Social Studies Praxis 5004

Malintzin

Nahua woman also known as La Mailnche or Dona Maina who the natives of Tabasco gave Cortes as tribute. *She translates for Cortes and entered in physical relationships with him whether willingly or under duress. Their son Martin was the first mestizo. *She is a controversial figure because some people view her as a traitor because she helped Cortes conquer the Aztecs, while others see her as a victim of European expansion. *regaurdless, cortes would not have been able to dismantle the Aztec Empire without her.

homespun

One of the most common ways that women supported the war effort. home-made cloth that took on revolutionary symbolism after the colonies imposed boycotts on British goods, including textiles. act of political rebellion

Unicameral

One-house legislature

The destruction of the USSU S S Maine led to the start of which of the following events?

Spanish-American War

Spanish Colonization

The Spanish gained an early foothold in the colonies and quickly becoming the most powerful European power in the new world. *treat of toredsillas legitimized Spain's holding in the New World, indicating Spanish primacy over Portugal. *Columbus success lead to other Spanish conquest, European explores colonization similar to Columbus gained immense wealth which translated into influx of Spanish art and cultural capital.

The destruction of the USSU S S Maine led to the start of which of the following events?

The Spanish-American War

associated with the relocation of Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma?

The Trail of Tears

one governmental power established by the Articles of Confederation?

The ability to negotiate with foreign governments

Which of the following factors most increased cultural diversity within the United States during the early nineteenth century?

The arrival of European immigrants in urban areas

Battles of Lexington and Concord

The battles marked the start of the war with Great Britain. despite the fact that America did not gain independence, it was the first battle of the war.

animism

The belief that everything has a soul

shamanism

The belief that some people—shamans—have the ability to communicate with the spiritual world

ancestor worship

The belief that spirits of dead family members have power to affect outcomes for their living relatives

The Great Depression

The biggest economic down turn in U.S history. the STOCK MARKET CRASH of October 1929 signified the beginning of the Great Depression. Roosevelt's NEW DEAL offered a new approach.

effect of the Gulf Stream

The climate of Western Europe is significantly warmer and milder than it otherwise would be.

a reaction by the American public to tensions created by the Cold War?

The construction of private bomb shelters

Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929)

The day the stock market crashed and panic set in as millions of shares of stocks traded at ever falling prices.

expansion of the Roman Empire under Emperor Augustus?

The establishment of an organized military system

t contributed to the expansion of the Roman Empire under Emperor Augustus?

The establishment of an organized military system

yellow river valley

The fertile area between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers; river valleys were the sites of many other civilizations, like the Indus River, Mesopotamian, and Egyptian civilizations

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution. ratified to ensure that the federal government would respect the natural rights of citizens. consists of guarantees of civil liberties and checks on state power; it was added in order to convince states to ratify the Constitution.

most contributed to Southern states seceding from the Union?

The inauguration of Abraham Lincoln

Secretariat

The main administrative body of the United Nations. commissions research and applies findings of studies to make the UN a more effective and efficient organization.

Relative Location

The position of a place in relation to another place ex) location of church to supermarket

contributed to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War

The sinking of a United States battleship

Epidemic

The spread of a disease to a large group of people within a population in a short period of time.

President Woodrow Wilson's main justification for the entry of the United States into World War I?

The world needed to be made safe for democracy

effect of high tariffs on an economy in the long run

They benefit some groups at the expense of others

Why a democratic government regulates the economy

To ensure financial stability

one result of the introduction of robotics into manufacturing centers?

Workers will need to be retrained to perform different jobs.

John Adams

a Federalist, was the second president of the United States. He served from 1797-1801. presidency was marked by conflicts between the two newly-formed political parties: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans.

Fred Koremastu

a born American of Japanese decent who failed to comply with the order of Japanese Americans to report to interment camps.

Steven Paul Jobs

a cofounder of Apple Inc., was a major leader of the technological revolution that took place in Silicon Valley, CA, during the twentieth century.

Connecticut Compromise

a combination between the Virgina and New Jersey plan which The legislative branch would be bicameral, consisting of an upper house—the Senate—and a lower house—the House of Representatives. Representation in the House would be based on population, and each state was allotted two seats in the Senate. The office of the president would constitute the executive authority and was to be chosen by the electoral college.

Redcoat

a common nickname for British soldiers due to the color of their uniforms.

Cotton Gin

a device that separated the seeds from raw cotton. with this invention, cotton became the cash crop of the Deep South, stimulating increased demand for enslaved people from the Upper South to toil the land.

Pickett's Charge

a failed confederate attack during the Civil War led by general George Pickett at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Pontiac's Uprising of 1763

a force of 300 members of different Native American tribes led by Chief Pontiac to stop British encroachment on their territory in an armed rebellion.

Hieroglyphs

a form of writing that used images to express sounds and meanings, typically used in Ancient Egypt.

Cash Crop

a good produced for commercial value instead of use by the owner. Cotton quickly eclipsed tobacco, rice and sugar in economic importance.

Proclamation of 1763

a law passed by British parliament that prohibited colonial movements west of the Appalachian mountains.

dynasty

a line of rulers who are members of the same family; with children succeeding their parents as the ruler.

absolute location

a location that never changes ex)longitude and latitude

People into the Pacific Island

a lot of open ocean, islands are small and oftentimes far apart. the way that people migrated across the pacific had to do with TECHNOLOGY. sailing canoes. population pressure=major cause of migration. needed to bring crops and animals to raise. brought pigs, roosters and a bread of small dogs.

The Ring of Fire

a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. High levels of seismic activity

Christopher Columbus

a navigator, born around 1451 in what we think Genova (Italy), a voracious reader (Marco polo- account of traveling to china). dreamt of riches and converting Asians to Christianity in a crusade to expel muslims from the middle east.

Mesitzo

a person of mixed European and native American Indian descent

The construction of private bomb shelters

a reaction by the American public to tensions created by the Cold War

The Sons of Liberty

a secret society formed by radical colonists to protest British taxation policies after the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765, spearheaded the opposition to the tea act.

The Gold Rush

1848 discovery of gold in California became promoted 300,000 hopeful prospectors to flood into the region. massive migration into California transformed states LANDSCAPE AND POPULATION.

Battle of Gettysburg

1863, this three day battle was the bloodiest of the entire Civil War, ended in a Union victory, and is considered the turning point of the war.

Freedman's Bureau

1865-1870 a government agency that established aid to former slaves, oversaw 3,000 schools, and ran hospitals and healthcare facilities for the freedman.

Gilded Age

1865-1898 a period of intense industrialization focusing on America's industrial and business power after the spanish-American war. immense wealth was accumulated -Andrew Cavneigie -JP Morgan -John D. Rockefeller (steel, oil and baking) = political

Industrial Revolution

19th century economic revolution beginning in Europe marked by the mechanization of agriculture, transportation and the emergence of factories. southern cotton picked and processed by newly profitable slaves, helped fuel in the United States and Great Britain.

Biacameral

2 house legislature

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States. progressive democrat who believed in the power of the federal government to expose corruption, regulate the economy, eliminate unethical business practices, and improve general conditions of society. during years in office, government was segregated and the KKK experienced a major rival. SECOND TERM; DOMINATED BY WW1. "HE KEPT US OUT OF WAR" LEAD TO GERMAN AGGRESSION AND MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE FOR AMERICA TO STAY OUT OF WAR.

Herbert Hoover

31st President of the United States. Before Presidency: directed relief efforts to support war-torn Russia and Europe during and after WWI. After 1929 stock market crash, Hoover Administration attempted to migrate the negative effects of the great depression but was unable to significantly improve economy.

Confederates States of America

7 states of the Deep South secuede from the Union. created a constitution similar to America that guarantees slavery existence. Slavery is allowed and forever. Nervous that Abraham Lincoln is going to take away slavery.

Gettysburg Address

A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.

Sinking of the Lusitania (1915)

A German U-Boat sank the British passenger liner Lusitania (which was actually carrying ammunition) despite the American civilian passengers onboard.

Bartolome de las Casas

A Spanish priest who criticized Spain's treatment of Native Americans in its colonies.

Daniel Shay

A captain veteran of the Revolutionary War, Shays led impoverished back country farmers to rebellion in Massachusetts. The rebellion by Shays stressed the importance of a strong central government.

Chattel Slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

Federal Reserve

Adjusting interest rates to prevent inflation

Which of the following actions would be taken by the Federal Reserve?

Adjusting interest rates to prevent inflation

Causes of European Migration

After 1492, the motivations for European migration to the Americas centered around the three G's: God, gold, and glory. Gold refers to the desire to extract natural resources like gold and sugar from the New World. European colonizers also had a desire to spread Christianity to the New World. Glory refers to the desire for European colonizers to increase their nation's status as a world power and gain military strength through colonization.

Texas Annexation

American settlers moved to the region with enslaved people and rebelled against Mexico. Texas gained independence in 1845.

Babylon Empire

Babylon was the World's greatest city: Hammurabi was the leader: He created his code of laws: the 2 man chariot

American Civil War battles immediately preceded the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation?

Battle of Antietam

Start of American Revolution

Boston Tea Party Boston Massacre Intolerable Acts

Judicial Branch

Branch of government that decides if laws are carried out fairly. (supreme court)

Tea Act

British Prime Minister, Lord North, proposed in May 1777 he was not even thinking of the North American colonies, but rather of the East India Company, which had assumed control over India. In exchange for the power to appoint its governors, North loaned the company £1.5 million—the equivalent of about $270 million today.22squared North also granted the company a monopoly on the right to sell tea in the North American colonies.

result of China's rapid economic growth?

China has become one of the world's largest emitters of carbon dioxide.

one way the government can promote competition?

Enacting and enforcing antitrust legislation

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the Mexican-American War America gave $15 million dollars to Mexico in exchange, Mexico ceded southwest.

protects the security of citizens in a democracy?

Ensuring that voters are well-informed about elections

action performed by the federal government?

Establishing trade agreements with other nations

most contributed to Japan's rise as an industrial power in the late nineteenth century?

Establishing trade with the United States

A thirst for glory

European Competition for global dominance. competition between the Portuguese and the Spanish Motivated both nations to colonize quickly and aggressively.

Technological innovation

European colonization of the Americas was made substantially easier through several technological innovations like compasses, caravels, and astrolabes. It affected economic development by making it possible for large scale trade networks between the Old World and the New World to develop.

Alien and Sedition Act

Fear of opposition to the war within the United States prompted many Federalists to call for a way to punish dissidents, chiefly those in the Anti-Federalist Party.was created to allow the federal government to deport non-citizens who were a threat to national security. Sedition means to write or speak in a way as to get people to rebel against the authority of a government. The Sedition Act, however, was created as a way to punish American citizens who criticized the American government during the war with the intent to harm the government's position.

Shang Dynasty

First Chinese dynasty,began when the the Shang overthrew the Zia sometime around 1760 bCE. Ruled the Yellow River Valley of China where we have significant archeological evidence of existence. Known for its bronze age culture and writing, specifically on oracle bones. they would write questions in this oracle bone on top of that scapula of an ox and then heat it up in a flame until it cracks and then interpret the cracks to find the answer to their questions. ex) bronze battle axel.

Sumerians

First civilization in Mesopotamia. developed the wheel. famous for agricultural structures=Ziggurat, center of many Mesopotamia cities=temples to their god, polytheistic/ first written language developed cuneiform.

Allied Powers (WWI)

France, Great Britain, Russia, United States, Japan, and Italy

Four Freedoms Speech

Franklin D. Roosevelt's State of union speech in January 1941 he cast the war as a fight for 4 universal human freedoms; 1.) Freedom of speech 2.)Freedom of religion 3.) Freedom from want 4.) Freedom from fear

conflicts contributed to an agreement between British colonies known as the Albany Plan?

French and Indian War

Axis Gains momentum in WWII

Germany, Italy and Japan Germany hoped to defeat soviet union quickly, gain control of Soviet oil fields and through a bombing campaign and submarine warfare before America's industrial and military strength could turn the tide.

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria

Federalist No. 84

Hamilton advances the case against the Bill of Rights, expressing the fear that explicitly enumerated rights could too easily be construed as comprising the only rights to which American citizens were entitled.

the geography of Peru?

Its coastal region is comprised of desert.

Zimmerman Telegram

January 1917, Arther Zimmerman sends an encoded message to the Mexicans proposing an alliance to slow American's down. (Germans talking to Mexicans). The effect was to make American's angry.

Nagasaki

Japanese city where 210,000 civilians died after America dropped the second atomic bomb on them.

Battle of Bull Run

July 21, 1861. Va. (outside of D.C.) People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody

Lousiana Purchase

Land purchased from France doubling the size of the U.S. in 1803

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Jim Crow laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Federalist no 10

Madison reflects on how to prevent rule by majority faction and advocates the expansion of the United States into a large, commercial republic.

Federalist No. 39 and Federalist 51

Madison seeks to "lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government, which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to be essential to the preservation of liberty," emphasizing the need for checks and balances through the separation of powers into three branches of the federal government and the division of powers between the federal government and the states.44

Legislate branch

Makes laws

economic depression Germany experienced following the First World War?

Mandatory reparations caused massive inflation in the country.

Boston Massacre

March 1700, British soldiers stationed in Boston an open fire on a crowd, killing 5 townsman and infuriated locals. Intensified anti-British sentiment and proved a pivotal event leading up to the American Revolution.

established as a haven for English Catholics?

Maryland

Continental Army

Massachusetts militia routed the British Army forces and were soon joined by militias from Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. The Congress appointed George Washington as commander of the Continental Army, and authorized the raising of the army through conscription.

result of the Indian Removal Act of 1830

Members of the Cherokee Nation were forced to move to the western United States

events took place as a result of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 ?

Members of the Cherokee Nation were forced to move to the western United States.

Colonial Mercantilism

a set of protectionist polices designed to benefit the colonizing nation. Relied on: 1.) colonies rich in raw materials 2.) cheap labor 3) colonial loyalty to home government 4.) control of the shipping trade. The colonies sent their raw materials-harvested by enslaved people or native workers to Europe. European industry then produced and sent finished materials-textiles, tools, manufactured goods and clothing back to the colonies. COLONIES WERE FORBIDDEN FROM TRADING WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

empire

a state with control over people with diverse ethnicity, language or culture.

Captain John Parker

a veteran of the Seven Years' War, led a contingent of 80 Lexington militiamen, known as minutemen because they had to be ready to fight at a minute's notice. Years later, one of the participants recalled Parker's words right before the deadly skirmish: "Stand your ground; don't fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here."22squared

cuneiform

a writing system developed in Mesopotamia that was primarily used for transactions but was also used for literature and legal codes.

Ninth Amendment

acknowledges that the other eight amendments are not an exhaustive list of all of the rights and protections to which citizens are guaranteed

Compromise of 1850

acted as a temporary truce on the issue of slavery. California was admitted to the Union as a free state. did not resolve slavery expansion; but instead further polarized the north and the south. was the provision that any runaway slave found in a non-slave state had to be sent back to the South. contained a controversial fugitive slave provision

Intolerable Act

aimed at isolating Boston, the seat of the most radical anti-British sentiment from other colonies. Spring 1774, the British parliament passed the Coercive Acts. Colonists responded to the Intolerable Acts with a show of unity, convening the First Continental Congress to discuss and negotiate a unified approach to the British.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state. ignited antislavery sentiment in the north.

Holy Lands

an area that expanded from modern day Turkey in the north along the Mediterranean coast to the Siani Peninsula under Islamic control, panically in response to sustained Muslim control in Europe. a term to describe the Levant, location of holy cities and sites important to the three major monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) often used in reference to the Crusades.

Ancient Egypt

civilization developed along the NILE RIVER in part of annual flooding ensured reliable soil, repeated political control showed importance of agricultural production and economic resources. HIEROGLYPHICS. Egyptian rulers use the idea of DIVINE KINGSHIP and developed MONUMENTAL AGRICULTURE to demonstrate and maintain power. divided into three kingdoms; old, middle and new.

Manhattan Project

codename for the secret U.S government project that developed the world's first nebular weapons. helped create atomic bombs for U.S

Muslim Middlemen

collected taxes as the goods changed hands. sailors wanted to find a route to the spices in modern day Indonesia, whose location was kept secret by the Muslim rulers. The lure of profit pushed explorers to seek new trade routes and eliminate the Muslim Middlemen.

India

colony of Great Britain and received its independence in 1947.

Contributions to the Cultural Cohesion of a community

common language

actions contained a controversial fugitive slave provision?

compromise of 1850

Exclusive State Powers

conduct elections establishing local government regulate interstate commerce ratifying constitution amendments

Declaration of Independence

congress issued on On July 4, 1776, which for the first time asserted the colonies' intention to be fully independent of the mother country.

Reconstruction Period

congress passed and enforced laws that promoted civl and political rights for African Americans across the south. -black families, black church and education were central elements. -some 2,000 African Americans held government jobs -lived in desperate rural areas across the south.

David Wilmot

congressmen of Pennsylvania who introduced a resolution to the house that would end slavery in any territory that was gained from the conflict.

Suez Canal

connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas, providing the shortest maritime route between Europe and the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

Conderation

consists of a union of several countries with some or most power shared between them?

Second Continental Congress

convened in Philadelphia in the summer of 1775, shortly after the war with the British had begun. It was preceded by the First Continental Congress in the fall of 1774.

The First Continental Congress

convened in the Autumn of 1774 and approved a general boycott of British goods.

"Remember the Ladies"

correspondence between Abigail Adams and John Adams which is viewed by historians as the early illustration of the interest of activism of women in national policy

League of Nations

created after WWI to provide states with an international forum for the peaceful resolutions of disputes.

Virginia Plan

created by James Madison which called for a bicameral legislature in which would be based on population. The larger states supported this plan, because it would accord them greater representation based on their more numerous populations. However, the smaller states opposed it, and submitted a competing proposal, the New Jersey Plan.

Indian Reservation Sytem

created to keep Native Americans off of lands that European American's wished to settle. Allowed Igneous people to govern themselves and to maintain some of their social and cultural traditions.

women in the American Revolution

crucial tasks in the American Revolution, organizing fundraising drives, supplying the troops, working in the military camps, and tending to the wounded soldiers. even acted as spies, and there is at least one documented case of a woman disguising herself as a man to fight in the war.

Emancipation Proclamation

declared enslaved people who lived in areas still in rebellion free.

Atlantic Charter

declared that postwar (WWII) international disputes between states would be through peaceful negotiation and not through the use of threat or force.

Tenth Amendment

declares that any powers not explicitly delegated to the federal government in the Constitution are to be left to the states. This reinforced the principle of federalism, or separation of powers, by ensuring that the federal government could not usurp rights and powers that were not explicitly authorized in the Constitution.

Second Amendment

declares that properly constituted militias are a safeguard of liberty and that the right to bear arms will be protected.

Townshend Act

designed to raise revenue for the British Empire by taxing its North American colonies met with widespread protest, especially Boston merchants. -renewed a fierce debate over the British parliament right to tax the colonies. raise revenue by imposing taxes on glass, lead, paint and tea

Dawes Act of 1887

destroyed the reservation system by subdiving tribal lands into individual plots.

Deep South

disparity between plantation owners and poor white people widened here. deeply enriched racism blurred perceived class divides.

Treaty of Tordesillas

dividing the world between Portugal and Spain because the swainish are nervous that the Portuguese are going to make inroads to their new acquisition in the west because of their dominance. East: Portugal West: Spain

Stamp Act

enacted in 1765 by British parliament. imposed a direct tax on printed material in the North American colonies. -intensified hostility toward the British and was a pivotal development on the road to the American Revolution -printers, publishers and lawyers were negatively impacted.

Lowering interest rates

encourages borrowing and economic development. economic growth!

Battle of Antietam

ended with the Confederates being driven out of Maryland. Lincoln felt comfortable enough with this to issue the Proclamation five days after the battle. immediately preceded the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation

how government promotes competition

ensure that one company does not have an unfair advantage over its competitors.Enacting and enforcing antitrust legislation

Fredrick Douglas

escaped slavery himself. advocate for abolishment of slavery and early women's rights movement.

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Amendments

establish a variety of guarantees relating to legal proceedings and criminal justice, including the right to a trial by jury; protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy, being tried twice for the same offense; the right to due process; prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment; and the right to face one's accuser, obtain legal counsel, and be informed of all criminal charges.

The New Deal

expanded the role of the federal government in the nation's economy in attempt to address the challenges of the great depression.

Shay's Rebellion

exposed the weakness of the government under the Articles of Confederation and led many including George Washington to call us for strengthening the federal government in order to put down future uprisings. shaped debate over the proper scope and authority of the US government that ultimately resulted in the creation of the U.S constitution.

Preamble

expressly states that providing for the common defense and establish justice are two of the goals of the Constitution.

Bantu Migration in Sub Sahran Africa

farmers who grew millet and sorghum and raise cattle. do well in sub/tropical savannah climate. Bantu languages are dominant speak of ironworking tools and weapons. spread of agricultural practices

Mandate

federal government trying funding to one thing based on state compliance with another thing. ex) National Minium Drinking Age

The Lure of Gold

finding new routes to trade Eastern goods

The Boston Port Bill

fined Boston for the tea destroyed in the Boston Tea Party and closed the harbor until the fines were paid.

Akkadian Empire

first dynamic empire established by Sargon the Great.

The French and Indian War

first global war, in which the British and the French competed to be the world's foremost imperial power. -fought to see who had most territorial control over North America -who was going to trade with the lucrative Indian Subcontinent. solidified British stance as most dominant European country in the world. As they attempted to increase control of American colonies, colonists began rebelling leading to the Revolutionary War.

Abraham Lincoln

first republican president of America wants to end slavery.

Bleeding Kansas

foreshowed the violence that would ensure over the civil war.

Ratified

formally approved by the assemblies of at least nine of the twelve states represented at the convention.

Lexington and Concord

fought on April 19, 1775, were the first military clashes of the American Revolutionary War.

Federalist no. 1

framed the debate in much broader terms, by questioning "whether societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force."3

Old Kingdom Egypt

gained complexity and expanded militarily. rulers build PYRAMID; tombs and moments for the kings who had built it. building monumental agriculture; GREAT PYRAMID& SPHINX IN GIZA, TEMPLES FOR DIFFERENT GOFS-required a centralized govement that could vast resources. built ships construct of wooden planks.

Homestead Act of 1862

gave free land to Americans willing to improve it, regardless of race, sex or nation of origin. Farming land was 160 acres and the American had to be 21 years of age and own the land for 5 years.

Motivation for European Conquest of the New World

god, gold and glory. religious motivation traced back to the Crusades. Europeans also searched for optimal trade routes to lucrative Asian markets and hoped to gain global recognition for their country.

U.S. Constitution

granted powers to the states to suppress future violence

Fifthteenth Amendment

granted the right to vote to all male citizens. "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

categorical grants

grants-in-aid targeted for a specific purpose. how the states are going to use the money. ex)Special Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC)

Fourteenth Amendment

guarantees African Americans the right to citizenship like the Americans.

Fifteenth Amendment

guarantees black men the right to vote

World War I on the home front

had enormous impact on the U.S politics, culture and society. advocates for female suffrage successfully linked to patriotic efforts of women in the war with voting rights. HYPER-VIGILANCE led to spontaneous outbreaks of violence against groups whose loyalty to the U.S was considered suspect. (german-americans, labor activists, suffragists, immigrants, African Americans and socialists subject to threat, harassment, inprisonment, and physical violence ).

The Slave economy of the south

had international reach since cotton was sold aboard; connected America to the international marketplace. The South relied heavily on slaves for ecumenic propriety and used their wealth as a way to justify enslavement practices.

Pennsylvania

had the highest proportion of German settlers during the colonial period?

Spain Territorial Claims by European Powers in the French and Indian War

has access to sugar islands and metals

New England Colonies

has rocky terrain and cold winters.

Nelson Mandela

he first black president of South Africa. He was elected after the system of apartheid was abolished. helped end the system of apartheid in South Africa

Constitutional Convention of 1787

he northern and southern states debated how slaves should be counted when determining a state's total population. A state's population determined the number of representatives per state. A compromise was reached where each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person. This measure was called the Three-Fifths Compromise.

natural rights

holds that humans are granted certain freedoms and liberties by God, and that the state should not have the power to usurp or otherwise infringe upon those rights.

Manifest Destiny (1845)

idea created by James K. Polk that god wanted the United States to expand across North American continent.

Law of supply

if the price of a product increases, then it is advantageous for the providers of that product to increase production.

indentured servants

in the American colonies typically served for seven years and received their freedom and a plot of land when their service was complete. They obtained their freedom once their contract was completed

Portuguese Colonization

inaugurated an era of aggressive European expansion across the Atlantic. The Spanish, threatened by the Portuguese enslaved and expansion monopoly in the Atlantic, started their own colonization project with Christopher Columbus in 1942. The competition drew more and more to the New World.

Maritime Trade

increased due to crusades in the east and west. the desire of the products silk, spices and porcelain created new markets for merchants.

Indian Removal Act of 1870

industrialized the practice of fousing Native Americans out of their ancestral land in order to make way for European settlement.

deforestation

intentional clearing of forested areas by people usually to grow crops or raise livestock. direct result of how humans impact the environment.

Henry Ford

inventors is most associated with the use of the assembly line

The "shot heard round the world"

is a phrase that refers to the opening shot of the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, which began the American Revolutionary War and led to the creation of the United States of America.

Gulf Stream

is a warm ocean current that flows in the western North Atlantic, originating at the tip of Florida, traveling along the American coastline and splitting into the North Atlantic Drift that crosses to Northern Europe.

Prime Meridian

is located at 0 degrees longitude and divides the earth into Eastern and Western hemispheres.

Cultural Diffusion

is the spread of cultural items (ideas, fashion, technology, etc.) from one central point to another.

geography of Peru

its coastal region is comprised of desert.

Aztec

known for its complex temples and pyramids and its cultivation of maize?

contribute to an entrepreneur's success?

labor and capital

Ziggurats

large platform for Mesopotamia temples dedicated to the gods' of the people in each city that worshiped; these structures required large resources and coordination to build.

World War II

largest conflict in human history, largest and bloodiest, began when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany.

Code of Hammurabi

law code during the reign of Hammurabi Babylon that consisted of 282 laws and punishments; punishments depended on the crime and the social status of the people involved.

Daniel Shay

led a rebellion against the Massachusetts courts over grievances concerning the seizure of farms for failure to pay state taxes.

The use of submarine warfare in the Atlantic

led to United States involvement in the First World War The practice of unrestricted submarine warfare against civilian vessels like the Lusitania was a major reason behind the United States entering the First World War.

Fugitive Slave Act

legally required American's to return any African American who escaped enslavement to his or her owner.

Coercive Acts

levied fines for the destroyed tea, sent British troops to Boston and rewrote the colonial charter of Massachusetts, giving broadly expanded powers to the royally appointed governor.

Glass-Steagall Act

limited the activities of commercial banks in an attempt to stabilize the banking sector.

Mountain Time Zone

located between California and Texas located between the Pacific and Central time zones.

The Suez Canal

located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, the Strait of Hormuz is located between Iran and Oman, and the Strait of Gibraltar is located between Spain and Northwest Africa.. A map of the countries located between the North Atlantic and the Arabian Sea would be useful to researchers.

Fort Sumter

located in Charleston Harbor. Union Fort that is holding out-running out of supplies and do not want to surrender the fort. Lincoln tells the confederates that he wants to resupply the fort and in response the confederates take fire, forcing the union to surrender the fort to the confederates, starting the civil war.

Elimina Castle

located in modern day Ghana, became more of a holding pen for enslaved Africans from the interior of the continent than a trading post as the markets for slave labor in both Europe and then the New World boomed.

The Ring of Fire region

major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

Bessemer Process

makes steel faster and cheaper.

advantage the South had over the North during the Civil War?

more advanced military leaders

Charles Lindbergh

most known for his contributions to aviation, by making the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927.

A map of world languages

most likely be used in distinguishing cultural regions

regions is Islam the predominant religion?

north Africa

The Carvel Ship

ocean worthy but also very easy to monomer and sail into the wind, meaning that the problems about sailing around Africa become easier.

Olive Branch Petition

on July 5, the Congress authorized, which represented one final attempt at negotiation and affirmed the colonies' loyalty to the Crown.

William Lloyd Garrison

one of the most radical and influential abolonists 1831 founded the ablonist newspaper "The Liberator" which advocated immediate emancipation of all enslaved men and women and the American anitslave society igniting moral outrage over slavary.

Epic of Gilgamesh

one of the world's first works of literature, this story was written in cuneiform and various pieces and versions of this story were recorded in Mesopotamian civilization.

precedent

or an example for how future presidents should deal with similar situations. The way that Washington and the First Federal Congress handled some of the issues the country faced during his tenure as president

Reconquista

or reconquest, refers to the 800 years of violence and explusion of Muslims from the lberian Peninsula after the failed crusades, and the unification of Christian Kingdoms in Spain into one Christian Kingdom. The Reconquista and Crusades cemented religious intolerance and the Christians looked to colonization partly as a means to religious conquests.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

orangized two new territories in the land acquired by the Louisiana purchase; Kansas and Nebraska. established that in these territories the principle of popular sovereignty would apply. appealed the Missouri Compromise and induced party realignment, furthering sectional divide that erupted in the Civil War.

sharecropper

paid rent by giving a portion of their crop to the landowner. black codes required them to sign annual labor contracts with white landowners. if they refused, they can be arrested and hire out for work.

Security Council

peacefully resolve international conflicts and prevent the outbreak of war. composed of five permanent members—the United States, Great Britain, France, Russia, and China— which were the five main Allied powers in the Second World War

human migration

people moving from one location to new location, with the intent of staying in the new location.

The Albany Plan of Union 1754

plan created by Benjamin Franklin to organize an intercolonial government, including a system to collect taxes and recruit troops.

Ferdinand and Isabella

political and religious shake up on the Iberian Peninsula. The kingdoms of castile and Aragon are united when Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabelle of castile get married in 1469 and unite their kingdoms into what becomes the kingdom of Spain. united, they turn their attention to the Reconquista (reconquering the territories) that had been controlled by Muslims for Christians. complete Reconquista expelling the moors from Spain in 1492.

Raising taxes

power is shared by state and national governments?

First Amendment

prevents the government from interfering with the freedoms of speech, peaceable assembly, and exercise of religion.

Domestic Slave Trade

primarily supplied the necessary labor force. offered many economic opportunities for white and black men.

Crittenden Plan

proposed by John Crittenden of Kentucky that we will officially protect slavery in the Constitution. Cannot outlaw the South and will extend this Missouri Compromise line all the way to the pacific.

Border Ruffians

proslavery Missourians who crossed the border in Kansas to vote. Helped to secure pro slavery legislate in Kansas which was drafted a proslavery constitution as the Locomotion constitution.

Fourth Amendment

protects citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures of private property.

Truman Doctrine

provided political, military, and economic assistance to democratic nations threatened by authoritarian forces and governments, including Greece and Turkey. aided Greece and Turkey after the Second World War

Declaration of Colonial Rights and Grievances

punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. The laws were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in the Tea Party protest in reaction to changes in taxation by the British Government.

Elanor Roosevelt

pushed husband to approve the first US government childcare facilities under the Community Facilities Act of 1942. during WWII

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

raised tariffs on thousands of imported goods and intimated s trade war between America and Europe, thereby exacerbating the global economic downturn.

Time Zones

regions regulated by the Department of Transportation for the primary purpose of the convenience of commerce.

Treaty of Versailles

required that "Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments . . . have been subjected as a consequence of . . . the aggression of Germany and her allies."

Compromise of 1877

resolved the dispute between democratic candidate Samuel Tilden and republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes. The democrats that he would be president if he withdraws federal troops from the south granting south home rule. ended reconstruction.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

responsible for the increased tensions over the shortage of a natural resource during the 1970s America's highly advanced industrial and technologically driven economy is fueled by petroleum, which our nation, then a net importer of oil, needed import from OPEC and foreign exporters.

Third Amendment

restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes—an extremely contentious issue that had led the colonists to war with Great Britain.

Second Industrial Revolution

revolution of mass production and ways of shipping, making and talking about business truncations and materials that have not been seen before. STEEL

Government Bill

rewrote the Massachusetts colony's charter granting broadly expanded powers to the royal governor.

Middle Kingdom Egypt

saw egypt unified again as kings found ways to take back power from regional governors kept well trained standing armies showed that it had regained political control of substantial resources political fragmentation led to second intermediate period.

Hyksos

semitic people (spoke a language in middle east, not Egyptian. imposed their own political rulers but also brought many cultural and technological innovations such as bronze working and pottery techniques, new breeds of animals and new crops.

Yemen farmers

shared a common value with white planters in their belief of white supremacy. bound together by racism and slave uprisings.

Assyrian Empire

significant portion of Ancient Mesopotamia named for home base, town Assur. controlled most of modern day middle east. eventually collapsed in the 7th century by the Neobablyian empire.

The New Jersey Plan

smaller states submitted and completed the proposal which was basically inherited from the Articles of Confederation, the legislature would be unicameral and each state would have a single vote.

Prince Henry the Navigator

sponsored a great deal of exploration along the west coast of Africa. Originator of the Age of Discovery and the Atlantic enslaved people trade. invested in navigation

TWO factors contributed to the failure of the Articles of Confederation?

states printed local currencies and the federal government was unable to enforce laws.

how the farming techniques used by the Inca developed?

technique of terrace farming to grow crops in areas that had limited flat arable land. Steep mountains resulted in the development of terrace farms.

Social Darwinism

term scholars use to describe the practice of misapplying the biological language of Charles Darwin to politics, economy and society. embraced lissier-faire capitasim and racisim. gouvernent should not interfere with the survival of the fittest by helping the poor.

England Territorial Claims by European Powers in the French and Indian War

territory room to expand.

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of internment. In 1988, the United States issued an official apology for internment and compensated survivors.

Historical settlement of the present day United States

the area was primarily populated from the East Coast to the West Coast

Federalism

the division of power between the national and state governments The U.S. Constitution establishes this federalist structure through the Tenth Amendment.

Mythical Period

the earliest period in traditional Chinese History, when the Xia dynasty ruled China.

The Battle of Appomattox Court House

the end of the Civil War and that the main event was Robert E. Lee's surrender at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse.

Spain

the first European nation to explore and colonize the Southwestern United States as early as the mid 1500sfifteen hundreds.

Constantine

the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, and he also ended the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire through the Edict of Milan in 313. most responsible for ending the persecution of Christians in Ancient Rome

Trail of Tears

the government forcibly relocated the 5 Civilized Tribes; Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole, to territories that would become the states of Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma in a death march.

command economy

the government makes all of the decisions regarding the production and distribution of goods and services.

Divine Kingship

the idea that a political ruler held his power by favor of a god or gods or that he was living incarnation of a god-became firmly established in Egypt.

Tainos

the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean. adapt at fishing Matrilineal (women) generous worshiped ancestor spirits called Zemis. Spoke words that we use today. ex) Barbaca (bbq) hurrican (hurricane) Tabacco

Mexican Cession

the large piece of western land that American gained at the end of the Mexican-American war.

Spatial terms

the location of things in the world.

The Exodusters

the name for the mass migration of African Americans into the south after the civil war. (most were former slaves). migrated into Colorado, Kansas and Oklahoma. got their name for the Exodus Bible where Moses led the Hebrews out of slavery from Egypt and into the Promised Land.

how the increasing popularity of automobiles transformed the United States during the early twentieth century?

the number of paved roads increased

Microeconomics

the study of individual economic behavior

The General Assembly

the supreme deliberative assembly of the United Nations

opportunity cost

the value of the next-highest-valued alternative.

The Boston Tea Party

the willful destruction of 342 crates of British tea. A direct response to British taxation polices in the North American colonies.

Steam Ship

this invention dramatically increased the use of the river as a quick and easy way to transport goods.

Cross cultural comparison

to examine two cultures to determine what traits are shared between them.

Confederate Strategy of the Civil War

to outlast the political will of the United States (north) to continue fighting the war by demonstrating that the war would be long and costly. They also hoped to entice European powers such as United Kingdom to assist them against the U.S in order to protect their cotton supply.

North's strategy of the Civil War

to surround the territory of the South in the Ancanda Plan, blockading the Atlantic ocean and controlling the Mississippi to keep goods from coming in or out of the South and forcing them to surrender.

A right of United States Citizenship

to worship freely

Silk Road

trade route stretched from Europe to China through central Asia;spurred global exchange of goods and information. During the 10th century. It was costly, slow and unprofitable.

France Territorial Claims by European Powers in the French and Indian War

trade with Native Americans. main concern is fur.

Treaty of Paris 1763

treaty ending the French and Indian war in which the French ceded much of its North American territory to the British.

end of world war II

unconditional surrender of the axis powers, allowing the ally powers to win WWII. U.S DROPPED ATOMIC BOMBS ON JAPAN.

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

under the first new deal, boosted agricultural prices by offering government subsides to farms to reduce output.

Siberia

vast, cold, dry region of eastern Russia

The Federalist Paper

was a collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton in 1788. The essays urged the ratification of the United States Constitution, which had been debated and drafted at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. is considered one of the most significant American contributions to the field of political philosophy and theory and is still widely considered to be the most authoritative source for determining the original intent of the framers of the US Constitution.

The 3/5 Compromise

was a result of a debate within the Continental Congress about apportioning taxes based on population or land value. 3/5 of a state's slaves were counted in terms of congressional representation, presidential electors, and direct taxes. resolved How to account for slaves for both the purposes of representation of states in the House of Representatives and of taxation of states by the national government

Abolitionism

was an effort to abolish slavery in the United States. evolved from religious roots to becoming political which at times became violent. most influential members: African American women and men who escaped from bondage.

USA PATRIOT ACT (2001)

was passed following the terrorist attacks on September 11th of 2001. This Act gave the federal government the authority to direct physical and electronic surveillance of individuals suspected of being a threat to national security.

Ionic column

were a major Greek contribution to architecture and how one of the classical orders of architecture is the Ionic style.

Poll taxes

were passed to deny many African Americans the right to vote.

American Women in WWII

were provided unprecedented opportunities in jobs that have never been open to women DEFENSE INDUSTRY AND MILITARY

The Articles of Confederation

were the first attempt by the colonists to create a government. They were ratified in 1781 and created a confederation of states and a weak central government. The states held the majority of the governmental power.

Concord

where 700 British Army soldiers and march to,where the rebels were reportedly storing mass quantities of arms and ammunition. Their orders were to find the stash and destroy it.

Trading Posts

where Portuguese traded slaves from African or Arab traders who had a long history of trading slaves from the interior of Africa to its outside coast.

Popular Sovereignty

white residents of each territory would vote on whether to permit slavery when applying for statehood.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

white supremacist who terrorized African Americans until 1871 when congress passed legislation that resulted in the arrest and imprisionment of Klan leaders and the end of the Klan's terrorism of America for a time.

Martha Washington

wife of George Washington, was one of the most prominent Daughters of Liberty.

Supreme Court

would adjudicate disputes between states, and Congress was authorized to levy taxes, declare war, raise an army, regulate interstate commerce, and draft laws consistent with the purpose of exercising these powers.

legislative branch

would be composed of an upper house, the Senate, and a lower house—the House of Representatives. Representation in the House would be based on population—including counting enslaved men and women at the proportion of three to five for the purposes of representation and taxation. Each state would elect two representatives to the Senate.

executive branch

would be headed by a president, who would be elected. Carries out the laws

judicial branch

would consist of a Supreme Court and lower courts to interpret and apply the law.

Biggest geological threat to Mexico

Volcanoes and earthquakes

Governor

chief executive at the state level of government

Hiroshima

city where first American atomic bomb named Enola Gay was dropped.

The first new deal

"First Hundred Days" March-June 1933, at Rosevelt's behest, congress passed legislation aimed at addressing the bank crisis, unemployment and weak industrial performance among other problems through an ALPHABET SOUP of new laws and agencies.

World War I

"The Great War" began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke of Australia, which capsulated war across Europe that lasted until 1918 . FIGHT AGAINST CENTRAL AND ALLIED POWERS. new military technologies and trench welfare saw levels of carnage and destruction. ALLIES WON.

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Origins of European Exploration in the America's

* In 1450, Western Europeans Knew that..." 1.) very good things were in India and Middle East (gold, spices) 2.) World was large )25,000 miles) impossible to go west to get east because of lack of food and water and it was expansive because middle east, north africa and parts of spain were controlled my muslim empires such as Ottoman empire and Mores. 4.) cannot go through Africa because of wind. 5.) Iberian Peninsula was controlled by a lot.

The Columbian Exchange

-a process of transferring plants, animals, microbe and -people across the Atlantic in both directions. Not just trading, but transplanting them from Europe and Africa into America and vise versa. (intentional and unintentional) -had tremendous environmental consequences on people in both sides of the Atlantic.

Concurrent Powers (federal and state)

-taxation -establishing courts -law making -law enforcement -chartering banks -eminent domain -borrowing money

Two Common Myths about Christopher Columbus

1.) Columbus was the first European to discover America. (WRONG). in 1,000 CE Vikings of Norway discovered Greenland and colonized Canada. 2.) He was the lone visionary who knew that the earth was round. (WRONG) the world knew that the world was too big even if you could sail out into the ocean, you would run out of supplies and die before reaching land. world knew earth was 25,000 miles, Columbus said 16-18,000 miles which was close. Columbus was lucky, because 3,000 miles was the west of europa he encountered landfall, but did not know that it was not china. Truth: Ferniadad and Isabella of Spain gave him 3 ships and 87 men. in August of 1492, he takes off, takes a brief stop in the canary islands and lands on a small island that he named San Salvador in the Bahamas and then he continued to explore around the coast of cuba that he called Juana and ended up in the island that he called Hispianola which is today Hati and the Dominican Republic. In 1493 they sent him on this second voyage with 1200 men, 17 ships, livestock and sugar cane

Causes of the Great Depression

1.) Stock Market Crash 2.) low farm prices and industrial overproduction 3.) Disastrous Haley-Smoot Tariff

Two Major Causes of the Mexican American War

1.) texas annexation 2.) manifest destiny

What brought America into WWI?

1.) unrestricted submarine warfare 2.)Sinking of the Lustiaina 3.) Zimmerman Telegram

amendments to the United States Constitution was used to justify segregation

10th Amendment

James K. Polk

11th President Manifest Destiny, annexed Texas and wanted California but Mexico would not sell. War Message: " American blood was shed on American Soil".

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

Encomiendas system

A labor system in which the Spanish crown authorized Spaniards, known as encomenderos, to enslave native people to farm and mine in the Americas

incentive

A local clothing store offers customers fifty percent off the price of all inventory items.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Caste system

A social system in which class status is determined at birth. The Spanish had mixed-race children in the Americas with enslaved Africans and Native Americans. Status was determined by how "Spanish" one was, so those with little to no Spanish blood were in the lowest class.

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

A successful rebellion by Pueblo Native Americans to reclaim Pueblo religious practices, culture, and land that had been stripped away by Spanish colonizers.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Civil War

A war between people of the same country.

The Great Nullifier

Clay's resolution angered John C. Calhoun who proposed endangering south rights and propriety. reinforced a need for stronger fugitive slave laws and commended what he saw as the northern aggression, warning that the south would leave the union sooner then submit to limitations on slavery.

Consequences of Columbus Voyages on the Taino's and Europe

Columbus was not nice to the natives. attempted to enslave the native people and send them back to Europe to sale. They were susceptible to European diseases and died. He then forced the natives to labor for the Spanish to mine gold. people ages of 14 and older had to give him gold or else their hands would be cut off. When entering, there were 1-3 million Tainos and after Columbus came there were 200 left, due to dyeing from disease, overwork and treatment. Caribbean said Columbus arrival was a castrophe. The New World made Spain very rich and the gold and silver being brought in from the New World to Spain increased prices by 500-600% due to inflammation and lead to the modern banking system to deal with it.

Commerce Clause

Constitution Article 1, Sec 8: The congress shall have power to regulate commerce with foreign nations among the several states, and with Indian Tribes.

Pearl Harbor

December 7th 1941, Japan attacked the U.S naval base in Hawaii. Surprise attack by 350 Japanese air craft sunk or badly damaged 18 U.S naval vessels, 8 battleships, air craft and killed 2,403 men. REASON WHY AMERICA ENTERED WWII.

describes the compromise over slavery that the delegates agreed upon during the Constitutional Convention?

Delegates agreed on how slaves would be counted in the census

King George III

Despite its harsh tone, the declaration did affirm Parliament's right to regulate trade, and did not challenge colonial loyalty to the British monarch

The Great Compromiser

Henry Clay. offered a series of resolutions to limit slavery expansion, called for California to enter the Union as a free state and a more robust federal fugitive slave law in hopes of sectional compromise.

Voluntarist Principle

Hoover's response to the Great Depression. His belief in minimal government interference in the economy, as well as a conviction that direct public relief to individuals would weaken individual character, turn people away from work ethic and lead them to develop a dependency on government handouts.

what did Thomas Malthus theorize

If left unchecked, a population will exhaust its available resources, resulting in naturally occurring checks on the population, such as famine, disease, and war

Development of labor systems

In order to extract natural resources from the Americas, European colonizers created labor systems, like the encomienda system, to exploit Native American labor. When Native Americans began to die from diseases like smallpox, the Spanish and Portuguese began capturing and sending enslaved Africans to the Americas as a labor force.

major effect of the New Deal in the United States

Increased federal government spending

major effect of the New Deal in the United States?

Increased federal government spending

countries have territorial claims in Kashmir?

India, Pakistan, and China

have territorial claims in Kashmir

India, Pakistan, and China

Cultural exchanges and trade networks

Initial contact between Native Americans and European colonizers began a process of cultural and biological exchanges between the Old World and the New known as the Columbian Exchange. The Columbian Exchange caused population growth in Europe by bringing new crops from the Americas and started Europe's economic shift towards capitalism. Colonization disrupted ecosytems, bringing in new organisms like pigs, while completely eliminating others like beavers.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin in 1793.

a duty of local governments

Organizing school systems

Forty Niners

People who went to California looking for Gold (They left in 1849)

What was exchanged across the Atlantic?

Plants: Columbus brought sugar and grapes= high price in Europe. Europe: corn, potatoes: colorably dense. can feed 3x as many people than wheat which increase population. Animals: Horses: Native Americans used for hunting Pigs: ate everything was a pest. Europeans brought small pox, whopping cough, measles to the new world which caused death. The transfer of diseases has the biggest affect on the Native American's Greater European population and they lived closer together in cities which gave the opportunity for diseases to bounce back and forth between people and become immune to them. Native Americans did not have big population and only had dogs who cannot spread diseases. Now worries about over population in 1600 and 1700s. Majority of population in Caribbean was African descent due to slaves.

Canary Islands

Portugese came to these islands. discover that these islands are ideal places to grow cash crops such as sugar. also discover that some of the people who live on these islands had a native population such as the Guanches. They enslaved these people and then quickly discovered that they would die of disease

Conquistador

Spanish explores with hopes of conquest in the New World.

Twelve Tables

Roman foundation for early codified law.

where did the conflict between the Hutu and the Tutsi take place

Rwanda

Committee of Correspondence 1722

Samuel Adams urged to communicate with other colonial assemblies, educate towns people about their political rights and rally opposition to British rule

Plessy v. Ferguson

Separate but equal

What did the United States Supreme Court conclude in its 1857 ruling on the Dred Scott case?

Slaves had no legal right to sue for their freedom

Motivations for Spanish colonization

Spain's colonization goals were to extract gold and silver from the Americas, to stimulate the Spanish economy and make Spain a more powerful country. Spain also aimed to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

Interactions with Native Americans

Spanish colonizers attempted to integrate Native Americans into Spanish culture by marrying them and converting them to Catholicism. Although some Native Americans adopted aspects of Spanish culture, others decided to rebel. The Pueblo Revolt was one example of a successful Native American effort to reclaim their religious practices, culture, and land.

Fransisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Inca King Atahualpa, effectively beginning Spanish rule in the Andean region.

how humans impact topography?

Strip-mining an area for minerals

Koremastu v. United States

Supreme Court ruled that Japanese American interment for military purposes was constitutional

outcome of the Battle of Saratoga

The American victory convinced France to form a military alliance with the colonists.

Natural barrier against the growth of British colonies in America

The Appalachian Mountain

events of the American Revolution occurred last?

The Battle of Yorktown

why Russia withdrew from the First World War

The Bolshevik Revolution started

why Russia withdrew from the First World War?

The Bolshevik Revolution started.

contributed to the start of the American Revolution

The British taxing the colonists to pay for the French and Indian War

why the expansion of the American colonies was limited under British rule?

The Proclamation of 1763 prevented the colonists from migrating west

why the expansion of the American colonies was limited under British rule?

The Proclamation of 1763 prevented the colonists from migrating west.

Sugar Production

Travelers of Portuguese traders to Western Africa acquainted the Portuguese with the African Slave Trade funded by the sugar production. Portuguese traded enslaved people across the Atlantic to toil on the sugar plantations.

Robert Oppenheimer

United States physicist who directed the project at Los Alamos that developed the first atomic bomb (1904-1967)

most effective method for a farmer to use to minimize the effects of a drought?

Using drip irrigation

Mercantilism

an economic theory that was designed to maximize trade for a nation and especially maximize the amount of gold and silver a country had. rejected free trade and promoted government regulation of the economy for the purpose of enhancing state power, defined the ecumenic policy of European colonizing countries. shaped European perceptions of wealth in the 1500-1700's. held that only a limited amount of wealth, as measured in gold and silver bullion, existed in the world. in order to gain power, merchants had to mine these raw materials from their colonies. did not believe in free trade, instead, that the nation should control trade to create wealth and enhance power.

United Nations

an international peacemaking organization that was created after WWII. replaced the League of Nations.

The Quartering Act

applied to all of the North American colonies, was designed to provide shelter for the British troops, allowing them to be housed in private buildings.33

Tariffs

are usually implemented to protect domestic manufacturing, but they may result in a weakening of related economies as those countries affected by the tariff purchase fewer goods. For example, the Tariff of 1828, while designed to protect northern manufacturing, reduced British imports of cotton from the southern United States thereby damaging the southern economy. they benefit some groups at the expanse of others

Ancient Mesopotamia

area between rivers. first place that agriculture was developed. in-between the Indus Valley Civilization and ancient Egyptians. geography had significant geographical developments such in terms of technology, agriculture and writing.

Herirán Cortes

arrived on Hispaniola in 1504 and participated in the conquest of the island. He then led exploration of the Yucatan peninsula in hopes of attaining glory. 1519, he entered Tenochitlian, the capital of Aztec /Mexica empire. Aztec wealth and gold fascinated Spanish explores. Hoping to gain power of the city, he took Montezuma the Aztec ruler hostage. The Spanish murdered hundreds of high ranking Mexica during a religious festival, but the Tenochitlian retaliated and cortes and his people fled for their lives. August 1521, he claimed Tenochitlian for Spain and renamed it Mexico City.

Region

as an area with one or more significant characteristics that make it stand out from surrounding areas. ex) Amazon Basin

Patriots

as the anti-British rebels were known, had established a fairly effective intelligence network, and some historians even believe that Gage's American wife, Margaret Kemble Gage, was a rebel spy. Whether or not she was the one who provided the Patriots with the information about the planned seizure and destruction of the armory at Concord, they received word of the British orders.

Declaratory Act

asserted Britain's climate right of control of the colonies.

Reconstruction Fiance Corporation

authorized lending of $2 billion to banks, railroads and other privately held companies and in July 1932, the federal government appropriated $300 million for nations first relief and public works projects.

Executive Order 9066

authorized the Secretary of War to declare certain areas within the United States as military zones, and to restrict access to those areas on the grounds of wartime military necessity.

Selective Service Act of 1917

authorized the conscription of military man power for the war effort so that the United States did not have to rely solely on volunteers. Because many Americans believed it was their patriotic duty to support war effort, the draft was well received and rates of daft-dodging were relativity low.

Administration of Justice Act

authorized the governor to send indicted government officials to other colonies or to London for trial.

Antietam

battle in Sharpsburg Maryland where the South invaded the North. bloodiest day in American History as 4,000 people died. a transition war where riffles are now being used which calls for more accuracy. Photographers are also in place which gives people an understanding about how dark and brutal war really is.

events of the American Revolution occurred last?

battle of Yorktown

George Washington

became the United States's first president in 1789. His actions in office set a precedent for a strong executive branch and a strong central government. During presidency, factions began to emerge that would soon form the first two political parties in the United States: the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists.

New Kingdom

began with the explosion of the Hykos from egypt and the restoration of centralized political control. most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power. Hatshepkt's Egypts most famous female ruler, established trade networks that helped build the wealth of egypt.

Akkadian

both a language and empire that will emerge. A semantic language (Arabic and Hebrew) they are spoken or reported to be spoken by the descents of Shem, who is Noah's son in the Hebrew bible.

Ukraine

breadbasket of Europe bc of The rich dark soil and the vast fields of wheat and other food products have earned Ukraine the nickname

The Crusade

campaign of violence launched by Christian Europeans against Muslims to dominate the Holy Lands, following the decline of Christian Byzantine. (between 11th and 15th centuries) increased religious intolerance and forceful religious conversation. Provided religious ideology for the Reconquista inspired Atlantic colonization.

Executive Branch

carries out and Enforces laws