Social Studies EOG

Powers of Assembly

1) elected its own speaker 2) set governor's salary 3) established taxes 4) controlled paper currency

Sept 18, 2001

Anthrax attacks by mail from Princeton, New Jersey against news and government targets begin. Federal officials announce the first case on October 4.

November 4, 2008

Barack Obama, Democratic Senator from Illinois, the land of Abraham Lincoln, wins a landslide margin in the Electoral College, 365 to 173 in the election for the 44th President of the USA over John McCain, making him the first African-American president in the history of the United States of America.

1976

Bicentennial-200th anniversary of the USA's birth Jimmy Carter elected President

1880

Big Business emerge

1999

Bill Clinton is acquitted by the United States Senate

1996

Bill Clinton re - elected President

Oct 24, 2005

Civil Rights activist, Rosa Parks, dies.

1912

Election of Woodrow Wilsom

1936

FDR re-elected

1868

Fourteenth Amendment guarantees Civil Rights Johnson impeached

1932

Franklin Roosevelt elected

1778

French join the war against the British.

Jean Ribaut

French navigator who attempted to establish a colony of French Huguenots (Protestants) in 1562 near present-day Port Royal, South Carolina. Ribaut returned to France for reinforcements, but the colonists abandoned the settlement and set sail for Europe. When their boat began to sink, English ships rescued them.

1900

Gold Standard

1849

Gold discovered in California

1934

Gold standard terminated SEC-see above

1864

Grant's wilderness campaign-"scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States Sherman takes Atlanta Sherman's "March to the Sea"

1886

Haymarket Riots- The riot took place in Chicago between rioters and the police. It ended when someone threw a bomb that killed dozens. The riot was suppressed, and in addition with the damaged reputation of unions, it also killed the Knights of Labor, who were seen as anarchists.

1977

Human rights

1859

John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry- John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Gibbs Rebellion

John Gibbs, a member of the Carolina nobility and related to Proprietor George Monck, challenged Ludwell's appointment claiming to be governor himself. Gibbs and Ludwell wen to London to present their cases The Proprietors supported Ludwell.

March 2, 2004

Mars rover MER-B (Opportunity) confirms to NASA that the area of their landing was once covered in water.

Aug 17, 2008

Michael Phelps, the United States swimmer from Baltimore, wins his 8th Gold Medal of the Beijing Summer Olympic Games, surpassing the record of seven won by Mark Spitz.

1823

Monroe Doctrine- U.S. foregin policy regarding European countries in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

1968

Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. murdered Tet Offensive- North Vietnamese forces launched massive attacks on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), but was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ, more anti-war sentiment. Johnson won't seek re-election-before the Democratic Convention was held, Johnson tells the national press on TV that he will not accept any nomination from the Democratic party to be re-elected as president. Richard Nixon elected President

1929

Stock market crashes

1814

Treaty of Ghent- was signed by British and American representatives at Ghent, Belgium, ending the War of 1812. By terms of the treaty, all conquered territory was to be returned, and commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the United States and Canada

1951

Twenty-second Amendment limits the President to two terms

1946

U. S. - USSR relations worsen "Iron Curtain" speech- Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

1962

University of Mississippi integrated Cuban Missile Crisis- When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the US, took down the missiles. US also promised to take down missiles at Turkey.

1975

Vietnam falls 44% of married women employed

1918

WW1 ends Treaty of Versailles-puts all the blame on Germany and sets the stage for WWII

1812

War with England- British attempts to restrict U.S. trade, the Royal Navy's impressment of American seamen and America's desire to expand its territory fueled this war

1898

War with Spain Hawaii annexed

1914

World War 1 begins U. S. troops occupy Vera Cruz

1939

World War 2 begins

Powers of Governor

1 )set dates for and called meetings of the Assembly 5) could call out military forces 2) could dissolve the Assembly 6) could issue land grants 3) had approval over all laws (veto) 7) could appoint or dismiss Council members 4) could punish officials who violated their duties

Results of the War

1) 1,000 Tuscaroras were enslaved including women and children - 1400 killed. 2) Opened NC for settlement. 3) NC was deeply in debt. 4) Assembly of 1715 strengthened the weak government by revising old laws, enacting some new ones, and by more clearly defining officials' duties. 5) Quakers were allowed religious freedom and the right to hold offices. 6) Borough towns were allowed representation in legislature. 7) Ended the Indian attacks in the area 8) Helped unify the colonists

North Carolina's First Town

1) Bath — In 1696 Bath County was formed from land stretching from the Albemarle Sound to Cape Fear. About 1706, John Lawson staked off the town of Bath, which became the colony's first incorporated town. 2) New Bern — settled in 1710 by groups of Swiss, Germans, English, and a group of French Huguenots from Virginia. This settlement was formed mostly by the efforts of Baron Christoph von Graffenried who purchased the land for the town.

Political parties developed in Early Albermarle County

1) Prerogative Party — consisted of the governor, Council, and others who owed their positions to the Proprietors. They believed that a government as independent of the people as possible was best. Felt they had the royal prerogative or right to govern. The colonists who supported the Lords Proprietors and the monarchy were in this party. 2) Popular Party — believed that government should reflect the will of the people as expressed through the elected members of the Assembly. Generally supported by the colonists who were here before the establishment of the Proprietary Colony.

North Carolina grew slowly during the early colonial period

1) The Lords Proprietors' land policy was too restrictive -tax rates too high 2) Inland travel was difficult 3) Weak colonial government - unstable 4) No deep water harbors to offer protection from the stormy coastline

Tuscarora Indians

1) Trade: White traders often cheated the Indians. 2) Slavery: Tuscarora Indians were being sold as slaves in other colonies and outside the country. 3) Land: Settlers were taking more and more of the Indians' land and game.

Tuscarora War

1711-1713 - Tuscaroras captured Baron von Graffenried and John Lawson in September 1711. Lawson was burned at the stake, but von Graffenried was freed. On September 22, Tuscarora warriors led by King Hancock attacked white settlements along the Neuse and Pamlico rivers, including the town of Bath, killing 130 people, and destroying crops and animals. Tom Blunt, chief of the Tuscaroras in the Albemarle region, remained neutral. Governor Hyde asked Virginia and South Carolina for help.

1983

239 U.S. Marines die in Beirut terrorist attack U.S. Invasion of Grenada Reagan proposes Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)

1700

250,000 settlers in English colonies

Apr 20, 2010

A British Petroleum deep water oil rig explodes in the Gulf of Mexico, causing the largest oil spill in the history of the United States, killing eleven workers, and devastating the environment. It also severely damaged the fishing and tourism industries of gulf states.

July 1, 2008

A report by the U.S. embassy in Iraq states that 15 of the 18 goals set for the Iraqi government have been met, largely due to the surge implemented over the last year. The increase of 21,500 United States troops, commonly known as the surge, reduced violence and restored order to the nation, allowing the government of Iraq to focus more on solving other problems needed to establish a stable nation.

June 2, 2007

A terror plot to blow up JFK International Airport in New York City is thwarted when four terrorists are arrested and charged with its plan.

Feb 1, 2003

A tragedy at NASA occurs when the Space Shuttle Columbia explodes upon reentry over Texas. All seven astronauts inside are killed.

Apr 15, 2009

After a succession of big government spending projects beginning in the Bush administration and expanded under President Obama, 750 grass roots Tea Party protests spring up across the nation. More than one half million citizens concerned with increased deficits due to actions such as the bailout of the banking industry, car industry, potential cap and trade legislation, and other administration projects that project a ten trillion dollar deficit over the next decade take part.

May 31, 2005

After more than thirty years in suspense, the identity of Deep Throat, the contact for reporters Woodward and Bernstein in the uncovering of the Watergate scandal, is revealed when W. Mark Felt, the second in command at the CIA at the time, confirms that he was their contact.

1942

Allied year of disaster-Weakened Britain and the unprepared United States suffered many setbacks in North Africa U. S. interns Japanese- President Roosevelt signed an executive order in February 1942 ordering the relocation of all Americans of Japanese ancestry to concentration camps in the interior of the United States U. S. halts Japanese at Coral Sea and Midway

Feb 8, 2002

Amid tight security due to terrorism concerns, the Winter Olympic Games are opened by President George W. Bush in Salt Lake City, Utah. They would continue without major incident until the closing ceremony on February 24.

1828

Andrew Jackson elected

1786

Annapolis Convention- In this convention, states near the Chesapeake Bay area talked about the lowering of taxes and tariffs to increase trade between states. Alexander Hamilton told the states to meet on year later in Philadelphia so they could overhaul the Articles of Confederation.

Apr 1, 2001

April 1, 2001 - China-U.S. incident. An American spy plane collides with a fighter plane of China and makes an emergency landing in Hainan, China. The U.S. crew is detained for ten days.

Colonel James Moore

Arrived with a second force from South Carolina. On March 23, 1713, Moore and his forces crushed the Tuscaroras at Fort Nehucke. King Hancock was captured by Chief Tom Blunt and turned over to colonial officials who executed him. The remaining Tuscaroras left NC for New York.

May 2, 2012

At a New York auction house, the highest payment for a work of art, the Scream by Edwin March, is paid, costing $120 million dollars.

1676

Bacon's Rebellion- attack by frontiersmen led by Nathaniel Bacon against the Native Americans in the Virginia back country; when the governor opposed Bacon's action, Bacon attacked Jamestown burned it and briefly deposed the governor before the rebellion fizzled This revolt is often viewed as the first trike against intensive British policy, as a clash between East and West, and as evidence of the dangers of the indentured servant system.

1933

Bank holiday- From March 6th to 10th, the banks nationwide would all shut down in order to prevent more bank run and bankrupt. The government would then sort things out. "Hundred Days"- During this period of dramatic legislative productivity, FDR laid out the progressive programs that constituted the New Deal. Civilian Conservation Corps Provided employment in government camps for 3 million young men. Construction jobs include reforestation, flood control, fire-fighting etc. This could prevent some to join criminal habits. Works Progress Administration Authorized by Congress in 1935, employ and provide income for workers on projects such as buildings, bridges, roads which would spend about 11 billion dollars. National Recovery Act Sought to help business, raise prices, control production, and put people back to work. This act established the National Recovery Administration (NRA), with the power to set fair competition codes in all industries. Public Works Administration Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways. Agricultural Adjustment Act Part of the immediate relief, made available many millions of dollars to help farmers to meet their mortgages. Securities and Exchange Commission Authorized by Congress as a watchdog administrative agency of stock markets. To protect public against fraud, inside manipulation. Tennessee Valley Authority Agency to determine precisely how much the production and distribution of electricity cost, so to test the fairness of rates charged by private companies. Also brought employment to the area. Social Security Act Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, handicapped, and public health. Twentieth Amendment changes inauguration day to January Twenty-first Amendment repeals prohibition Hitler comes to power in Germany

Jan 20, 2009

Barack Obama takes the oath of office for President of the United States, becoming the first African-American president in the history of the nation. The Democratic Senator from Illinois comes into the office on a message of Change. The city of Washington, D.C. hosts more than one million visitors to the inauguration, covering the National Mall in a way reminiscent of the Civil Rights March of Martin Luther King forty-six years earlier.

1862

Battle of Antietam- the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation and France and Great Britain no longer willing to aide south Morill Tariff, Homestead Act- Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges was passed by Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation issued (effective January 1, 1863) Emancipation Proclamation issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1862, after Antietam. it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free

1781

Battle of Yorktown- a siege that ended in October 1781 when Washington trapped 8,000 British soldiers on a peninsula in Virginia after a British campaign in the southern colonies; this defeat caused the British to cease large-scale fighting in America and to start negotiations, which eventually led to the colonies' independence.

Natural Resources

Because of the rich abundance of minerals in NC, it is sometimes called "nature's sample case" • More than 70 kinds of rocks and minerals have some economic value to the state. • Forests are among the most important plant resources in NC; about 2/3 of the state is still covered in forests; forests cover 50% or more of the land in all but 26 of NC's 100 counties. • Copper, manganese, titanium and iron ore are found in both the mountains and the piedmont of North Carolina. • Natural Resources of the Mountain Region: • The state's largest national forests — Pisgah and Nantahala are located in the Mountain Region. • The mountains supply granite, mica, quartz, marble and limestone • Natural Resources of the Piedmont: • Source of clay, slate, granite, mica and quartz. • The Piedmont supplies nearly 80% of the nation's lithium, the lightest of all known minerals. • Before 1849, NC was the leading gold producing state in the nation. • Natural Resources of the Coastal Plain: • Source of sand, clay and sandstone • About 70% of the fresh water available in NC is groundwater and the majority of it is found in the Coastal Plain Rivers and Waterways • There are four rivers in NC that flow into the sounds. These are the Chowan, Roanoke, Tar-Pamlico, and the Neuse. • Cape Fear River - the only river in NC that flows directly into the Atlantic Ocean. • Lake Mattamuskeet - NC's largest natural lake. Lake Phelps and Lake Waccamaw are large natural lakes also. • Fontana Lake, Lake Norman, and Lake Gaston are the largest man-made lakes in NC. • Continental Shelf - An underwater plain extending out from a continent. The water is less than 300 feet deep. This is where most fish are found. • Shoals - Shallow areas along the Continental Shelf, where the water is 30 feet deep or less. • Inlets - Places where the ocean flows between the islands of the Outer Banks; NC's main inlets are the Oregon Inlet, the Ocracoke Inlet, and the Hatteras Inlet. • Currents - Flows of water within a larger body of water. The Labrador Current and the Gulf Stream meet off NC's Cape Hatteras producing a rich fishing ground

The Columbia Exchange

Began in the years following Columbus's voyages. This is the name given to the interaction between the Old and New Worlds. Plants, animals and diseases moved between the western and eastern hemispheres. • Europeans introduced Native Americans to cattle, pigs, goats, chickens, sheep, horses, and metal tools. • Native Americans introduced Europeans to corn, beans, squash, potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco. • Trading posts later emerged on the St. Lawrence and Hudson Rivers. Beaver skins were in great demand by Europeans. Some Indian tribes began to spend all their time trapping animals to meet the demand. • Europeans also brought new diseases to the Native Americans. Diseases such as smallpox, mumps, measles, chicken pox, and influenza killed millions of Native Americans, who had no natural immunity.

1948-1949

Berlin Airlift- Successful effort by the US and UK to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city. Taft-Hartley- Outlawed "closed" shops (closed to non-union members), made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required that union leaders take non-communist oaths. Military integrated

1966

Black Power- Political philosophy, promoted by many blacks in the 1960's, that supported the creation of black-controlled political and economic institutions. France withdraws from NATO N. O. W. formed-Betty Friedan started this feminist organization to advance the rights of women

1777

British defeated at Saratoga- a turning point of the Revolution in October 1777, when an army of 6,000 British soldiers surrendered in New York; the battle resulted from a British attempt to divide the colonies through the Hudson River Valley. The American victory convinced the French to ally with the colonies and assured the ultimate success of independence.

1954

Brown v. Board of Education, Supreme Court strikes down "separate but equal."- Unanimous Supreme Court decision in 1954 that ruled segregation in public schools as unconstitutional. Reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson decision's "separate but equal" in 1896. Vietnam divided-Geneva conference in 1954 countries that agreed to restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam. Divided Vietnam into north and south in 17th parallel.

1978

Camp David Accords- First signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. Panama Canal treaties ratified

1790

Capital placed on the Potomac River

1973

Cease-fire in Vietnam U. S. forces withdraw Spiro Agnew resigns- vice president, 1969-1973, a vocal critic of antiwar and civil rights opponents of the Nixon administration; he resigned the vice presidency in 1973 when it was discovered he has accepted bribes as governor of Maryland and as vice president

1793

Citizen Genet- French statesman who came to America in search of monetary aid. He asked for private donations to France and recruited American privateers (pirates plundering for another country)

1963

Civil Rights march on Washington- In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial. JFK assassinated-Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated President Kennedy on November 1963 who was riding downtown Dallas, Texas. Oswald was later shot in front of television cameras by Jack Ruby. Feminine Mystique-Betty Friedan American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

1947

Cold War begins Marshall Plan- Introduced by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism. Containment- US foreign policy adopted by President Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances.

1720s

Colonial economic life quickens

1492

Columbus arrives in Western Hemisphere

1850

Compromise of 1850- Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War, no slave trade in DC Fugitive Slave Law strengthened

1861

Confederate States of America formed Civil War begins at Fort Sumter Upper South secedes North is defeated at the first battle of Bull Run

1993

Congress approves NAFTA treaty- North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada. Recession Ends Ruth Bader Ginsberg joins the Supreme Court World Trade Center bombed

Apr 14, 2011

Congress votes to pass the 2010-2011 budget after six months of negotiations, including $38 billion in fiscal year cuts. This vote was one of the first measures that showed the new dynamic of a U.S. House of Representatives in Republican hands that was focused, due to Tea Party member goals, to get the burgeoning federal deficit under control.

May 17, 2013

Congressional hearings begin on the IRS scandal of group targeting that began two years prior. The Internal Revenue Service is accused of targeting conservative groups for additional scrutiny in tax status matters, including groups like the Tea Party, whose stances include lower taxes and smaller government, plus other patriotic and religious organizations. This breach of protocol from a government agency where all U.S. citizens file taxes has caused concern from both Republican, Democrat, and independent political groups.

July 5, 2002

Continuing its pattern of the past several years, Iraq refuses new proposals from the United Nations concerning weapons inspections. The inspections were part of the cease-fire agreement and terms of surrender in the 1991 Gulf War. On September 12, U.S. President George Bush addresses the United Nations and warns the members that Iraq presents a grave danger to the world that they must confront, or that the United States and others will act unitarily. On October 2, 2002, the United States Congress passes a resolution giving the President of the U.S. the authority to use the military forces of the country as he thinks necessary.

1686

Creation of Dominion of New England- attempt to streamline colonial rule by combining all the New England colonies under the control of one governor in 1688; it was dissolved after the Glorious Revolution in England when its sponsors were deposed

Dec 28, 2000

December 28, 2000 - Montgomery Ward, the retail giant since its founding one hundred and twenty-eight years before, announces its intention to cease business. Competition from newer, low-cost retail behemoths such as Wal-Mart lead to its demise.

1776

Declaration of Independence- approved by Congress on July 4, 1776, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, it formalized the colonies' separation from Britain and laid out the Enlightenment values (best expressed by John Locke) of natural rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" upon which the American Revolution was based.

1860

Democratic Party splits apart Abraham Lincoln elected 16th President of the United States Lower South secedes

1967

Detroit Riot- was one of the most violent urban revolts in the 20th century. It came as an immediate response to police brutality but underlying conditions including segregated housing and schools and rising black unemployment helped drive the anger of the rioters Peace movement in the U. S.-also known as the counterculture, as young Americans in 60s who rejected conventional customs & mainstream culture

1952

Dwight Eisenhower elected President

1919

Eighteenth Amendment prohibits alcoholic beverages Red Scare

1807-1809

Embargo in effect: In 1807, Britain passed the Orders in Council, which required neutral countries to obtain a license from its authorities before trading with France or French colonies. The Royal Navy also outraged Americans by its practice of impressment, or removing seamen from U.S. merchant vessels and forcing them to serve on behalf of the British. In 1809, the U.S. Congress repealed Thomas Jefferson's unpopular Embargo Act, which by restricting trade had hurt Americans more than either Britain or France. Its replacement, the Non-Intercourse Act, specifically prohibited trade with Britain and France. It also proved ineffective, and in turn was replaced with a May 1810 bill stating that if either power dropped trade restrictions against the United States, Congress would in turn resume non-intercourse with the opposing power

1876

End of Reconstruction Battle of Little Big Horn-Custer and the 7th Calvary was ambushed by Sitting Bull and the Sioux Nation-Greatest Native American victory over the US Army

1982

Equal Rights Amendment dies- Proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes. Was never ratified by sufficient number of states. CIA Organizes contra war against Nicaragua's Sandinista government

1937

FDR attempts to pack Supreme Court- FDR's scheme for gaining Supreme Court approval of New Deal legislation Japan invades China- Japanese Army attacked Chinese troops in Manchuria, an attempt by the Japanese Empire to gain control over the province, in order to eventually encompass all of East Asia.

1788

Federalist Papers written- This book was made up of 85 essays that were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. They were passed out as essays to support the ratification of the Constitution. Constitution ratified- The bill of rights are the first ten amendments added to the constitution and enumerated the rights of men. Many colonies refused to sign the Constitution until these rights were added to the Constitution.

1890-1920

Fifteen million "new" immigrants

1870

Fifteenth Amendment forbids denial of vote on racial grounds

1620

First Pilgrims in Plymouth

1867

First Reconstruction Act launches Radical Reconstruction Alaska purchased- William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly.

1958

First U. S. satellite - The first successful U.S. satellite, Explorer I, was launched into Earth orbit by the Army ICBM-intercontinental ballistic missile- The United States and the Soviet Union were involved in a race to discover who had more missiles and war equipment. The missile gap was the difference in how much the United States had compared to how much the Soviet Union had, thus contribute to the fear. NASA-US reaction to Sputnik to be the first to reach the moon U. S. occupies Lebanon-a political crisis caused by political and religious tensions in the country that included a U.S. military intervention

Sept 30, 2014

First case of Ebola is certified in the United States, an outcome of travel from the country of Liberia and West Africa where the virus has spread to 22,000 people and killed 9,000.

1704

First colonial newspaper- Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic in Boston

1619

First group of blacks brought to Virginia First legislative assembly meets in Virginia

1820s

First labor unions formed o Romanticism flourished in America-Literature movement that included great works such as: Emerson's Representative Men, Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, The House of Seven Gables, Melville's Moby-Dick and Pierre, Thoreau's Walden, and Whitman's Leaves of Grass.

Highland Scotts

First large wave of immigrants to move into North Carolina. They came to escape from the crowded conditions and harsh landlords in Scotland.

June 1, 2000

For the first time since 1851, the United States of America does not participate in a major World's Fair, the Hannover 2000 World Expo, despite a record number, 187, of international participants. President Bill Clinton had withdrawn U.S. participation late in 1999 after agreement to participate in 1997. Congressional apathy toward participation in world events continues a decline in U.S. involvement after the fall of the Soviet Union and victory in the Cold War. A consequence of this policy has led to a rise, among some experts, of anti-American sentiment and a decline of U.S. influence in diplomatic affairs. Less than half, 18.1 million, of the original attendance estimate, 40 million, visit Hannover's event.

1944

France invaded Bombing of Japan begins Russia sweeps through Eastern Europe Philippines liberated

1964

Free speech movement at Berkeley- was the first of the 1960s campus student movements to make headlines all over the world. Lasting a little over two months, it ended with the arrest of 773 persons for occupying the administration building, the removal of the campus administration, and a vast enlargement of student rights to use the University campus for political activity and debate. o Beatles-4 musicians from Liverpool, England that started a "British Invasion" of the popular music charts in America that had a huge impact on political, social, and culture trends in the 1960's and is still being felt today Twenty-fourth Amendment outlaws the poll tax as a means to restrict voting rights to minorities War on poverty- Programs of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society that were specifically aimed at assisting the poor. Among these programs was volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), Medicaid, and the creation of the Office of Economic Opportunity. Gulf of Tonkin- 1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to South Vietnam because North Vietnam allegedly fired on US ships

1961

Freedom rides- The first Freedom Ride took place on May 4, 1961 when seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C., on two public buses bound for the Deep South. They intended to test the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional. Twenty-third Amendment gives District of Columbia the right to vote for President Berlin crisis-tensions between Russia and the US came to a head after the construction of the Berlin Wall Peace Corps- Volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Bay of Pigs- In April 1961, a group of Cuban exile, supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. The invasion ended in disaster, and made Fidel Castro align with the Soviets. 16,000 in Vietnam

1756-1763

French and Indian War- Part of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquians, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceded Florida to Britain, but received Louisiana in return.

1853

Gadsden Purchase- 1853 purchase of more land from Mexico for purpose of building intercontinental railroad

2000

George W. Bush elected President of the United States

Nov 7, 2000

George W. Bush, son of the former President, and Vice President Al Gore hold a virtual dead-heat for the presidency, with a disputed vote in Florida holding off the naming of the winner of the Presidential Election until the Supreme Court of the United States voted in favor of Bush on December 12. This ruling gave Florida to the Bush camp by a 527 vote majority and a victory in the Electoral College, 271-266, despite gaining less popular votes than Gore.

1789

George Washington inaugurated as President of the United States • French Revolution begins- Reacting to the oppressive aristocracy, the French middle and lower classes overthrew the king and asserted power for themselves in a violent and bloody revolution. This uprising was inspired by America's independence from England and the Enlightenment ideas

1984

Geraldine Ferraro chosen as vice presidential running mate on Democratic ticket Reagan defeats Walter Mondale in landslide Congress bars military aid to contrast

1916

Germany issues Sussex pledge-avoided war between Germany and the US over U-boat sinking of commercial ships in Atlantic waters in the early stages of WWI

1688

Glorious Revolution in England- King James II's policies, such as converting to Catholicism, conducting a series of repressive trials known as the "Bloody Assizes," and maintaining a standing army, so outraged the people of England that Parliament asked him to resign and invited King William of the Netherlands (who became known as William II in England), to take over the throne. King James II left peacefully (after his troops deserted him) and King William II and his wife Queen Mary II took the throne without any war or bloodshed, hence the revolution was termed "glorious."

The Heath Patent

Granted by King Charles I, son of James I, to his attorney general, Robert Heath in 1629. This granted Heath all the land between 31° and 35° north latitude (from Florida to the Albemarle Sound) and from sea to sea. Charles named it "Carolana" after himself. Heath was not able to establish a colony here. In 1638, Heath gave the patent to Henry, Lord Maltravers, who also was unable to establish a colony. During the 1640s and 1650s, unrest in England halted colonization efforts in the New World. • The push to colonize North Carolina came from Virginia. Two factors contributed to a land shortage in Virginia. There was substantial population increase due to fewer people dying of disease and hunger as the colony grew. Secondly, many indentured servants were reaching the end of their contracted servitude. In an effort to find land, Virginians began to look south to the Albemarle region. • Nathaniel Batts became the first permanent white settler in NC in 1655. He built a small home at the western end of the Albemarle Sound and traded with the Native Americans. Batts also bought land from the Weapemeoc Indians. This was the first recorded deed for NC land. Other settlers from Virginia took land on the Pasquotank, Perquimans and Chowan Rivers. By the 1660s, there were approximately 500 settlers in the region.

1739-1744

Great Awakening- religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Johnathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of med-eighteenth century America.

1629

Great Puritan migration to Massachusetts Bay

1965

Great Society- President Johnson called for the aid for poor and fight against social injustice. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. Operation Rolling Thunder in Vietnam Malcolm X assassinated- Malcolm X, an advocate of black power and was the figurehead of the Nation of Islam for a period. He was greatly influential in getting people to believe in black power and self-defense, as opposed to King's peaceful, civil disobedience

1991

Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) U.S. and U.S.S.R. sign treaty reducing strategic nuclear arms by 25% Soviet Republics declare independence Clarence Thomas joins the Supreme Court

1636

Harvard University founded

1509-1547

Henry VII rules England. Protestant reformation begins in England

1906

Hepburn Act, Pure Food and Drug Act-passed by Theodore Roosevelt after The Jungle was published The Jungle-work of fiction by Upton Sinclair about the evils of the Chicago meat packing industry

Nov 7, 2000 (2)

Hillary Rodham Clinton wins a seat for the United States Senate from New York. It is the first time a former First Lady wins public office.

Aug 29, 2005

Hurricane Katrina strikes the Gulf Coast, inundating the city of New Orleans with water from Lake Pontchartrain when the levees that maintain the below sea level city break. Over one thousand three hundred people perish from Alabama to Louisiana in one of the worst natural disasters to strike the United States.

Oct 29, 2012

Hurricane Sandy, taking an unusual track up the East Coast and coming to landfall on the New Jersey coast near Atlantic City and Long Island coasts of New York creates significant damage to coastal towns as well as the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island, to the estimated cost of $65.6 billion. The hurricane, at its peak a Category 2 storm, was the largest storm in recorded history by diameter at 1,100 miles.

Sept 25, 2006

In New Orleans, the Louisiana Superdome reopens after repairs caused by Hurricane Katrina damage. The repairs included the largest re-roofing project in U.S. history and took thirteen months following the destruction to the Gulf Coast region.

Feb 22, 2006

In a continuing shift of the retail industry to new platforms, it is announced that the one billionth song is downloaded from the internet music store, Apple iTunes. This shift comes at the expense of many brick and mortar chains, including Tower Records.

1866

In response to black codes in South- passed; Johnson vetoes- overridden defined citizenship as anyone born in US, except Native Americans- entitled to rights of citizens defined in the Constitution

Oct 7, 2001

In response to the tragedy of September 11, the United States military, with participation from its ally the United Kingdom, commence the first attack in the War on Terrorism on the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. By November 12, the Taliban government leaves the capital, Kabul.

July 26,2005

In the first Space Shuttle flight since the tragedy of 2003, Discovery goes into orbit on a mission that returns to earth safely on August 9.

Nov 7, 2006

In the mid-term elections, both houses of Congress change back to Democratic hands for the first time since 1994. This is seen as a referendum by many on the Iraq policy of the Bush administration as well as personal Republican scandals among some House and Senate members.

1838-1839

Indian Removal Bill/Trail of Tears- as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects

1622

Indian attacks in Virginia end hops of becoming a bi-racial society

1953

Industries agree on guaranteed annual wage

1972

Intensive bombing of North Vietnam Watergate- A burglary at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House. Disclosure of his involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment. Nixon re-elected GNP over 1 trillion

1887

Interstate Commerce Commission-Five member committee to regulate the practices of interstate railroads; banned practices such as pooling and rebates by railroad companies Dawes Act- broke up previous land settlements given to Native Americans in the form of reservations, and separated them into smaller, separate parcels of land to live on. More importantly, the Act required Natives to live apart from their nations and assimilate into European culture

1990

Iraq invades Kuwait Recession begins Germany reunited; Soviet troops start withdrawal from Eastern Europe David H. Souter joins the Supreme Court

Sept 11, 2001

Islamic fundamentalist terrorists hijack four U.S. airliners and crash them into the Pentagon and the World Trade Center in New York City. The attack of two planes levels the World Trade Center and the crash of one plane inflicts serious damage to the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, causing nearly 3,000 deaths. The fourth plane is heroically crashed by passengers into a Shanksville, Pennsylvania cornfield when they learn of the plot, preventing destruction of another structure in Washington, D.C., supposed to be the White House or the Capitol building. The plot is attributed to the Al-Qaeda organization led by Osama Bin Laden.

1607

Jamestown founded first successful colonial town on the east coast.

Jan 6, 2001

January 6, 2001 - Certification of the Electoral College victory of the 2000 United States Presidential election in the U.S. Senate confirms George W. Bush as the victor, with Dick Cheney as his Vice-President.

1795

Jay Treaty- sought to settle outstanding issues between the two countries that had been left unresolved since American independence. The treaty proved unpopular with the American public but did accomplish the goal of maintaining peace between the two nations and preserving U.S. neutrality. Pinckney Treaty- established intentions of friendship between the United States of America and Spain

1800

Jefferson elected

August 29, 2008

John McCain chooses Sarah Palin, 1st term Governor of Alaska, as his running mate, making the contest between Barack Obama and himself, the first time a presidential election included both an African-American candidate and a woman amongst the Presidential and Vice Presidential nominees for president among the Democratic and Republican tickets.

1854

Kansas-Nebraska Act-Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to choose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty Republican Party formed

Major Stede Bonnet

Known as the "Gentleman Pirate." Bonnet was formerly an army officer and planter in Barbados before he turned to piracy. In September 1718, Gov. Robert Johnson of South Carolina sent Colonel William Rhett to find Bonnet. They clashed at the mouth of the Cape Fear River. Bonnet and his crew were tried in Charles Town and hanged. Forty-nine other pirates were hanged in Charles Town during November and December of 1718.

1950

Korean War- June 25, 1950, the Korean War began when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People's Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People's Republic of Korea to the north and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south. This invasion was the first military action of the Cold War. By July, American troops had entered the war on South Korea's behalf. As far as American officials were concerned, it was a war against the forces of international communism itself. After some early back-and-forth across the 38th parallel, the fighting stalled and casualties mounted with nothing to show for them. Meanwhile, American officials worked anxiously to fashion some sort of armistice with the North Koreans. The alternative, they feared, would be a wider war with Russia and China-or even, as some warned, World War III. Finally, in July 1953, the Korean War came to an end. In all, some 5 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives during the war. The Korean peninsula is still divided today. Joseph McCarthy- McCarthy spent almost five years trying in vain to expose communists and other left-wing "loyalty risks" in the U.S. government. In the hyper-suspicious atmosphere of the Cold War, insinuations of disloyalty were enough to convince many Americans that their government was packed with traitors and spies. McCarthy's accusations were so intimidating that few people dared to speak out against him. It was not until he attacked the Army in 1954 that his actions earned him the censure of the U.S. Senate.

1941

Lend-Lease- Approved by Congress in 1941, allowed US to lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States", meant to let allies keep the war on the other side of Atlantic. Essentially ended any pretense of neutrality. Battle of Britain- The Second World War air campaign waged by the German Air Force against the United Kingdom during the summer and autumn of 1940 Hitler attacks USSR- Germany's tactic of discouraging USSR's aggression by promising half of Poland to Stalin. Effectively contributed to Hitler's success in the Western front before its formal invasion of the Soviet Union. Atlantic Charter- Joint declaration in 1941 by Roosevelt and Churchill, stating common principles for the free world: self-determination, free choice of government, equal opportunities for trade, system of general security and disarmament. Would not seek war reparation from the Axis. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor-December 7th, 1941 hundreds of Japanese fighter planes attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor near Honolulu, Hawaii. The barrage lasted just two hours, but it was devastating: The Japanese managed to destroy nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight enormous battleships, and almost 200 airplanes. More than 2,000 Americans soldiers and sailors died in the attack, and another 1,000 were wounded.

1858

Lincoln-Douglas Debates- During the race to become Senator Lincoln asked to have multiple debates with Douglas. Certain topics of these debates were slavery, how to deal with slavery, and where slavery should be allowed. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he emerged as the leader of the Republican party

1927

Lindbergh crosses the Atlantic

1803

Louisiana Purchase- was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles) by the United States from France in 1803

1970

Massacre at Kent State- On May 4, l970 members of the Ohio National Guard fired into a crowd of Kent State University demonstrators, killing four and wounding nine Kent State students. The impact of the shootings was dramatic. The event triggered a nationwide student strike that forced hundreds of colleges and universities to close EPA established- along with the Occupational Health and Safety Admin. (OSHA) to set safety standards in workplaces. Cambodian invasion creates anti-war turbulence SALT talks begin- Anti-ballistic missile treaty which set the limit of two clusters of defensive missiles per nation. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks stopped the numbers of long-range nuclear missiles for 5 years.

1846

Mexican War begins

Nov 4, 2014

Midterm elections see large increase in Republican lawmakers with expansion of their majority to 247 seats in the House of Representatives and the taking over of the majority in the Senate with 54 seats. This will cause the Obama administration to deal with a Congress now controlled by the other party for the final two years of his term.

1820

Missouri Compromise- federal statute in the United States that regulated slavery in the country's western territories. The compromise, devised by Henry Clay, was agreed to by the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress and passed as a law.

1998

Monica Lewinsky Scandal breaks-President Clinton had an affair in the White House and lied under oath to Congress was impeached by the House but not in the Senate Operation Desert Thunder- Saddam Hussein engaged in a series of aggressive acts which threatened regional stability. He violated no-fly zones, threatened to shoot down U2 reconnaissance over-flights, and interfered with United Nations weapons inspection teams. House Judiciary Committee sends 4 articles of Impeachment Bill Clinton is Impeached by the United States House of Representatives

1955

Montgomery Bus Boycott, emergence of Martin Luther King, Jr.-Rosa Parks, a black woman who in December 1955 took a seat in the white-only section of a bus. Arrested and sparked the Montgomery bus boycott by blacks. Served notice in the South that blacks would no longer submit to the indignities of segregation.

1877

Munn v. Illinois: Court rules states may regulate warehouse rates

Nov 21, 2002

NATO invites additional members of the former Soviet bloc to join its membership. Seven nations are included in the invitation; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.

1949

NATO- In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact. In 1955, the Soviet Union countered NATO with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence. Russia explodes the bomb-Russia's first successful atomic bomb test Communists control China

Key Events in NC History with US Ties and Implications

NC Post-Contact Indians — Early Carolina tribes belonged to one of three language families: • Iroquoian — located in the western mountains and central coastal plain — Included the Tuscarora and Cherokee tribes • Siouan — located in the Piedmont and Southern Coastal Plain — Tribes included Cape Fear, Catawba, Peedee, Occaneechi, Saponi, Saura, Tutelo, and Waxhaw • Algonquian — Northeast Region — Chowanoc, Moratoc, Pamlico, Roanoac, and Secotan tribes • Mobilian — Indian trading language — based on Choctaw and used throughout the southeast • All of these groups started out as nomadic hunters. Over time, they established semi-permanent villages and some became skilled craftsmen. Unfortunately, they left no written records, only relics and oral histories passed down through generations. • By about 1500 AD, the largest tribes in NC were Hatteras, Chowanoc, Tuscarora, Catawba, and Cherokee. • Native Americans in NC believed nature was a major force in their lives and that all living things had a spirit. The Indians tried to influence these spirits through prayers, ceremonies (rituals) and sacrifices. • Cherokee religious beliefs recognized four main gods - the Sun, The Moon, Kanati, and Long Man. • Activities most important to Native American economies: farming, crafts and trade. Indians obtained what they needed or wanted by growing it, hunting/gathering it, making it, or trading for it. • Clans — NC tribes had a mother-centered family system. Clans were groups of people within a tribe related by blood through a female ancestor (matrilineal). Women had considerable power in the tribe because of this system. A clan governed itself, taking care of its own affairs. • Law of Retaliation — The most important Native American law. This law allowed a person who was harmed by another person to injure that person in a similar manner. Wars usually were not fought for property but for revenge over the killing or harming of a member of another tribe. Neutral tribes were asked to arrange peace talks. • Corn was the chief crop of the Native Americans in North Carolina. They also grew squash, pumpkins, beans, sunflowers, and peaches.

1831

Nat Turner's rebellion- A religious leader and self-styled Baptist minister, Turner and a group of followers killed some sixty white men, women, and children on the night of August 21. Turner and 16 of his conspirators were captured and executed, but the incident continued to haunt Southern whites. Blacks were randomly killed all over Southampton County; many were beheaded and their heads left along the roads to warn others. In the wake of the uprising planters tightened their grip on slaves and slavery. Liberator founded- weekly newspaper of abolitionist crusader William Lloyd Garrison for 35 years (January 1, 1831-December 29, 1865). It was the most influential antislavery periodical in the pre-Civil War period of U.S. history.

Colonel John Barnwell

Nciknamed "Tuscarora Jack" led an army of settlers and Indians from South Carolina to help. In two battles near New Bern in January, 1712, Barnwell defeated the Tuscarora. In April Chief Hancock's fort in Greene County was attacked by Barnwell's force. A peace treaty was agreed upon. Angered that the Assembly would not give them land and money to cover their expenses, Barnwell broke the treaty by killing about 50 Tuscarora men and capturing 200 women and children and selling them into slavery. This prompted more Indian raids on whites.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Never traveled to North Carolina or the Roanoke area. He did explore the northern part of South America looking for El Dorado, the legendary City of Gold.

1920

Nineteenth Amendment gives women the right to vote First radio station KDKA in Pittsburgh

1971

Nixon opens talks with China Wage-price controls-Nixon ordered a freeze on prices which turned out to be an utter and complete failure for the US economy My Lai massacre revealed- A Japanese village that housed 300-500 elderly, women, and children. 28 American soldiers shot the elderly, raped the women and children, and threw the remains in ditches. Soldiers had severe paranoia when they could not identify Viet Cong. Pentagon Papers published- Articles by The New York Times about a top-secret study of America's involvement in the Vietnam War. The information was "leaked" to the newspaper by the former Pentagon official Daniel Ellsberg.

1809

Non-intercourse Act- Thomas Jefferson lifted the embargo on American shipping to all other markets except Britain and France which failed to harm either or their economies but damaged the US economy because of a lack of trading partners

1784-1787

Northwest Ordinance of 1784, 1785, and 1787- This law provided that the area north of Ohio be divided into three to five territories, and allowed a territory too have a governor, secretary, three judges, and a legislature if inhabited by 5,000 white males. The territory could apply to the U.S. government for statehood if it had 60,000 white males.

1832

Nullification crisis- declared the tariff of 1812 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina

Jan 1, 2014

Obamacare, the Affordable Care Act, goes into effect for millions of Americans, the largest expansion of the social welfare state in decades. Over 7.3 million join the system, some due to cancellations of existing healthcare policies; others due to subsidies provided by the government. Premiums for policies see large increases due to expansion.

1989

Oliver North convicted of Iran-contra role Massive Alaskan oil spill by Exxon Valdez U.S. Invasion of Panama; Manuel Noriega overthrown China's rulers crush prodemocracy movement Berlin Wall is opened

1988

Oliver North, John Poindexter, and other Iran-contra figures indicted Reagan signs INF Treaty in Moscow George Herbert Walker Bush elected President Anthony Kennedy joins the Supreme Court

Aug 28, 2013

One hundred thousand visitors throng to the Lincoln Memorial and the National Mall in Washington, D.C. for the 50th anniversary commemoration ceremony of Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech. Speakers at the anniversary include two former presidents; Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and current President Barack Obama, the first African American to hold the office. Nearly 250,000 people came to the original speech in 1963.

Feb 26, 2014

Only days after hosting the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, Russia, the Russian Federation annexes the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, causing widespread condemnation, a temporary suspension of Russia from the G8, and limited sanctions by the United States. Russian expansionism becomes a topic for the first time since the end of the Cold War in 1989.

May 2, 2011

Osama Bin Laden, mastermind of the 9/11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and other locations and leader of the terrorist group, Al-Queda, is killed after ten years of pursuit by United States and coalition forces during a raid by U.S. Navy Seals on his hideout location in Pakistan.

1904-1914

Panama Canal built

1837

Panic of 1837- As a result of Jackson's economic policies, the United States went through another depression It resulted in the closure of many banks and record unemployment levels.

1783

Peace signed in Paris

1899

Peace wit Spain, U.S. receives Philippines, Samoa, Guam, and Puerto Rico

1895

Pollock v Farmers- imposed a direct tax on the incomes of American citizens and corporations, thus declaring the federal income tax unconstitutional. Court strikes down income tax

1430

Portuguese start voyages down the west coast of Africa

Nov 6, 2012

President Barack Obama wins a significant victory, 332 electoral votes to 206, for his second term in office against Republican challenger and businessman Mitt Romney. Congress remained status quo with divided government as the House of Representatives remained in Republican hands and the Senate in Democratic hands.

Jan 10, 2007

President George W. Bush announces a troop surge of 21,500 for the war in Iraq to stem the violence at the request of new commander General Petraeus. This controversial policy begins to show positive signs once fully implemented during the summer months, with a reduction in violent attacks against coalition forces and Iraqi civilians. Progress on the political front within the Iraqi national government, however, does not keep pace with positive developments on the military front.

Nov 2, 2004

President George W. Bush wins reelection over Democratic Senator John Kerry from Massachusetts. He wins 50.7% of the popular vote and 286 votes in the Electoral College.

Dec 1, 2009

President Obama announces a surge of 30,000 additional troops to Afghanistan to stem increased efforts by the Taliban in the country. The surge, which was suggested by military officers, was not popular with the liberal base of the Democratic party which had put the President in power on a pledge to end both Middle Eastern wars. The war in Afghanistan, which started as a response to the terror attacks on 9/11/2001, and the war on terror in general, comes into focus again on December 25 when an airliner headed for Detroit is attacked by a Muslim extremist, 23-year-old Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, who attempts to detonate a bomb, but fails

1883

Railroad companies divide nation into four time zones Pendleton Civil Service Act- provided that Federal Government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that Government employees be selected through competitive exams

1830s

Railroad era begins- rail lines appeared in many sections of the country, particularly in New England and the Middle States

Raleigh's Expedition

Rather than sending a colony to settle in the New World right away, the first voyage Raleigh sponsored was a small exploratory or reconnaissance expedition. Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe were chosen by Raleigh to captain the ships. Simon Fernandez, from Portugal, was hired as the pilot for the voyage. The artist, John White, also sailed on this trip. The expedition left Plymouth, England on April 27, 1584. They arrived at Cape Lookout, off the coast of North Carolina on July 4, 1584. They continued to sail up the coast and on July 13, 1584 arrived at Roanoke Island claiming the area for Queen Elizabeth. • The first contact with the natives was friendly. Gifts were exchanged. Amadas and Barlowe explored the area for about six weeks. On the return trip, they brought with them some of the local crops, maps, drawings, and two of the local natives — Wanchese and Manteo. • Queen Elizabeth was delighted with the success of the voyage and the new land was named Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth — the Virgin Queen. Raleigh was knighted and a second voyage planned immediately. Grenville Expedition — Sir Richard Grenville commanded seven ships in an expedition to the New World that left England on April 9, 1585. Others on this voyage included Simon Fernandez, Philip Amadas, John White—an artist, Thomas Harriot—a scientist, Joachim Gans—a mineral expert, and Thomas Cavendish. Manteo and Wanchese returned home also.

1992

Recession recovery Supreme Court upholds Roe v. Wade- Supreme Court decision legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy. Bill Clinton elected President

1558-1603

Reign of Queen Elizabeth I Ireland conquered by England

1893

Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

1994

Republican victory in Mid-term Elections Stephen G. Breyer joins Supreme Court

Culpeper's Rebellion

Resulted from the Proprietors' attempt to enforce the Navigation Acts and the Plantation Duty Act of 1673. The Navigation Acts stated that the colonies could only trade using English vessels. The Plantation Duty Act of 1673 placed taxes on this trade. Settlers who had come to Albemarle before 1663 ignored these acts. Thomas Eastchurch, speaker of the Assembly, and Thomas Miller favored the Proprietors. John Culpeper, George Durant and acting Governor John Jenkins opposed the acts. Jenkins tried to dissolve the Assembly and was removed from office. Eastchurch and Miller went to England to report to the Proprietors. Eastchurch was appointed as the new governor in 1676. On the return trip, Eastchurch remained in the West Indies and sent Miller on as acting governor. Miller took advantage of his position by raising taxes, seizing goods, and jailing his opponents. Miller was seized by a number of colonists and jailed, later he escaped and returned to England. Culpeper followed, but was arrested for treason when he arrived in England. To settle the unrest, one of the Proprietors supported Culpeper and he was acquitted.

1924

Revenue Act slashes income tax on wealthy and corporations

June 5, 2014

Rise of ISIS in a large amount of territory in western Syria and northern Iraq cause western nations to confront another round of Islamic fundamentalism. United States and some allies begin campaign to degrade their effectiveness with a bombing campaign on September 22.

1904

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

1940

Roosevelt makes destroyers-for-bases deal with the British Fall of France First peacetime draft

1917

Russian Revolution- Following the Bolshevik success in Russian Revolution in 1919, Americans feared the eventual fate that communism and other radical political forms would take over the nation resulting in "two red scares" U.S. enters WW1

1979

SALT 2 completed- A second treaty was signed to cut back the weaponry of the US and the USSR because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for USSR's invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty. U. S. recognizes china American Embassy in Iran occupied- In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held 53 American diplomats hostage for over a year. The crisis weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Reagan became president. USSR invaded Afghanistan

Dec 13, 2003

Saddam Hussein, former leader of Iraq, is captured in a small bunker in Tikrit by the U.S. 4th Infantry Division.

Jan 19, 2010

Scott Brown, a Republican reformer from Massachusetts, stuns the nation with an upset win for the special election Senate seat. He is the first Republican elected to the Senate from the state since 1972 and only Republican member of the Massachusetts Democratic congressional delegation. His election puts a halt to the 60 seat Democratic super majority in the Senate and will prevent President Obama and the Democratic leadership from pushing legislation in future votes past a Republican filibuster.

Seth Sothel

Seth Sothel was appointed governor of Albemarle in 1678. On the voyage over, Turkish pirates captured him. He finally took office in 1683. Sothel was corrupt. He jailed opponents, seized property and goods, and accepted bribes. The colonists rose against him. Sothel was tried by the Assembly, found guilty, and banished from Albemarle.

Reasons for Immigration

Settlers were lured to NC from other colonies and countries by reports of fertile soil, inexpensive land, mild climate and uncrowded conditions

1787

Shays' Rebellion- Captain Daniel Says led back country farmers in a rebellion because many people were losing their farms through mortgage, foreclosures and tax delinquencies. Farmers demanded cheaper paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of mortgage foreclosures. The rebellion ended when troops broke up Shays' mob in Boston. • Constitutional Convention- Delegates from all states but Georgia met in Philadelphia to discuss the Articles of Confederation. This convention resulted in a new constitution. All 55 delegates represented the propertied upper class and most were personally interested in creating a strong central government

1890

Sherman Anti-Trust Act-law passed to outlaw trusts and monopolies Massacre at Wounded Knee- In 1890 at Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, killed over 240 Indians practicing the Ghost Dance...Dance at reservation spurred on by assassination of Sitting Bull Sherman Silver Purchase Act- required the U.S. government to purchase nearly twice as much silver as before, but also added substantially to the amount of money already in circulation

1865

Sherman takes South and North Carolina Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery Lincoln assassinated Andrew Johnson becomes President KKK formed- Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War. Terrorist group of White Supremacists in south

1913

Sixteen Amendment authorizing income tax ratified Seventeenth Amendment providing for direct elections of Senators ratified Federal Reserve System begun- gave the 12 Federal Reserve banks the ability to print money in order to ensure economic stability Wilson broadens segregation in civil service

1808

Slave trade ended

1935

Social Security Act, WP, NLRA-see above, CIO formed- The new union group that organized large numbers of unskilled workers with the help of the Wagner Act and the National Labor Relations Board U. S. Begins neutrality legislation- Prohibit sale of munitions to warring nations, prohibited Americans to ride on ships of warring nations, allowed the president to implement the "cash and carry" style of trade. Proved to be shortsighted which led to its relaxation.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish explorer who explored the North American interior. He reached NC's Blue Ridge Mountains in early 1540. By May 1541, de Soto reached the Mississippi River.

1957

Sputnik- Russian artificial Earth satellites, I and II were launched by Moscow in 1957. Sparked US fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race. Eisenhower Doctrine- Proclaimed in 1953 by Congress and President, pledging US military and economic aid to Middle Eastern countries threatened by communist aggression. Little rock Crisis-Nine black students tried and were successful to integrate a high school in Little Rock, Arkansas Civil Rights Act- Primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted since Reconstruction. It was proposed by Congress to President Dwight Eisenhower. Not enforced effectively

1879

Stand Oil Trust formed- started in 1863 by John D. Rockefeller. He built up the company through 1868 to become the largest oil refinery firm in the world. In 1870, the company was renamed Standard Oil Company, after which Rockefeller decided to buy up all the other competition and form them into one large company in 1879.

1870s

Terrorism against blacks in South, flourishing of Darwinism and ideas of racial inferiority

Sept 11, 2012

Terrorist attack on a consulate in the Libyan city of Benghazi kills four Americans, including Ambassador John C. Stevens, showing the continued fight against Islamic extremism had not abated after the Arab Spring uprisings in the Middle East and deposing of dictators such as Muammar Gaddafi.

1835

Texas Revolution, Republic of Texas established

Apr 1, 2000

The 2000 census enumerates a population of 281,421,906, increasing 13.2% since 1990. As regions, the South and West continued to pick up the majority of the increase in population, moving the geographic center of U.S. population to Phelps County, Missouri.

Oct 1, 2013

The Affordable Care Act, Obamacare, begins registering people for the expanded federal government health insurance program despite a variety of waivers and problems in implementing the cumbersome rules and regulations of the program. Various states have decided to allow the federal government to run the exchanges for them, while some states and the District of Columbia set up their own exchanges to sell the policies.

Feb 3, 2004

The Central Intelligence Agency admits that the imminent threat from weapons of mass destruction was not present before the 2003 Iraq war began.

June 11, 2009

The H1N1 virus, named the Swine Flu, is deemed a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. This is the first such designation since the Hong Kong flu in 1967-1968.

July 2, 2003

The International Olympic Committee votes in Prague that the Winter Olympic Games are coming back to North America, selecting Vancouver, Canada as host of the XXI Olympic Games in 2010.

Dec 13, 2007

The Mitchell Report on the Steroids Scandal in baseball is published. It recounted a year long investigation into the use and abuse of performance enhancing drugs over a two decade period, including steroids and human growth hormone. Nearly ninety players were named, and blame for the scandal was spread among players, the union, and the commissioner's office. Headed by former Senator George Mitchell, the report urged enhanced testing to stem the problem and a look forward attitude to restore the integrity of the game and its statistics. The report comes after a season when Barry Bonds broke the home run record of Hank Aaron amid suspicion of steroid use.

Dec 26, 2004

The Southeast Asian tsunami occurs following a 9.3 Richter scale earthquake in the Indian Ocean. Two hundred and ninety thousand people die from Sri Lanka to Indonesia, creating one of the greatest humanitarian tragedies in history. A worldwide relief effort, led by the United States and many other nations, is mobilized to assist.

Apr 1, 2010

The U.S. Census of 2010 is conducted, showing a 9.7% increase from the 2000 census for a total of 308,745,538 people. The geographic center of the population is now 2.7 miles northeast of Plato, Missouri.

Mar 25, 2010

The U.S. House of Representatives finalizes the Health Care legislation approved by the Senate, extending health benefits and insurance to most Americans. The legislation, the Affordable Care Act, passed on a partisan basis by the Democratic Majority, has caused a significant rift within the public, who disapproved of the bill, and is expected to test the Democratic Party's hold on both houses of Congress during the mid-term elections in November.

Apr 9, 2003

The U.S. coalition seizes control of Baghdad in the Iraq conflict.

Nov 8, 2002

The United Nations passes Resolution 1441 in a unanimous Security Council vote. It forces Saddam Hussein and Iraq to disarm or face serious consequences.

Oct 3, 2008

The United States Congress passes legislation, signed by President Bush, for a $700 billion bailout, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, giving the Treasury Department authority to assist distressed Wall Street and banking businesses of the United States due to the housing, banking, and subprime mortgage crises caused by excessive greed and speculation among Wall Street firms. This economic distress, coupled with oil prices above $140 per barrel during the summer, deepened the world economic crises that had been brewing all year. The bailout was supported by current President George W. Bush and both presidential candidates, Barack Obama and John McCain.

May 21, 2002

The United States State Department issues its report in the War on Terror. It states that there are seven nations that a State-Sponsors: Iran, Iraq, Cuba, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria.

Cary's Rebellion

The Vestry Act of 1701 set a tax to pay for laying out Anglican parishes, building churches and paying clergymen. In 1703, the Assembly passed a second Vestry Act requiring its delegates to be members of the Church of England and to swear an oath of allegiance to Queen Anne. Many of the settlers in the area were Quakers, a religious group whose beliefs were strictly against swearing of oaths. The new governor, Thomas Cary strictly enforced the Vestry Act. The Quakers sent a representative to talk to the Proprietors who removed Cary from office and allowed the Quakers to "affirm" the oath rather than "swear."

March 19, 2003

The War in Iraq begins with the bombing of Baghdad after additional measures and mandates from the United Nations and the United States coalition fail to gain concessions or the removal of Saddam Hussein from power. The U.S. coalition, upon failure to extract authority from the U.N. for action due to the veto power of France, begin land operations one day later with participation from U.S., British, Australian, and Polish troops.

Oct 26, 2005

The War of Terror continues. With elections in Iraq to confirm a new constitution vying with internal terrorism amid the U.S. military presence on October 15, eleven days later a statement from the Iranian President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, calls for the destruction of Israel and condemns the peace process.

Additional Info

The classes of North Carolina's early social structure were based on that of the English. These classes were: 1. Gentry ("gentle folks") consisted of the plantation owners, clergy, lawyers, planters, professionals, and political leaders. Their status was based on overall wealth, number of slaves, land, and being able to trace their ancestry to the English gentry. 2. Artisans, craftsmen, and yeomen farmers made up the largest social class in North Carolina. 3. Indentured servants were people who worked for seven years in return for passage to the New World, food and clothing. At the end of their agreement, they received "freedom dues." This included clothes, tools, training in a trade, and (before 1715) fifty acres of land. 4. Apprentices were people who learned a trade from skilled workers and were considered the same class as indentured servants. 5. African slaves, Native Americans, and Mulattos were the lowest class in North Carolina's social structure. • The economic staples of North Carolina were agriculture, livestock, and naval stores. • Tobacco became the first cash crop for North Carolina. Corn and wheat were also sold as cash crops. Fruit and hogs were also big North Carolina commodities. • European settlers learned to farm like the natives, and soon were able to export surplus foodstuffs to England, New England, and the West Indies. • Naval stores: 60% of all naval stores exported to England came from NC; naval stores are non-lumber products produced from pine trees: tar, pitch turpentine and rosin; all were used to protect the wood and rope aboard ships. • North Carolina suffered from the lack of a good transportation system. • Corduroy roads were made by laying small trees over muddy roads. • Plantations utilized nearby rivers to load, unload, and transport their goods. NC's Impact on Revolutionary War: In 1765, Governor Arthur Dobbs died and was replaced by Governor William Tryon who served for six years until 1771. During his term, NC faced two crises: (1) the Regulator movement and (2) the Stamp Act crisis. • The Regulation movement began peacefully in 1766. Regulators were westerners, from Orange County, who wanted better regulation (control) of the NC government. They wanted help against corrupt government officials and illegal taxes and fees. • John Hawks designed and built Tryon Palace for Governor William Tryon in New Bern. Begun in 1767 and completed in 1770, the mansion was the governor's residence as well as a meeting place for the Colonial Assembly in the early years. In 1768, violence broke out when taxes were continuously collected for the "Palace." This produced further conflict between east and west. • The backcountry (western counties) of NC had only fifteen representatives out of the eighty-one delegates to the colonial Assembly in 1770 although the western counties had approximately 1/3 of the population of North Carolina at the time. • The problems between the Regulators and royal government came to a head in 1768 with the arrests and trials of Regulator leaders, William Butler and Herman Husband. • Edmund Fanning — local official who helped the sheriff of Orange County arrest Butler and Husband. Fanning held several offices including member of the Assembly, register of deeds, colonel in the militia, and superior court judge. The Regulators hated Fanning who was wealthy, powerful, and corrupt. • Though pardoned by the King in 1768, the Regulators were named outlaws following another conflict two years later. • Johnston Riot Act — During the September 1770 term of Superior Court in Hillsborough a group of about 150 Regulators started a riot. They disrupted court proceeding, attacked judges and lawyers, beat Edmund Fanning and held their own mock court. Governor Tryon and the assembly had intended to consider reforms but instead they passed the Johnston Riot Act which allowed the attorney general to relocate trials of riot cases to any county in the colony, provided that persons who ignored court summons could be shot on sight, and gave the governor the right to call out the militia to enforce the Act. • The Regulators demanded the protection of their rights and property against the corrupt local government. • On May 16, 1771, the Regulators fought Gov. Tryon and his militia in the Battle of Alamance. The better-armed militia defeated the Regulators. • After the Battle of Alamance, Gov. Tryon offered the Regulators a pardon if they laid down their arms, and swore an allegiance to the government. Herman Husband and four other Regulator leaders were denied pardons and they fled the colony. Over 6,000 Regulators took Tryon up on his offer. The NC reaction to the battles in Lexington and Concord resulted in the Mecklenburg Resolves. The Resolves proclaimed that the Provincial Congress in each colony had the only legislative and executive power - not the King or Parliament. This response was made on May 31, 1775. The Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge was fought near Wilmington on Feb. 27, 1776. The Patriots defeated the Loyalists (Highland Scots and former Regulators) who were on their way to meet with British soldiers. There were 1600 Loyalists and 1100 minutemen at this engagement. Patriot leaders were Colonels James Moore, Richard Caswell and Alexander Lillington. General Donald McDonald commanded the Loyalists. • The Fourth Provincial Congress, meeting in Halifax in April, 1776, unanimously supported independence. On April 12, 1776, the Halifax Resolves were adopted. They recommended that NC and other colonies declare their independence from Great Britain. A committee at the Fourth Provincial Congress headed by Cornelius Harnett prepared these Resolves called the Halifax Resolves. Partisans — Independent patriot followers that formed a resistance force to fight the British in NC. These independent bands fought throughout the Revolutionary War. William R. Davie and William Lee Davidson were two partisan leaders in NC. • At Ramsour's Mill (Lincoln County), on June 20, 1780, Loyalists were attacked and defeated by 400 Partisans. Neither side had uniforms, so Partisans stuck pieces of white paper in their hats, while Loyalists wore green twigs in theirs. • The Battle of King's Mountain — Oct. 7, 1780, a British force under the command of Colonel Patrick Ferguson was defeated by a group of Carolina mountain men under the leadership of John Sevier, Joseph McDowell, Charles McDowell, and Isaac Shelby. Ferguson was killed in this battle. • Between 1777 and 1780, North Carolinians served under George Washington in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The last significant battle in NC took place at Guilford Courthouse, on March 15, 1781. There Nathanael Greene led the patriots against the British under Cornwallis' command. Although he claimed victory in this battle, Cornwallis' army was greatly weakened by the fighting. His British army marched to Wilmington following the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. The Guilford Courthouse National Military Park which commemorates this battle was the first national military park in the nation. Post-Revolutionary War and Creation of the US Constitution: • The Cession Act of 1784 and its later repeal were the catalysts which encouraged people in NC's western area (now Tennessee) to seek independence. John Tipton — leader of the group of people in western North Carolina who wanted to remain in North Carolina. Though the NC General Assembly set up judicial and military districts in the west, some people still wanted separation. One group led by John Sevier wanted to form a new state. He became governor of the "State of Franklin" in 1785. The Confederation Congress refused to recognize the "state." The "state" dissolved by 1788. These western lands were turned over to the US in 1789 and became the state of Tennessee in 1796. • Philadelphia hosted a Constitutional Convention in 1787. William R. Davie, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Alexander Martin, Hugh Williamson, and William Blount represented NC. The delegates, however, decided not to revise the Articles of Confederation, but to create a new plan. They decided, after much debate, on the Virginia Plan written by James Madison. The Virginia Plan shared power between the central government and the states. It suggested 3 branches of government - legislative, judicial, and executive. This plan promised a checks and balances form of government, so no one branch was stronger than the others. • Congress, the legislative branch, would have two houses: The House of Representatives and the Senate. The number of members in the House of Representatives would be decided based on population (or the number of people in a state). The Senate, the upper house, would have two representatives from each state. This decision was known as "The Great Compromise." William R. Davie was the NC member of the committee that devised this compromise. A compromise is a way to settle disagreements in which each side gives way a little in its demands. • "The Three-Fifths Compromise," supported by NC, settled the question of slaves' place in representation. Five slaves would count as three free males, a 3/5 compromise, giving the South greater representation. • The President of the United States was to be Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, and was responsible for diplomatic relationships with other countries. He also had the right to refuse bills passed by Congress (veto).He also had the right to appoint judges and other federal officials. • Hugh Williamson introduced the idea of impeachment of the president. Impeachment is the act of charging a public official with wrongdoing while in office. He also suggested a 2/3 majority be necessary to override a presidential veto. Both of these recommendations were adopted. • William Blount, Hugh Williamson, and Richard Dobbs Spaight, signed the US Constitution for North Carolina. • Delegates in every state voted the Constitution on. These delegates were to be elected by the voters. Nine states had to approve the Constitution for it to be put into effect. • In the struggle to ratify the Constitution, two groups emerged; The Federalists (formerly called Conservatives), who were for the Constitution, and the Antifederalists (formerly called Radicals), who were against it. They debated in newspapers and pamphlets. • The Antifederalists in NC were mostly small farmers from the western counties who felt strong central government would destroy state's rights. They felt the new constitution took too much power away from the states. NC Antifederalists leaders were Willie Jones, Thomas Person, Samuel Spencer and Timothy Bloodworth. Antifederalists were particularly concerned that there was no bill of rights included in this constitution. • The Federalists were primarily wealthy men from eastern NC such as Hugh Williamson, James Iredell , Richard Dobbs Spaight, and William R. Davie. • The NC Ratification Convention, July of 1788 in Hillsborough, voted 184 to 83 against ratifying the national Constitution. The Convention did, however, send Congress a "Declaration of Rights" comprised of twenty separate articles, which NC wanted in the Constitution before the state would ratify the document. • After James Madison introduced the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the Constitution into Congress, NC held another Ratification Convention. NC's second Ratification Convention in 1789 in Fayetteville, voted 194 to 77 in favor of the Constitution. This occurred on November 21, 1789. Rhode Island was the last of the original 13 colonies to ratify the Constitution doing so in 1790. Early 19th Century NC: • In the early 1800s, NC was called "the Rip Van Winkle State" after a character who fell asleep for 20 years in a story by Washington Irving. The state had fallen behind the rest of the nation in agriculture, transportation, manufacturing, and education. • Factors Contributing to NC's "Rip Van Winkle State:" 1) Isolation of the population 2) No support for public education 3) Poor farm conditions 4) Out-migration of the population 5) Little industry or manufacturing in the state 6) NC became a one-crop state with the invention of the cotton gin. 7) Unfair political representation in government • There was a struggle for political control between the eastern and western regions of NC. Every time the west created a new county the east countered by dividing one of its old counties. All state officials were elected by the legislature, which was controlled by wealthy landowners. These people were not interested in popular vote or spending money to improve conditions in the state. The east was able to block every effort by the west to reform state government or to make internal improvements. • Internal improvements called for in NC included better roads, canals to transport agricultural products and other goods, and better navigation of the state's rivers and shallow sounds, and eventually railroads. • Leaders in North Carolina's reform movement were: 1) Bartlett Yancey 5) William Gaston 2) Joseph Caldwell 6) John Motley Morehead 3) Charles Fisher 7) William A. Graham 4) David L. Swain 8) Archibald DeBow Murphey • Archibald Debow Murphey, a state senator from Orange County, favored state reform such as internal improvements, public education, revision of the state constitution, and drainage of swamplands. • In 1815, Senator Archibald Murphey drew up a plan calling for internal improvements specifically to improve harbors, construct canals, and build turnpikes. The Murphy plan also called for the education of all white children and for revising the state constitution to remedy unequal representation in the General Assembly. This plan failed because of a lack of financing due to state officials taking the funds and giving themselves a raise and lack of public support. • NC was also behind in education. The isolation of people within NC caused geographical individualism. Parents did not think education was important so their children stayed home and worked. It saved money to have children work. Instead of instituting public schools, in the 1800s, NC established academies that depended on local interest and funding. NC Constitutional Convention • Governor David Swain, in 1834-35, called for a NC Constitutional Convention. It occurred in Raleigh in 1835, with Nathaniel Macon as president of the Convention. • The Convention spent a month revising NC's Constitution. Governor David Swain was a strong voice for the group favoring reforms. William Gaston was a strong voice for overturning Article 32 of NC's Constitution, which did not allow Catholics, Jews, or Atheists to hold office. • Amendments to NC Constitution in 1835: 1) The right to vote was taken away from free blacks and acculturated Native Americans. 2) The governor's term was increased to two years. 3) Adult male taxpayers would now elect the governor. 4) The state senate would have 50 members, based on districts formed according to the amount of taxes its citizens paid (controlled by the eastern counties) 5) The House of Commons would have 120 members elected from the counties (controlled by the western counties). 6) The number of representatives would be based upon the federal census. 7) Roman Catholics would be allowed to hold public office. Jews and nonbelievers still could not hold office. • A referendum (a vote of the people) was held in the state and the changes to the state constitution were approved. • The two party system provided NC with a healthy competition for public good. From 1830 to 1860 the Whig Party was in power. • In 1836, the people of NC first elected a governor by popular vote. Edward B. Dudley, a Whig from New Hanover County, won the election. NC made great progress during his term as governor. • Whig programs included internal improvements, public education, and social reforms. Whigs were committed to bringing the railroad to NC. There were not many investors, so the state footed the bill. • NC Railroad became profitable and encouraged the growth of communities, business, and industry. Farmers wanted railroads to get their crops to market more quickly. A short experimental railroad was constructed in Fayetteville (1828), and another was laid in Raleigh in 1833.This railroad was one-mile long and ran from the quarry to the site of the new state capitol building. The Wilmington and Weldon Railroad was completed on March 7, 1840. It was 161 1/2 miles long, the longest railroad in the world at the time. The Raleigh and Gaston Railroad, which ran 86 miles, was built at the same time as the Wilmington and Weldon. • The NC Railroad connected Goldsboro with Charlotte. The railroad opened up the Piedmont to commercial agriculture, spurred growth of towns and factories, and produced state pride. Other benefits included the ability to get crops to market faster, freight rates were cut, travel was made easier and this lessened rural isolation and sectionalism. The General Assembly appropriated part of the funds needed to construct this railroad. The first rails were laid in a ceremony on July 11, 1851, and nearly five years later, on January 29, 1856 the railroad was officially opened. The North Carolina Railroad covered 223 miles. The NC Railroad brought the state closer together and lessened isolation and sectionalism. Trade grew and the economy improved. • Educational Reforms: In January of 1839, the General Assembly passed the state's first public school law. In 1840, 1/3 of all white adults were illiterate. This law divided the state into school districts. Each district was to establish a primary school that was to be supported through the Literary Fund and county taxes. The first NC public school was opened in 1840 in Rockingham County. Many problems, such as county support, hampered the quality of schools. By 1846, every county had one or more schools. • Higher education was on the rise. The Baptists founded Wake Forest College in 1834. The Presbyterians founded Davidson College in 1837. The Methodists founded Trinity College, the forerunner of Duke University, in 1838. The Quakers, in 1833, chartered the New Garden Boarding School that became Guilford College in 1889.The Moravians' Salem Female Academy was founded in 1802. Later it would become Salem College. The Methodists founded Greensboro Female College in 1838, the state's first college for women, and Louisburg College in 1857. The Episcopalians founded Saint Mary's School in 1842. • Social Reform: Areas of social reform- mental illness, disabilities, women's rights, poverty and crime. Under the Whigs, NC began to provide more services to the poor. The General Assembly authorized "poor houses" in each county. In 1848, Dorthea Dix, a mental health reformer, lobbied for special hospitals for the mentally ill. A mental hospital was constructed in Raleigh in 1849. In 1852, legislators established state-funded schools for those who could not see, speak, or hear. • Laws concerning women's rights improved, as crimes punishable by death were lessened. Property rights of married women were also increased. • Whigs increased taxes in NC to provide revenues for the state. New taxes passed on inheritances, incomes, licenses, and luxuries. • In the 1850s, the Whig Party (both national and local) began to break up. The Democratic Party took over the leadership of the state, favoring support for the railroads and public education. By 1860, NC had the best public education system in the South. • Antebellum — the years before the Civil War. • During the antebellum period, NC awoke from its "Rip Van Winkle" state. Reforms helped create economic and social progress. • Agricultural Improvements: In Caswell County in 1839, a slave named Stephen, owned by Abisha Slade, discovered a process for curing tobacco which turned the tobacco leaves bright yellow in color. This type of tobacco became known as bright leaf. • Tobacco production increased as did cotton, from 1850 to 1860. NC's two chief crops became cotton and tobacco. • NC became the center of North America's first gold rush. In 1799, John Reed's children found gold unknowingly in Cabarrus Co. In 1837, a US mint opened in Charlotte, NC. A mint is a place where coins are made. • In 1853, Edwin Michael Holt's textile mill was the first in the South to manufacture colored cotton fabric. The fabric was called "Alamance Plaids." By the time of the Civil War, Holt had 96 looms in his mill. • Turpentine remained NC's leading manufactured item. NC was still a very rural state, although manufacturing was going on. About ½ of the turpentine produced in America from 1720-1870 came from NC. • Slavery in NC: • 100,572 slaves were in NC in 1790 — ¼ (25%) of the population • 331,059 slaves were in NC in 1860 — 1/3 (33%)of the population • 28% of white population owned slaves in 1860 • Of that percentage, the majority (71%) owned fewer than 10 slaves. • Only 3% of NC slaveholders could have been considered planters — those who owned 20 or more slaves. • Only 2% of NC slaveholders held 50 or more slaves. • In 1860, Louisiana was the only major slave holding state with a smaller number of African-Americans than North Carolina. Yet only five states in the entire nation (Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York) had larger free black populations than North Carolina. • By 1860, slaveholding was concentrated in counties in the coastal plains and Piedmont areas of the state where cotton, tobacco, rice, and naval stores were principle crops. • US Constitution abolished international slave trade to America in 1808. Slave trade between states still existed however. 835,000 slaves were relocated from the upper South to the lower South in the four decades preceding the Civil War. • Slave Codes — laws defining the social, economic, and physical status of slaves. The first slave code was written between 1715 and 1741. Controls increased as the codes were changed over the years. By 1855, these codes forbade such things as educating enslaved Africans, leaving the master's land without written permission, being disrespectful to whites, marrying free blacks, hunting with a gun, running away, selling alcohol, hiring out their services themselves, selling articles of property without permission, raising sheep, cattle, and hogs, gambling, setting fire to the woods, and trespassing on whites' property. • David Walker — a native of Wilmington, NC. His mother was a free black and his father was enslaved. He was considered to be free since his mother was. In the 1820s Walker moved to Boston and began to work for the abolition of slavery. He wrote articles for the nation's first African-American newspaper, Freedom's Journal. In 1829 he published a pamphlet entitled An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World arguing for abolition and slave revolts. Walker was found dead shortly after the pamphlet was printed. Even though he was dead, Walker's pamphlet was distributed and copies appeared in Fayetteville, Wilmington, Chapel Hill, New Bern, and Hillsborough. To prevent the spread of Walker's ideas from this booklet, the NC General Assembly passed a law in 1830 making it a crime to teach slaves to read and write. • Paul Cameron — NC's largest slaveholder in 1860 - built one and two story houses for his slaves at Stagville Plantation in what was then Orange County. • Slaves generally worked in gangs under drivers and overseers. The drivers and overseers made sure the slaves performed their jobs. The drivers were black men. Some plantations even had black overseers. • Slave marriages were not legally recognized. Many times slave families were separated when members were sold or given away as gifts. • Henry Evans — a free black shoemaker credited with organizing the first Methodist church in Fayetteville in the 1790s. • Separate black churches were also established in Wilmington, New Bern, and Edenton by 1810. Most slaves, however, went to white-controlled churches. In the slave quarters, black preachers spoke of freedom, justice, and sometimes encouraged rebellion. With reports of such activities, the NC General Assembly passed a law in 1831 forbidding black preachers from speaking at worship services where there were slaves of different masters present. • Rumors of a slave revolt surfaced in 1802 along the Roanoke River from Virginia to the Albemarle Sound. A written message between the conspirators revealed the plot at the last minute. Hundreds of slaves were questioned, many put on trial, eleven blacks were executed in Bertie County, and approximately a dozen slaves were executed in other counties. • Thomas Day — free black cabinetmaker from Caswell County. • Louis Sheridan — a wealthy free black merchant and farmer from Bladen County. Alarmed by the growing hostility against free blacks, Sheridan freed his own slaves and moved to Liberia in the 1830s. • John Carruthers Stanley — a free black slave owner from New Bern. Stanley acquired his freedom in 1795. From business interests (blacksmith, farming, and property owner), Stanley amassed sizable wealth. By the height of his success in 1830, Stanley owned 160 slaves making him the largest black slaveholder in the South. • Lunsford Lane — Born into slavery in 1803, Lane worked for many years doing odd jobs to earn enough money to buy his freedom. According to NC law, however, only the courts could free a slave. Lane arranged for a white family to buy him and take him to New York where he received his freedom. Speaking engagements at anti-slavery meetings allowed him to earn enough money to return to Raleigh to buy his family's freedom. Although he was attacked by a mob upon his return, Lane and his family were able to escape with the help of some white friends and return north. • Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793. This invention made slavery profitable. • Levi Coffin — a Quaker from Guilford County who helped establish the Underground Railroad. • Harriet Tubman — the most famous conductor on the Underground Railroad. Slave owners offered a $40,000 reward for her capture - dead or alive. She never was apprehended. The Civil War-Impact on NC • Southern Rights Party — formed by NC secessionists in March 1861. At a party convention held in Goldsboro, this group passed a resolution favoring the Confederacy and immediate secession. Weldon N. Edwards was elected president of this party. The delegates to the convention disbanded to form county organizations favoring secession. NC became the last southern state to secede. • August 1861 — Union forces commanded by General Benjamin F. Butler captured Fort Clark and Fort Hatteras on the Outer Banks. This gave the Union a foothold in NC. • Burnside Expedition — February 1862 - Union forces under General Ambrose Burnside captured Roanoke Island, Elizabeth City, Edenton, Winton, and Columbia meeting little Confederate resistance. The town of Winton was burned. In March 1862, Burnside's troops attacked and captured New Bern and Washington. In April 1862, Burnside sent troops to attack Morehead City and Beaufort. Fort Macon guarded this area. Ships bombarded the fort while land troops attacked. Surrounded, the fort surrendered. With this victory, the Union army held the entire NC coast north of Morehead City. • The Civil War brought scarcity to the Home Front. Women and children were often without enough food and clothing. Some women went to work in factories to earn money. North Carolina women kept the farms going, worked as nurses or seamstresses, served as spies and served in the military. By the end of the war, prices were so high that necessities were unaffordable. Many women wrote to their husbands about these hardships resulting in the men deserting to return home. NC troops had the highest desertion rate among the Confederate forces. • Rose O'Neal Greenhow - famous Confederate spy from Wilmington, NC • Gatling Gun - invented by Richard Jordan Gatling in 1862. Gatling was born in Hertford County, NC. The gun was a crank-operated machine gun that could fire 200 rounds per minute. • Wilmington — the last major blockade-running port open in the Confederacy - Fort Fisher was the key to Wilmington's defense. • Fort Fisher — Known as the "Gibraltar of the South," largest earthen work fort in the Confederacy. The fort was shaped in an L. Its walls, made of sand, stood two stories tall and were twenty-five feet thick. Colonel William Lamb designed and commanded the fort. The fort was attacked twice during the war. 1. On December 24-25, 1864, Union troops under General Benjamin F. Butler and federal ships commanded by Admiral David Porter attacked the fort. The shells of the bombardment had little effect on the fort and bad weather forced the troops to withdraw. 2. A second attack came January 12-15, 1865. Union forces under General Alfred H. Terry attacked the fort. Fierce hand-to-hand combat occurred and without reinforcements, the fort surrendered. Wilmington was captured in February. • General Joseph E. Johnston — ordered to stop Sherman's advance through NC. Johnston gathered all Confederate forces he could and prepared to meet the Union army. • Battle of Averasboro — an attack on Sherman's army's left wing on March 16, 1865. This attacked served to delay this wing of the army and separate it from the right wing by a day's march. • Battle of Bentonville — North Carolina's bloodiest battle - March 19-21, 1865. Johnston attacked the right wing of Sherman's forces for two days. On third day, the other wing of Sherman's forces arrived. Vastly outnumbered, Johnston's forces retreated and Sherman's army moved on to Goldsboro. Total casualties for the three days were 4,243. • Stoneman's Raid — raid led by Union General George Stoneman in western NC from March 28 - April 26, 1865. His troops destroyed 60 miles railroad lines throughout western NC as they marched through Boone, Wilkesboro and Mount Airy. They also burned a cotton mill in Salem. On April 12th Stoneman's troops entered Salisbury with the goal of liberating Union prisoners from the infamous Confederate prison there. When the Union forces arrived, they found the prison empty of all but the sickest prisoners. The Confederates had already moved out the other Union prisoners but the prison was still being used as a Confederate storehouse. Stoneman's troops burned the prison in Salisbury before marching on to eventually occupy Asheville in late April. • Bennett Farmhouse (Place) — site of General Johnston's surrender to General Sherman on April 26, 1865. Reconstruction in NC: • Ku Klux Klan - began as a social organization for Confederate veterans in Tennessee in 1866. This group became a secret, racist group who wanted to restore political and social control to whites. The Klan spread to NC in 1868. The Klan used violence and intimidation to thwart Republican activities and help the Conservative-Democrats win elections. • The Klan was particularly active in Alamance County where it killed Wyatt Outlaw, a black leader of the Union League, tortured Caswell Holt, a black man accused of stealing, and expelled from the county a white Quaker teacher who taught in a black school. • John W. Stephens - state senator from Caswell County who was murdered by the Klan because of his support for equal treatment of blacks. • Kirk-Holden War - the period of martial law declared in Alamance and Caswell counties by Governor Holden after the murder of two Republican leaders. Josiah Turner, editor of the Raleigh Sentinel and several other Conservative leaders were arrested and accused of being Klan leaders. A federal judge granted writs of habeas corpus and the men were released. This war on the Klan led to a decrease in KKK activity. • Impeachment of Governor Holden - as a result of the Kirk-Holden War, impeachment proceedings were begun against Governor Holden. Judge Richmond Pearson presided over the Senate hearing. In such proceedings the House of Representatives brings the charges and the Senate acts as the court. Among the charges the Senate found Holden guilty of were: 1) unlawfully arresting Josiah Turner and others. 2) refusing to obey a writ of habeas corpus. 3) raising troops without legal authority. 4) unlawfully paying the troops. 5) declaring martial law 6) illegally declaring counties to be in a state of rebellion • Holden was removed from office becoming the first governor in the US to be impeached and removed from office. • Henry Berry Lowery - led a band of refugee Lumbee Indians that conducted guerrilla warfare against whites and KKK members in Robeson County from 1865 to 1872. Lowery became a folk hero to many. The Industrial revolution in NC: • Industrial Revolution - a period of great change when people switched from making goods by hand to producing them with power-driven machines. • May 10, 1869 - The eastern and western portions of the transcontinental railroad was joined at Promontory Point, Utah. • Piedmont Crescent - industrial, urban corridor stretching across central NC from Raleigh through Greensboro and Winston-Salem to Charlotte. Three major industries along this corridor: 1) tobacco, 2) textiles, 3) furniture. • Leadership in the state began to shift from the East (agricultural) to a new, urban middle class of businessmen in the Piedmont and the West. • Tobacco: • Richard J. Reynolds - a Virginian who began a tobacco factory in Winston (now Winston-Salem) in 1874. Other Winston tobacco manufacturers were Hamilton Scales, Pleasant H. Hanes and T.L. Vaughn.. • W. T. Blackwell and Company - Durham company that manufactured Bull Durham smoking tobacco and pioneered the use of advertising. • W. Duke Sons and Company -became the first company to successfully produce machine-made cigarettes and became the first manufacturer of cigarettes in the,nation. • American Tobacco Company - formed by James B. "Buck" Duke in 1890. This company eventually owned 3/4's of the tobacco industry in the United States. • Textiles: 1. The textile industry provided employment to displaced farmers. The industry grew rapidly and by 1900 there were 177 textile mills in NC located mostly in the Piedmont. These mills thrived mainly because 1) labor was cheap, 2) railroad transportation was easily available and 3) the raw material (cotton) was produced nearby. Women and children made up the majority of the labor force. 2. Mill villages controlled by factory owners sprang up around the mills. By this means the factory owner could control almost all parts of the mill workers' lives. • Furniture: 1) White Furniture Company - oldest furniture manufacturer in North Carolina until it closed in the early 1990s. 2) High Point Furniture Manufacturing Company - formed in 1889 by three businessmen, Ernest A. Snow, John H. Tate, and Thomas F. Wrenn. This company established High Point as the furniture center. 3) The furniture industry became important in other NC towns such as Thomasville, Lenoir, Hickory, Statesville, Morganton, Mt. Airy, and Lexington. By 1900, there were 44 furniture factories in NC. 4) The furniture industry grew along the North Carolina Railroad and its feeder lines, with its eastern end near Durham and its western boundary in Asheville. • Cotton and Tobacco were North Carolina's staple cash crops after the Civil War. • Agriculture rebounded slowly after the Civil War because: 1) Crop prices remained the same or declined 2) Cost of supplies (fertilizer, seeds, tools, and equipment) was high 3) High land taxes 4) High rates of interest to borrow money • Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange) - farmers organization that began in 1873. Its first local chapter was in McLeansville. The Grange was mainly a social organization. • Farmer's Alliance - came to NC in the late 1880s. Leonidas L. Polk, editor of the Progressive Farmer and former state agricultural commissioner, was the national president of the Alliance. By the end of 1887, the Alliance had some 30,000 members in NC. By 1890, the membership had surged to 90,000 with over 2000 chapters. The Alliance pushed for political reforms favoring agriculture including: 1) increasing the amount of money in circulation including circulating silver coins. 2) government regulation of railroads to eliminate high rates. 3) break up of trusts or combines that controlled prices of fertilizers, machinery and cotton bagging. 4) establishment of cooperative stores and state farm agencies. • George Peabody - a wealthy merchant from Massachusetts who established a fund in 1867 to assist southern public schools. • Illiteracy increased in North Carolina between 1870 and 1880. In 1900 nearly 1/5 of all whites and 1/2 of all blacks could not read and write. The public school term was reduced to nine weeks by 1880. • Institutions of higher education were supported however. Between 1877 and 1891, five new schools of higher education were established. These were: 1) Fayetteville Colored Normal School (Fayetteville State University). 2) NC Agriculture and Mechanical School (NC State University). 3) State Normal and Industrial College for Women (UNC-Greensboro). 4) NC Agricultural and Mechanical College for Colored Race (NC Agriculture and Technical State University). 4) Elizabeth City Colored Normal School (Elizabeth City State University). • In 1888, the first intercollegiate football game in NC was played between Wake Forest College and the University of North Carolina. The game was held in Raleigh at the state fairgrounds. • The Baptist State Convention opened Meredith College in 1899 in Raleigh. Trinity College moved from Randolph County to Durham in 1892. This college was supported by the Methodist Church and would eventually become Duke University. • Biltmore Estate, the largest home in the United States, was begun in 1890. Built for George Washington Vanderbilt, this French-chateau style home was completed in 1895. Two famous architects are associated with Biltmore. Richard Morris Hunt designed the 250-room house and Frederick Law Olmstead designed the gardens and surrounding parks. Olmstead is most famous for designing Central Park in New York City. Biltmore was considered to be state-of-the-art for the time with indoor plumbing, electric lighting, refrigeration, elevators and central heating. • White Government Unions - organizations in the eastern part of the state designed to draw white voters back to the Democratic Party. • Simmons developed a speaker's bureau to carry the message of white supremacy to the voters. Many future governors, including Robert B. Glenn, William W. Kitchin, Locke Craig, Cameron Morrison, Clyde Hoey, and Charles B. Aycock, were members of this group. • The Raleigh News and Observer, the Charlotte Observer, and the Wilmington Messenger supported this movement. • Red Shirts -Democratic ruffians who broke up Fusion rallies, disrupted black church meetings, and prevented black voters from registering; intimidated outspoken blacks by whipping them. • Election of 1898 -Democrats won an overwhelming majority in the General Assembly. Many people were intimidated to vote for the Democrats or to not vote at all. • Wilmington Race Riot - November 10, 1898 - Democrats overthrew Wilmington's Republican government. Alfred Moore Waddell, former Confederate officer and Congressman, led the riot. Black and white city officials were forced to resign and many to leave town. Waddell was sworn in as mayor. The offices of the town's black-owned newspaper, the Wilmington Daily Record, were burned. Alexander Manly, editor of this paper, was forced to leave the state. A number of black citizens were killed during this violence. The 20th Century in NC: • Charles B. Aycock became governor in 1901 and pledged to improve North Carolina's educational system. • Problems with NC Public Schools: 1) Poor enrollment 2) Poor attendance 3) Short school terms 4) Poorly built structures housing the schools 5) Low teachers' salaries 7) School funding was based on county taxes. Poor counties had poor schools and the wealthy areas had better schools • Under Governor Aycock's direction, Charles McIver campaigned for public education in over seventy counties. As a result state and local appropriations for education increased. • In 1903, Orville and Wilber Wright from Dayton, Ohio came to Kitty Hawk, NC to test their theory of flight. On December 17, 1903 Orville piloted the first flight in a gasoline-powered airplane. He flew for 120 feet in 12 seconds. They made four flights in all that day with the longest flight being 852 feet. • In 1905, James B. Duke created Southern Power Company which would become Duke Power Company. NC Women's Issues at the Turn of the Century: • North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs - Organized by Sallie Southall Cotton of Edgecombe County in 1902. This group pushed for city sanitation, cleaner schools and compulsory school attendance. • NC Equal Suffrage Association - organization of NC women formed in 1894 that supported voting rights for women. Helen Morris Lewis of Asheville was president of this organization. • Equal Suffrage League - formed in Charlotte in 1913 and organized local clubs to push for a Suffrage bill in the 1915 legislature. • Nineteenth Amendment - 1920 - extended voting rights to women. Gertrude Weil of Goldsboro, president of the Equal Suffrage League, worked hard to get NC to ratify this amendment. • Carrie L. Broughton became the State Librarian in 1918; first woman to head a state department of government. • Lillian Exum Clement - first woman in the NC General Assembly elected in 1920. • Harriet Morehead Berry-director of the state geologic and economic survey. She lobbied for a state system of paved roads and is known as "the mother of good roads in North Carolina." The Great Depression in NC: • The Stock Market Crash of 1929—on "Black Thursday," October 24, 1929 the stock market crashed. Stock prices began to drop forcing people to sell at low prices. In North Carolina, agriculture and industry declined and unemployment was widespread. • A "run" on a bank happens when nearly all of a banks depositors attempt to withdraw their money at the same time, causing the bank to fail. Over 190 banks in NC failed from 1930-1933. The worst case was the Central Bank and Trust Company in Asheville that failed in 1930 causing 11 others banks to fail in its wake. • O. Max Gardner was the governor of NC at the outbreak of the Great Depression serving from 1929-1933. He strongly felt citizens should work for any relief they received from the state but the state had little money to spend on relief. He instituted the Live-at-Home program that encouraged farmers to grow the food they needed, can food for future needs, and raise for themselves the necessities that they usually bought at a store. • World War II, 1939-1945 For North Carolina, the greatest fear was that strategic places in the state might be sabotaged (deliberately damaged or destroyed) in an effort to hinder our war effort. Places like shipyards, military bases, dams, power plants, textile mills, railroad freight yards and munitions factories were heavily guarded. • Torpedo Junction — From 1941 to 1943 German submarines operated freely off the coast of North Carolina and many ships were sunk off Cape Hatteras. By August 1942, German submarines had sunk over 20 ships off the coast of NC. • By the end of the war, federal contracts for wartime supplies reached $10 billion, of which $2 billion came to NC. • NC ranked in the top five states in the nation in terms of volume of agricultural crops produced for the war effort. • USS North Carolina — built just before World War II, the ship fought many battles against the Japanese Navy in the Pacific. It is now a floating battleship memorial in Wilmington. • 18 camps for Prisoners of War (POW) were located in NC. These camps housed mostly German and Italian POWs. The POWs worked on farms and were paid $0.80 a day for their labor. • Fort Bragg — largest artillery post in the world. It housed about 100,000 troops by 1945. • Rationing limited purchases of civilian goods that were in short supply. Meat, butter, canned goods, sugar, coffee, shoes, gasoline, metal products and tires were all rationed. People planted "victory" gardens and raised their own livestock. • Jane S. McKimmon- became the state's first State Home Demonstration Agent in 1911; during the Depression and on through WWII she had a great effect on rural life in NC; placed emphasis on gardening and canning help women improve their families lives. • North Carolina's textile mills produced tents, blankets, towels, socks, uniforms, sheets, parachutes and cloth to help with the war effort. • Shipyards at Wilmington, New Bern, and Elizabeth City turned out over 300 ships for the Navy and Merchant Marine. • War bonds sold in NC bought 14 ambulance planes- more than any other state. • Approximately 362,000 North Carolinians served in the military during WWII; Over 7,000 North Carolinians were killed in World War II. Civil Rights in NC • The Greensboro Sit-ins — In February 1960 four black students went to Woolworth's Department Store and were refused service because local custom prevented blacks from eating at lunch counters. The students staged a sit-in at the department store refusing to leave the counter. The four students were Ezell Blair, Jr., Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil and David Richmond.

Oct 31, 2009

The economic recession continues to deepen as jobless claims climb above 10.0%, reaching 10.2% with October's monthly figures. This occurs despite efforts by the Obama administration to ramp up massive government spending pushed by the $780 billion economic stimulus package passed earlier in the year.

July 4, 2007

The fifty star flag of the United States of America becomes the longest flying flag in American history after flying over forty-seven years.

July 21, 2011

The final shuttle flight lands at the Kennedy Space Center, signifying the end of the NASA shuttle space program. The program, which began in 1981 and included 135 missions, was completed when the Shuttle Atlantis flew its final mission to the International Space Station.

NC Exploration

The first European to actually explore the coast of NC was Giovanni da Verrazano, sailing for King Francis I of France. On January 17, 1524 he set sail from Europe and sighted land at the mouth of the Cape Fear River. He then sailed north along the Outer Banks. He could see over the islands but could not see the mainland. Therefore, he reported the Pamlico and Albemarle sounds to be the Pacific Ocean. Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón explored a region between the Cape Fear and Santee Rivers that the Indians called "Chicora". In 1523, de Ayllón was named Governor of Chicora. In June 1526, he attempted to colonize the Cape Fear region of NC with over 500 men, women, and children, including several hundred enslaved Africans. This attempt was known as the Rio Jordán Colony named after the Jordan River in ancient Palestine. Finding the area inhospitable for settlement, the colony moved south into South Carolina where de Allyón later died. Disease, starvation, slave revolts, and attacks by Native Americans forced the survivors to return to Hispaniola. This was Spain's only attempt to colonize North Carolina.

Jan 4, 2007

The first female speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, Representative Nancy Pelosi of San Francisco, California, is sworn into office.

May 7, 2012

The first licenses for cars without drivers is granted in the state of Nevada to Google. Autonomous cars were first introduced in concept during the 1939 World's Fair in New York City in the General Motors exhibit Futurama by Norman Bel Geddes. By September of 2012, three states had passed laws allowing such vehicles; Nevada, California, and Florida.

Sept 17, 2011

The first of many Occupy Wall Street protests begin in New York City, protesting the big money interests on Wall Street and their relationship to the recession and world economy.

July 4, 2004

The groundbreaking ceremony for the Freedom Tower at Ground Zero, the former site of the World Trade Center complex destroyed during the September 11, 2001 attacks, occurs in New York City.

Edward Teach

The most notorious Carolina pirate. He was also known as Blackbeard. His headquarters was at Bath. Gov. Alexander Spotswood of Virginia sent two ships under the command of Lieutenant Robert Maynard of the Royal Navy to look for Blackbeard. In November 1718, Maynard found Blackbeard near Ocracoke Inlet. They fought hand-to-hand, Maynard killed Blackbeard, cut off his head and attached it to his ship's bow, then sailed into Bath with it. The rest of Blackbeard's crew was tried and hanged.

Oct 17, 2006

The population of the United States reaches the milestone of three hundred million, taking only forty-two years to gain one hundred million people since the two hundredth million person was added in 1964. At the same time, a vibrant debate on immigration policy, particularly illegal immigration, ensues across the nation.

Triangular Trade Route

The route used by merchants to keep rum, molasses and slaves flowing between America, the West Indies and Africa. There were four major cities in the colonies in the 17th and early 18th centuries and each of them was a port: New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Charles Town (Charleston). (1) Each was located near deep water, with protected harbors. (2) All developed wharves for loading and unloading cargo and (3) were located on rivers, which allowed for trade into the backcountry.

Apr 3, 2000

The ruling in the case of the United States versus Microsoft states that the company did violate anti-trust laws by diminishing the capability of its rivals to compete.

Back Country

The thinly populated region west of the fall line in the piedmont region

Dec 15, 2011

The war in Iraq is declared over when President Obama orders the last combat troops to leave the country.

1901

Theodore Roosevelt becomes President

Achievements of Lane's colony

Three important products were brought back to England when Lane and his men returned — tobacco, corn, and potatoes. Thomas Harriot's reports and John White's drawings were also valuable documents produced during this colonization attempt. In 1588, Thomas Harriot published his notes under the title A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia.

1943

Tide turns against Axis Russia wins at Stalingrad, unconditional surrender demanded Italy invaded

Apr 8, 2001

Tiger Woods becomes the first golfer to hold all four major golf titles simultaneously by winning the Master's tournament in Augusta, Georgia. This followed a remarkable run in 2000 when Woods claimed victory at the final three majors of that season; the U.S. Open, the British Open, and the PGA Championship.

1612

Tobacco made a profitable crop by John Rolfe

1848

Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo ended Mexican War- got land from Mexico, ended Mexican-American war, negotiated by US Diplomat Nicholas Trist U.S. acquires California and territory of New Mexico which includes present-day Nevada, Utah, Arizona, new Mexico, and part of Colorado

April 15, 2013

Two bombs explode near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three and injuring hundreds in a terrorist attack coordinated by two brothers associated with radical Islam. The attack caused the shutdown of the city as police and federal officials searched and apprehended the suspects within four days of the attack.

1960

U-2 shot down over Russia- In 1960 an American U-2 spy plane was shot down in the USSR. US claimed it was for weather researching, but was forced to confess when the Soviets produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to prove their claim of being spied aerially. This would cause the collapse of Paris Summit. Soviet and Chinese split- The political split between the Soviet Union and China began when the relatively harmonious relations between the two countries became acrimonious in 1959 after Khrushchev opened talks with the USA in pursuit of his policy of "peaceful coexistence". John F. Kennedy elected President non-violent protests against segregation- formed in 1960 by southern black students, advocate civil rights by sit-ins, wade-ins, lie-ins, and pray-ins to compel equal treatment.

1980

U. S. boycotts Olympics, withdraws from SALT 2 Reagan elected President

1915

U. S. troops sent to Haiti Lusitania sunk, U. S. intervened KKK revived- new KKK was anti-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-revolutionist, anti-bootlegger, anti-gambling, anti-adultery, and anti-birth control

1798

Un-declared war with France-also known as the Quasi War fought almost entirely at sea between the United States of America and the French Republic from 1798 to 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts- fearing an event like The French Revolution in America, this was passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 and signed into law by President Adams. These laws included new powers to DEPORT foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- measures passed by the legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky as a protest against the Federalist Alien and Sedition Acts.

1938

United States Housing Authority- The act required that the construction of new public housing units be matched by the removal of an equal number of substandard dwellings from the local housing supply Fair labor Standards Act- was designed to "put a ceiling over hours and a floor under wages" by establishing an eventual maximum 40 weekly hours for most US employers Hitler takes Austria, Munich Agreement- Under the pain of Great Depression, the weak Western Powers betrayed Czechoslovakia in 1938, when they let Germany annex Sudetenland. Hitler would then in 1939, take away entire Czechoslovakia as well.

Dec 1, 2006

United States manufacturing capacity and esteem wanes, signaled by the sale of the last shares of his General Motors stock by U.S. billionaire Kirk Kerkorian.

Feb 12, 2013

Using a 3-D printer and cell cultures, American scientists at Cornell University grow a living ear.

1969

Vietnamization- Nixon's policy that involved withdrawing 540,000 US troops from South Vietnam over an extended period of time. It also included a gradual takeover of the South Vietnamese taking responsibility of fighting their own war by American-provided money, weapons, training, and advice. First man on the moon-the US and NASA put Neil Armstrong on the moon Nixon proposed New Federalism- turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems); attempts by Presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants.

1856

Violence in Kansas- Proslavery and free-state settlers flooded into Kansas to try to influence the decision. Violence soon erupted as both factions fought for control. Senator Sumner attacked in the Senate- Massachusetts senator Sumner blamed south for bleeding Kansas and degrading congressmen, senator Preston Brooks South Carolina beat him with a cane

Philip Ludwell

Was appointed as governor in 1689 to replace Sothel; stability for colony was established for about a decade.

1921

Washington Naval Conference

1974

Watergate tapes Nixon resigns, Ford's pardon Serious inflation and recession

1834

Whig party formed- A political party that lasted from 1834 to 1860, formed to oppose the policies of President Andrew Jackson, The creation of the party signified the end of one party rule.

1794

Whiskey Rebellion- The small farmers of western Pennsylvania rose up in rebellion against an excise tax on whiskey. This tax fell heavily on western farmers who condensed their corn to whiskey. They refused to pay the tax, attacked tax collectors, and began a march to Pittsburgh. President Washington sent 13000 and the rebels' protest quickly ended. Indians defeated at Fallen Timbers- the last major conflict of the Northwest Territory Indian War between Native Americans and the United States. At the battle, near present-day Toledo, Ohio, General Anthony Wayne (1745-96) led U.S. troops to victory over a confederation of Indian warriors whose leaders included Chief Blue Jacket of the Shawnees and Chief Little Turtle of the Miami's. The Treaty of Greenville, signed the following year, opened up much of present-day Ohio to white settlers.

1986

William Rehnquist becomes chief justice of the Supreme Court Antonin Scalia joins the Supreme Court

Nov 2, 2010

With an impetus from the Tea Party movement to restore fiscal sanity to Congress and various state houses, Republican candidates win the majority of elections, taking control of the U.S. House of Representatives with a net gain of 63 seats, reducing the majority of Democrats in the Senate, and taking over many governorships and other legislative bodies. This tide was the biggest turnaround in Congressional seats since 1948, and many attribute the election to disfavor of Obama administration spending practices, including the Health Care legislation passed in March.

Anne Bonny and Mary Read

Women pirates who served on the crew of Captain "Calico Jack" Rackham. Rackham's crew was caught, tried, and hanged in Jamaica in 1720. Mary Read died in prison of a fever. Anne Bonny was scheduled to be hanged, but it is not known if the sentence was carried out.

1945

Yalta- FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. FDR dies Germany surrenders Atom bombs-Nagasaki and Hiroshima hastened Japan's surrender ending the war End of WW 2

John White Colony

although destined for the Chesapeake Bay, John White brought a group of settlers from England to Roanoke Island. They arrived on July 22, 1587. The colony consisted of 117 people including 17 women and 9 boys. On August 18, 1587 Virginia Dare was born. She was the granddaughter of John White. Virginia was the first child born to English parents in the New World. Shortly after her birth, John White sailed back to England for more supplies, but war with Spain delayed his return. White returned to Roanoke Island in August 1590, and found the island deserted. White believed the colony had peaceably moved south to Hatteras Island. White was not able to search further because of a storm. The colony has become known as "The Lost Colony." In England, Queen Elizabeth I's successor, James I, suspected that Sir Walter Raleigh was conspiring with Spain to oppose James' right to the throne. Sir Walter Raleigh was imprisoned for fourteen years and was beheaded in 1618.

Ralph Lane

became commander of the Grenville colony when it landed on,Roanoke Island in July 1585. Since he was a military officer, the colony of 107 men was organized in a military style. A fort was constructed which is now called Fort Raleigh. Lane divided his colony into three separate parts. One he sent to the Chesapeake Bay area to search for a deepwater harbor. The second he kept on Roanoke Island and the outer banks to explore as far south as Cape Hatteras. The last group he sent west to search for silver and riches. • Trouble with the Native Americans began shortly after the colony's arrival. Upon the disappearance of a silver cup, Grenville sent some men to the village of Aquascogoc to demand its return. When it was not produced, Grenville's men burned the village and destroyed the corn crop. Grenville returned to England for supplies leaving Lane's colony to explore the land. Lane believed that Wingina, chief of the Roanoac Indians, wanted to destroy the colonists. Lane's men attacked the Roanoac village on June 1, 1586. Chief Wingina was killed during the confrontation. • Running short of supplies, the colony returned to England with Sir Francis Drake later that month. Grenville arrived with supplies shortly after the colonists' departure. Grenville left fifteen men with two years of supplies on Roanoke Island and returned to England.

Quitrent

form of land tax levied by the acre - protected landowners from feudal obligations to the Lords Proprietors.

1840s

o Manifest Destiny- during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico Telegraph and railroads create a communications revolution

Sir Walter Raleigh

the half-brother of Sir Humphrey Gilbert. He was also anxious to colonize land in the New World and was granted a patent or charter on March 25, 1584 by Queen Elizabeth I.

1782

• Articles of Confederation ratified- Articles' strengths -concluded revolutionary war with treaty of Paris in 1783, kept states together with common national citizenship, settled question of western land claims. Article's weaknesses -9 states needed to ratify a bill before it became a law, all states needed to accept an amendment, little or no enforcement of laws, no foreign policy, states printed own currency, federal gov. couldn't tax, no federal army, no judicial system, no national compulsive power over states

Colonial North Carolina

• During the early colonial period, the Lords Proprietors appointed governors. They could also create political offices and courts, collect taxes, and establish forts and towns. They were in charge but the King had the final authority. The governor appointed a council to help and advise him. The governor and Council also served as court for the colony. • The Assembly was the elected body of government. Male landowners in the region elected delegates to this body. The Council and Assembly at first sat together in a onehouse (unicameral) legislature. Around 1700 the legislature split into two houses (bicameral). The Council became the "upper" house and the Assembly became the "lower" house or House of Commons.

Climate and Weather

• NC is categorized as a humid subtropical climate, which indicates that it has distinct seasons and supports a variety of plants (flora) and animals (fauna). NC lies in the Sun Belt region - a strip of warm weather states that runs across the southern U.S. • NC's climate is prone to: • Thunderstorms - rapidly rising warm air meets cold downdrafts. • Hurricanes - counterclockwise swirling winds at 74 mph or greater, fed by warm ocean currents. NC's hurricane season runs from June to October. • Tornadoes - caused by collision of hot and cold air masses. NC's tornado season is from March through May (though they can occur at other times). • General Weather conditions are influenced by: 1) Location 3) Wind 2) Altitude 4) Precipitation

Important Geographical, Political, Economic and Social Aspects of Life in North Carolina

• North Carolina is the country's 28th largest state. • Boundaries of NC — Atlantic Ocean (eastern), Tennessee (western), Virginia (northern), South Carolina and Georgia (southern). North Carolina covers approximately 500 miles east to west and 180 miles north to south. It is about the size of England. • NC is 1/3 the way from the North Pole to the Equator. NC is ¼ the way west around the world from the Prime Meridian in Greenwich, England. • NC has three distinct geographical divisions, based on its terrain — Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountains. • Coastal Plain — It ranges from sea level to 500 feet. The fall line marks the boundary between the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont. The Fall Line runs from Richmond County to Halifax County through the places on the rivers where falls or rapids are first found. This region is divided into two areas — the Tidewater and the Inner Coastal Plain. The Coastal Plain covers approximately 21,000 square miles or approximately 45% of the state. • Tidewater and Sounds (Tidelands) — extends approximately 30 miles inland from Atlantic Ocean. Waters in this region's rivers rise and fall with the ocean tide, hence the name "Tidewater Region." Major towns in the Tidewater area are Washington, Elizabeth City, Edenton, New Bern, Beaufort, Wilmington, Southport, and Morehead City. • Barrier Islands or Outer Banks — Extend from the northeast corner of the state south to Cape Fear. These islands are separated from the mainland by sounds. These islands border the ocean on the coast of the Tidewater Region; they protect the mainland from the ocean. • Jockey's Ridge — highest sand dune on the Atlantic Coast is located on NC's Outer Banks. • NC's 7 major sounds are: Pamlico, Albemarle, Bogue, Core, Croatan, Currituck, and Roanoke. Pamlico Sound is the largest sound in the eastern US. • Three major capes on the NC coast — Fear, Hatteras, and Lookout. • State port facilities are located in Wilmington and Morehead City. • The area off Cape Hatteras is called "The Graveyard of the Atlantic" because so many ships have wrecked there. • Elizabeth City State University and the University of NC at Wilmington are the largest state universities in the Tidewater Region. • Salt marshes found along the coast are helpful to the environment by controlling erosion, cleanse the water, and serve for a nursery for fish. • There are two national seashores that stretch 170 miles along the coast. They are the Cape Lookout National Seashore and the Cape Hatteras National Seashore. • Named by Col. William Byrd of Virginia, the Great Dismal Swamp was described as "a mere quagmire trembling under the feet." The Dismal Swamp Canal begun in 1793, is the oldest waterway in the United States and forms a portion of the Atlantic Intra-Coastal Waterway. • Inner Coastal Plain — Prime agricultural region. Crops include Bright Leaf tobacco, cotton, corn, wheat, soybeans, fruits, peanuts, and vegetables. Also known for beef and dairy farming, hogs and poultry farming. The Inner Coastal Plain stretches from the Tidewater to the fall line. • NC's major military bases are located in the Coastal Plain — Fort Bragg, Seymour-Johnson Air Force Base, Camp Lejeune, and Cherry Point Marine Air Station. Sunny Point on the Cape Fear River is a major ammunition shipping port. • Major cities in the Coastal Plain region are Fayetteville, Goldsboro, Wilson, Rocky Mount, and Greenville. • Three State Universities are located in Coastal Plain. These are Fayetteville State University in Fayetteville, East Carolina University in Greenville, and UNC-Pembroke. Pembroke was originally founded to meet the educational needs of the Lumbee Indians. • Piedmont — word means "at the foot of or base of the mountains." Elevation ranges from 500 - 1500 ft above sea level. This region is the center of the state's urban population. The Piedmont is actually a plateau that covers approximately 22,000 sq. miles or approximately 45% of the state (just like the Coastal Plain). • Major cities in the Piedmont are Raleigh, Durham, Greensboro, Winston- Salem, and Charlotte. Charlotte's nickname is The Queen City, since it was named for Queen Charlotte, the wife of King George III. These cities grew to meet needs of the NC Railroad and the tobacco and textile trade in the 1800s. Rivers in this region, which supplied hydroelectric power, helped tobacco, textile, and furniture industries. • The Piedmont is our state's center of higher education. Universities here include Duke University, UNC-Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University in Raleigh, Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, UNC-Greensboro, UNCCharlotte, and NC Agricultural and Technical State University in Greensboro. • Mountains - 1500 - 6600 ft in elevation. NC's mountains are part of the Appalachian Mountain Chain. The eastern range is known as the Blue Ridge Mountains. The western ranges of this chain include the Great Smoky Mountains and Unakas. There are 43 peaks in NC that have an altitude of more than 6,000 feet. The NC mountains cover some 9,000 square miles or approximately 10 % of the state. • Biltmore Estate (built during the 1890s) was the summer home of the wealthy Vanderbilt family of New York. The large estate in Asheville is now a heavily visited tourist attraction. • Two American Literary giants hailed from the Mountain Region - Carl Sandberg in Flat Rock, NC and Thomas Wolfe in Asheville, NC. • Appalachian Mountains — named by European explorer Hernando de Soto after a Native American group known as the Apalachee. In 1540 de Soto became the first European to explore this region. The Appalachian Trail running from Georgia to Maine passes through this range. • Mt. Mitchell — located in Yancey Co. At 6,684 feet, it is the highest peak in the eastern US. • Small farming is predominant in the Mountain region. Burley tobacco, corn, soybeans, wheat, vegetables, apples, and Christmas trees are the major crops. • Western Carolina University at Cullowhee and Appalachian State University in Boone are the largest state universities in western NC.

Golden Age of Piracy

• North Carolina's geography contributed to the pirates' heyday: 1. Inlets and coastal islands provided shelter 2. Shallow harbors were perfect for small ships 3. Colony was fairly isolated; pirates could attack and escape before help arrived • Between 1717 and 1721, pirates captured about 40 ships off the Carolina coast.