Social Responsibility Exam 2

As of 2016 what was the average cost of a data breach in the United States?

$7 million.

In 2017 about what percentage of people around the world had no access to the Internet?

52 percent.

A critical characteristic of a successful CIO is:

A leader with the ability to speak the language of the business.

An example of a hacking job motivated by retaliation is:

A person hacks a government website to act against inaction by the government.

The term circular economy refers to:

A production system that is regenerative by design.

The Mullahs in Iran is an example of the power of government derived from:

A religious authority.

Sustainability leaders have found that the most effective environmental management approach involves:

A team of line managers from across the business organization.

Which of the following statements is not true with respect to acid rain?

Acid rain occurs when carbon dioxide combines with water vapor in the atmosphere.

The fastest growing region for Internet usage growth from 2000 to 2017, was:

Africa

When managers become personally involved in developing public policy, the firm is at what level of business political involvement?

Aggressive organizational involvement.

Air pollution is accurately described by which of the following?

Air pollution occurs when more pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere than can be safely absorbed and diluted by natural processes.

Depletion of the ozone layer, destruction of the rain forests, and species extinctions all have an impact on:

All of society.

Antitrust laws protect consumers from:

Anticompetitive practices by business.

Many rapid changes in technology over the past few decades were facilitated by: Artificial intelligence. Wireless networks. Processing of enormous amounts of data.

Artificial intelligence. Wireless networks. Processing of enormous amounts of data.

Government's role is to create and enforce laws that:

Balance the relationship between business and society.

Sustainable development:

Balances economic and environmental considerations.

A compulsion to engage in rewarding behaviors, despite negative consequences is called:

Behavioral addiction.

A technological application that uses biological systems or living organisms to make or modify products or processes for specific use is called:

Biotechnology.

One type of digital currency that operates outside the banking system using encrypted technology is:

Bitcoin.

The antitrust enforcement agencies in the United States have the legal authority to:

Block anticompetitive mergers in the U.S.

Managers' understanding of government regulations is:

Both a domestic and international issue.

The core idea(s) of sustainable development is (are):

Both of these answers are correct: Economic development must be accomplished sustainably; and poverty is an underlying cause of environmental degradation.

What are the benefits of sequencing the human genome?

Both of these answers are correct: Helps early diagnosis of diseases; spurs new ways to prevent illnesses.

Supporters of advocacy advertisements believe that they:

Both of these answers are correct: Identify a company as an interested and active stakeholder; and can help mold public opinion on a particular policy issue.

By raising and lowering the interest rates at which private banks borrow money from the government, the Federal Reserve Bank:

Both of these answers are correct: Influences the size of the nation's money supply; and influences the value of the dollar.

An example of codes of environmental conduct that have been developed by and for specific industries include:

Both of these answers are correct: The Equator Principles; and The Forest Stewardship Principles.

MIT researchers determined that 90 percent of shopper's credit-card transactions could be used to:

Both to uniquely identify an individual's shopping habits and preferences and to identify an individual shopper using only four bits of secondary information.

When companies develop a reputation for environmental excellence, and they produce and deliver products and services designed to attract environmentally aware customers, this is called:

Brand differentiation.

Studies have shown that green marketing has been most successful at what level?

Brand.

Which of the following represents a structural remedy for an antitrust violation?

Breaking up a monopoly.

Which of the following is not a potential source of personal private data? Smartphones. Internet connections. Automobiles. Broadcast radio.

Broadcast radio.

When a firm solicits its stockholders for political contributions for a particular candidate by letter and then sends those contributions to the candidate on behalf of its stockholders, it is called:

Bundling.

To influence government policymakers' actions, an information strategy involves:

Business leaders speaking before government policymakers.

Public policies and government regulations are shaped by:

Business. Special interest groups. Government.

An organization that produces net zero emissions of greenhouse gases is achieving:

Carbon neutrality.

Which pattern of consumption is recommended to reduce humanity's global footprint?

Choosing less harmful products.

General Electric's "Ecomagination" effort to invest in clean technology is an example of:

Clean technology.

The typical public affairs executive spends most of the day:

Coalition building. Direct lobbying. Fund raising.

Life-cycle analysis involves:

Collecting information regarding the lifelong environmental impact of a product, from extraction to disposal.

Deregulation has occurred in the following industries:

Commercial airlines, railroads, and financial institutions.

Reasons for the destruction of rain forests include:

Commercial logging. Cattle ranching. Conversion of forests to plantations

A shared resource, such as land, air, or water, that a group of people uses collectively is a(n):

Commons.

A company that builds stakeholder coalitions to influence government is using which strategy?

Constituency-building.

Possible costs of environmental regulation include all of the following except: Unemployment. Reduced capital investment. Corporate restructuring. Correct Lowered productivity.

Corporate restructuring.

Both large and small businesses have adopted sustainable practices to what advantage? Cost savings from operational efficiency. Opportunity to serve emerging economies. Reduction of regulatory risk.

Cost savings from operational efficiency. Opportunity to serve emerging economies. Reduction of regulatory risk.

Companies that reduce pollution and hazardous waste, reuse or recycle materials, and operate with greater energy efficiency achieve a competitive advantage due to:

Cost savings.

One major advantage of conducting business online is:

Cost-effective marketing and promotions

Environmental regulations stimulate some sectors of the economy by: Creating jobs in industries like environmental consulting, asbestos abatement, and instrument manufacturing. Saving jobs in industries like fishing and tourism when natural areas are protected or restored. Compelling businesses to become more efficient by conserving energy.

Creating jobs in industries like environmental consulting, asbestos abatement, and instrument manufacturing. Saving jobs in industries like fishing and tourism when natural areas are protected or restored. Compelling businesses to become more efficient by conserving energy.

Downloading illegal files, spreading computer viruses, and stealing from online bank accounts is collectively referred to as:

Cybercrime.

With respect to fresh water, according to one estimate, if it were possible to eliminate pollution, capture all available fresh water, and distribute fresh water equitably:

Demand would exceed supply within a hundred years.

A corporate political strategy does not: Hinder a competitor's ability to compete economically. Seek to continue the firm's economic survival or growth. Determine the legal limits allowed for campaign financing. Correct Exercise a firm's right to a voice in government affairs.

Determine the legal limits allowed for campaign financing.

The commitments of the Convention on Biological Diversity include:

Developing national conservation strategies.

Which of these statements accurately describes a Super PAC?

Does not allow direct contributions to candidates or political parties.

Buying and selling goods and services electronically is called:

E-business.

Emission fees are accurately characterized by which statement(s)? Each business is charged for the undesirable pollution that it emits. Companies emitting more pollutants end up paying more pollution taxes. Revenues from emission fees can be used to support environmental efforts.

Each business is charged for the undesirable pollution that it emits. Companies emitting more pollutants end up paying more pollution taxes. Revenues from emission fees can be used to support environmental efforts.

Lobbyists, under U.S. law, must disclose their:

Earnings and expenses.

Being able to continue their activities indefinitely, without altering the carrying capacity of the Earth's ecosystem, is a characteristic of:

Ecologically sustainable organizations.

Which of the following are examples of natural monopolies?

Electric utilities and railroads.

One of the biggest challenges for autonomous vehicle manufacturers, according to the case The Arrival of Autonomous Cars—Bright Future or Looming Threat? was:

Ensuring the vehicles were safer than driver-controlled automobiles.

When businesses form voluntary, collaborative partnerships with environmental organizations and regulators to achieve specific objectives this is called:

Environmental partnerships.

Which of the following is not a constituency-building strategy tool?

Expert witness testimony.

According to the discussion case, Hydraulic Fracturing—Can the Environmental Impacts Be Reduced?, the primary purpose of fracking is to:

Extract crude oil and gas.

An example of a regulatory agency charged with enforcing social regulation is:

Federal Trade Commission.

The EU law passed in 2018 that required companies to promptly report personal data breaches was called:

General Data Protection Regulation.

Software piracy is a major problem in which part of the world?

Globally.

Over time the role of the CIO:

Has become more integrated into the overall strategic direction of the firm.

One ethical concern about businesses collecting vast amounts of stakeholder data is:

If the effort actually benefits the stakeholders.

Expert witness testimony is often collected:

In congressional hearings.

In the United States, most solid waste ends up:

In landfills.

Public policy tools involve a combination of:

Incentives and penalties.

The purpose of the right to be forgotten is to:

Increase protection of privacy and personal information.

As of 2017 the volume of global spam email messages has declined primarily due to:

Increased anti-spam protections.

An argument in support of preventing government access to private cell phones, according to the case To lock or Unlock Your Phone: Personal Privacy or National Security, is:

Individuals have rights to privacy and safety.

The phase of technology that focuses on building material goods and manual labor is:

Industrial.

Governments being asked to regulate driving distractions are examples of a public policy:

Input.

The information phase of technology primarily requires:

Intellectual and electronic skills.

Increased cyber activity by which countries prompted NATO officials to brand them as "patriotic hackers"?

Iran and China.

Advocacy ads are also called:

Issue advertisements.

The Toxic Substances Control Act is accurately described by which of the following?

It established a national policy to regulate, restrict, and, if necessary, ban toxic chemicals.

When a business seeks to overturn a law after it has been passed or threatens to challenge the legal legitimacy of the new regulation in the courts, this is called:

Legal challenges.

The information strategy tool most used by business is:

Lobbying.

Ecologically sustainable organizations are accurately explained by which of these descriptions?

Making and transporting products using minimal energy.

In the case Political Action by the U.S. Steel Industry, 2015-2018, what is one reason that foreign-made steel prices were so much lower than U.S. steel?

Many foreign governments subsidized their steel industries.

The process of firms buying and selling the right to pollute is an example of which type of environmental regulation?

Market-based.

Sustainable development through technology cooperation is best illustrated by:

Microsoft provided the Jane Goodall Institute with animal tracking tools.

M-Commerce is facilitated primarily by:

Mobile or cell phones.

Policies that affect the supply, demand, and value of a nation's currency are:

Monetary policies.

The role of the CIO includes all of these tasks except: Acting as lead security officer. Educating the organization about technology initiatives. Marketing technology projects to stakeholders. Monitoring the appropriate level of employee productivity.

Monitoring the appropriate level of employee productivity.

An example of an economic regulatory agency is:

National Labor Relations Board.

Government regulations help balance negative externalities such as:

No smoking rules enforced to mitigate the effects of second-hand smoke.

Which of these activities is not considered to be a marine ecosystem threat? Overfishing. Ocean pollution. Coastal development. Ocean alkalinity.

Ocean alkalinity.

The idea that every distribution channel must work together to deliver a unified and consistent customer experience is called:

Omnichannel.

Which of the following statements is not true about the population? - Over the next century, population growth is expected to be greatest in developed nations. - For many thousands of years, population growth was gradual. - Industrial production would have to quintuple over the next 40 years in order to maintain the same living standard that people have now, given expected population growth. Incorrect - Just 10,000 years ago, the Earth was home to no more than 10 million humans, scattered in small settlements.

Over the next century, population growth is expected to be greatest in developed nations.

In 2017 mobile payment usage was largest for which type of purchase?

Physical goods.

One of the oldest financial-incentive strategy tools is:

Political action committee contributions.

A common tactic in a financial-incentive political strategy is:

Political contributions.

Environmental justice is a movement to:

Prevent inequitable exposure to risk, such as from hazardous waste.

Economic regulations are illustrated by which action?

Preventing anticompetitive business practices.

Which stage of corporate environmental responsibility focuses on the full life cycle of a product?

Product stewardship stage.

To help control political favoritism, there have been global efforts to:

Promote fairness in the electoral process.

Which of these factors has accelerated the current ecological crisis?

Rapid industrialization.

The most successful global businesses in coming years will be those companies that:

Recognize the imperative for sustainable development as an opportunity both for competitive advantage and ethical action.

The beverage industry's partnership Refrigerants Naturally! is attempting to:

Reduce the use of ozone-depleting chemicals.

According to the case Clean Cooking, the widespread adoption of clean cookstoves would provide which of the following benefits:

Reduced health risks.

The primary way of accomplishing public policy is through:

Regulation.

Every environmental regulation must be initially evaluated for its costs and benefits in a process called:

Regulatory impact analysis.

In Japan's pluralistic public policy process, who are the major participants?

Representatives of big business, agriculture, and labor.

A person's entitlement to protection from invasion of one's personal life is called the:

Right to privacy.

Rapid economic development is often accompanied by:

Rising incomes, bringing higher rates of both consumption and waste.

In the case Should Facebook be Regulated, the primary market failure was:

Sales incentives to sell user data exceeded those of protecting user privacy.

We are currently in which phase in the development of technology?

Semantic.

Around the world, government:

Sometimes cooperates and sometimes is in conflict with business.

Another name for unsolicited commercial emails is: Spam. Junk email. UCE.

Spam. Junk email. UCE.

Natural capital refers to the world's:

Supply of geology, soil, air, water, and all living things.

Cybersecurity experts recommend including which essential elements for an incident-response plan for cyberattacks?

Support from executive leadership. Involvement by all functional departments. Focus on how to respond to a breach.

Which country has made the greatest progress in reducing its solid waste stream?

Sweden.

According to McKinsey and Company, which position cannot be easily replaced with robots?

Team managers.

The self-reinforcing feature of technology means that:

Technology acts as a multiplier to encourage its own faster development.

This term refers to the practical applications of science and knowledge to commercial and organizational activities.

Technology.

Reregulation is:

The increase or expansion of government regulation.

Some argue that publishing personal DNA sequencing results is unethical because: The results could compromise one's employment situation. Life insurance could be denied. The cost of health insurance could rise.

The results could compromise one's employment situation. Life insurance could be denied. The cost of health insurance could rise.

In 2016, the Global Electoral Organization (GEO) discussed which critical election administration issues?

The use of technology to increase accountability.

Under U.S. sentencing guidelines, how would firms facing environmental violations typically be treated if they had an active compliance program and fully cooperated with investigators?

Their sentence would likely be lighter.

Cooperation between business and government often occurs when:

They encounter a common problem or enemy.

Economic leverage occurs when a business uses its economic power to:

Threaten to leave a location unless a desired political action is taken.

One argument in favor of net neutrality is:

To fairly compete, small, medium, and large firms should have the same Internet bandwidth.

The role of chief sustainability officer is described by which statement(s) Typically reports to the CEO. Supervises staff across functional areas. Requires strong interpersonal skills.

Typically reports to the CEO. Supervises staff across functional areas. Requires strong interpersonal skills.

Dark money refers to:

Undisclosed contributions to tax-exempt organizations.

Microsoft launched a program in 2017 to bring the Internet to more of rural America using:

Unused broadcast channels.

An example of industrial ecology in practice is:

Using wastes from one process as raw materials for another process.

Regulation can be argued as justified based on:

Utilitarian and justice grounds.

Hackers employed by businesses or governments to intentionally discover weaknesses in information systems are called:

White hatters.

Economists reported that the costs of regulatory compliance were highest for:

Worker safety.

Invasion of privacy through technology is best exemplified by:

Your car's GPS tracking you at every location.

In the 1980s, corn and soybeans were genetically modified, enabling farmers to spray for weeds without harming cultivated plants. At first, these changes were:

expected to increase crop yields per acre.

The digital divide describes the gap between those:

individuals who have Internet access through technology and those who do not.

The ideas, concepts, and other symbolic creations of the human mind are often referred to as:

intellectual property.

Hiring former government officials for positions in the corporate world is:

normally legal.

According to an Oxford University study, what percentage of current jobs were expected to be overtaken by robots in the next two decades?

About 50 percent.

In the United States, the federal government regulates which of the following major areas of environmental protection? Air pollution. Water pollution. Solid and hazardous waste.

Air pollution. Water pollution. Solid and hazardous waste.

In some nondemocratic or authoritarian societies such as China, Pakistan, Iran, and North Korea, why did the governments generally intervene to restrict their citizens' access to information and various Internet and social media sites?

Both of these answers are correct: "To impose religious or ideological views" and "To suppress political dissent."

The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) is accurately described by which statement(s)?

Both of these answers are correct: It established a fund supported primarily by a tax on the petroleum and chemical companies; and the funds collected are used to clean up sites where the original polluter cannot be identified.

The place where information is stored, ideas are described, and communication takes place in and through an electronic network of linked systems is called:

Cyberspace.

This annual international gathering on January 28 brought together leaders from the U.S. and dozens of European countries to address the global nature of cyberattacks:

Data Privacy Day.

The amount of land and water a human population needs to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes given prevailing technology is called:

Ecological footprint.

A large sporting goods store that raised the age for purchase of some firearms in response to public concerns for gun control were seen by detractors as:

Risking their reputation by engaging in politics.

An example of a global regulation that mitigates the impact of jet fuel on the environment is:

The Aviation Plan.

Global warming can be described by which of the following?

The Earth has already warmed by between 0.7 and 1.1 degrees Celsius over the past century. Burning fossil fuels is the leading contributor of global warming. The amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased by as much as 40 percent since the Industrial Revolution.

The use of robotics in the workplace has increased recently because:

The cost of robots has decreased. Robots are more reliable than people. New collaborative machines have been invented.

European Union regulators accused Uber of engaging in:

Unfair competition.