person responds similarly to different stimuli.
distinctiveness
Automatic is to __________ as controlled is to _________.
effortless; deliberate
Express is to __________ as interpret is to __________.
encode; decode
Members of a 12-person jury all took slightly different notes on the testimony they heard. When they get together to deliberate
everyone has written information about the physical description of the assailant, one person wrote down the defendant's alibi, three people wrote details of the crime, and four other people wrote information about the credibility of the eyewitnesses. Based on how groups tend to share information, which piece of information will the jury be MOST likely to spend the most time discussing?,the physical description of the assailant
If an attitude is cognitively based
it is best to use rational arguments. Which types of arguments work best to change an affectively based attitude?,emotional appeals
Peer pressure is effective because it capitalizes on adolescents' __________.
fear of rejection and desire for autonomy
Mark is a Democrat. He just joined a welfare reform committee made up of nine Republicans. Mark holds a minority opinion on this issue. If Mark wants his opinion to influence the group's final recommendations
he should __________.,express a consistent, unwavering viewpoint
Gan qing is a Chinese concept of love which is achieved by __________.
helping and working for another person
Many times in social psychological research
it is often the case that when internal validity is high, there is a trade-off, and __________ is low., external validity
Self-handicapping is used to avoid __________ attributions for our behavior.
internal
Which word corresponds most closely with "construal? "
interpret
One reason why it is important to examine cultural influences on social psychological processes is that __________.
it helps us understand whether certain psychological processes are universal versus culture-bound
Complete the analogy: correlation is to __________ as experiment is to __________.
relate; cause
Which perspective is most closely related to the notion of behaviorally based attitudes?
self-perception theory
When Daphne goes on a job interview
she does her best to present herself well and put her best foot forward. Which function of the self is exemplified in this situation?,impression management
Annika analyzed the results of her study and found that the probability of getting such findings by chance was less than 1 in 100. Annika can say that her results are __________.
significant
Physical beauty confers only limited advantages. Researchers have found that people are MOST likely to associate physical attractiveness with __________.
social competence
In an experiment performed by Harold Kelley
some college students were told that their guest lecturer was a warm person, whereas others were told that he was a cold person. Those students who were told that the lecturer was a warm person evaluated him more positively than those who had been told he was cold. This demonstrates that schemas can be subject to __________., priming
You need to give a presentation in your class about Bibb Latané's social impact theory. You want to focus on the three variables that influence the likelihood that people will conform to social influence pressures. Your lecture will include __________.
strength, immediacy, and number
Agnes is very serious about art and starts college as an art major. The more serious she gets about creating artwork
the more she worries about the pressure to succeed and how she would support herself as a freelance artist. She finds that creating art now feels like a chore and something she has to do rather than wants to do. The change in her views about art is due to what social psychologists call __________.,the overjustification effect
"The basic dilemma of the social psychologist" refers to __________.
the trade-off between internal and external validity
A researcher conducted a study and found a positive correlation between age and life satisfaction. In other words
this researcher found that as age __________, life satisfaction tends to __________., increases; increase
A researcher conducted a survey and found a negative correlation between education level and the tendency to resort to violence during disputes. In other words
this researcher found that as education level __________, the tendency to use violence __________.,increases; decreases
Simon is meek
tidy, quiet, and overly concerned with order and detail. People guess that he's a bookkeeper because of,the representativeness heuristic
Which outcome is a function of controlled thinking?
to provide checks and balances on automatic thinking
A fixed mindset refers to the idea that abilities are __________.
unchangeable
How do social psychologists differ from those who rely on common sense or folk wisdom in answering questions about human nature? Social psychologists __________.
use science to test hypotheses about the social world
When describing research participants in many social psychological studies
what does WEIRD refer to?,Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
After you carefully make a decision
what is likely to happen?,you will start to think more and more about the good qualities of your decision
When situational causes of behavior are unavailable or difficult to interpret
what is the most likely outcome?,the fundamental attribution error occurs
People are especially likely to conform due to informational social influence __________.
when the situation is a crisis
Imagine that both Vera and Carol are against affirmative action. Vera is offered $50 to write an essay about the benefits of affirmative action
whereas Carol is offered only $1 to write a similar essay. After writing the essays and receiving their payments, both women are asked to report their attitudes toward affirmative action. Assuming that their attitudes were similarly negative at the outset, which of the following results would you expect?,Carol would be more favorable than Vera toward affirmative action.
Satisfying intellectual curiosity describes __________ research
whereas solving social problems describes __________ research.,basic;applied
If you were a student in 1966 at Elaine Walster Hatfield and her colleagues' first-year orientation dance
which attribute would most likely influence your desire to date again the person with whom you were paired?, the date's physical attractiveness
When studying deindividuation among adolescents
which intervention message seemed to be the most powerful in decreasing negative behavior in these adolescents?,the warning that their parents could read their comments
According to the principle of insufficient punishment
which parental technique should be most effective in changing a child's behavior permanently (i.e., even behavior that occurs in the absence of the parent's presence)?,threat of mild punishment
Compared to the others
which person is likely to feel best about herself?,Delia, who compares her cooking skills as a 40-year-old to those she had just after college
