Sociology 1

Which of the following areas may present ethical concerns for individuals conducting social science research? -confidentiality -deception -reactivity -unobtrusive measures

-Confidentiality -Deception

While ______ is most closely associated with value-free sociology, pre-existing values are not the only reason a sociologist might be biased. The notion of _______ can be skewed by the direction and focus of prior research. Additionally, the concept of ________ suggests that researchers can also influence those who are being studied.

-basic research -objectivity -reactivity

Identify the elements that could be considered culture. -dogs -films -style of dress -historical artifacts

-style of dress -historical artifacts -films

Is the perspective conflict theory, structural functionalism, or symbolic interactionism? Case study: Religion Religion serves to control the masses by creating rules for behavior; sanctions against violators may not be equally or fairly applied. Culture wars reflect tensions among groups over which values and norms will dominate.

Conflict theory (According to conflict theory, values and norms are part of the dominant culture and tend to represent and protect the interests of the most powerful groups in society.)

Which of the following are examples of cultural diffusion? -the growing number of Starbucks coffee chain locations in the United States -the popularity of anime programs like Dragon Ball in the United States during the last two decades -the dominance of Tim Hortons coffee-and-doughnut chain locations in Canada -the spread of hip-hop music (which originated in African-American and Latino communities in New York City) among white youth across the United States

Cultural Diffusion: -the spread of hip-hop music (which originated in African-American and Latino communities in New York City) among white youth across the United States (Material cultural diffusion can cross cultural boundaries other than national ones.) -the popularity of anime programs like Dragon Ball in the United States during the last two decades _____________ Not cultural diffusion: -the dominance of Tim Hortons coffee-and-doughnut chain locations in Canada -the growing number of Starbucks coffee chain locations in the United States

Identify the examples of cultural leveling. -The existence of Walmart, Starbucks, McDonald's and other chain stores in the vast majority of American towns. -The adoption if English as a second language in many countries. -You can watch Games of Thrones in Uzbekistan.

Cultural leveling: -The existence of Walmart, Starbucks, McDonald's and other chain stores in the vast majority of American towns -You can watch Games of Thrones in Uzbekistan. (Television shows and other media are necessarily a reflection of the culture in which they are produced.) __________________________ Not cultural leveling: -The adoption if English as a second language in many countries.

A postmodernist writes an essay arguing that the "factual" history of a Native American tribe in a textbook is no more accurate than a collection of short oral stories about the tribe. The postmodernist is engaging in what type of critical analysis?

Deconstruction

Microsociology is like a wide-angle lens perspective on society, whereas macrosociology is like a zoom lens perspective on society.

False

Identify the examples of moral holidays. -Valentine's Day -a night of celebration after a home team's Super Bowl victory -Halloween -a snow day when school is canceled

Moral Holidays: - a night of celebration after a home team's Super Bowl victory (Local residents are likely to engage in norm violations while celebrating their team's win. In this situation, mild violations, such as public drunkenness and general debauchery, are often not sanctioned.) -Halloween (Halloween allows some minor norm violations that are frowned upon on other days. These actions include scaring children or adults, visiting strangers' houses at night, and walking around in unusual costumes.)

C. Wright Mills was critical of social science and worked to connect the academic side of sociology to more tangible social debates of the time. Mills was convinced that sociology had something to offer everyone, not just academics. For these reasons, which term best describes C. Wright Mills? -Conflict theorist - Public intellectual - Microsociologist - Macrosociologist

Public intellectual

Is the perspective conflict theory, structural functionalism, or symbolic interactionism? Case study: Religion Religion consists of beliefs and rituals that are part of the interaction among followers. Reciting the Lord's Prayer, bowing toward Mecca, and keeping a kosher home are meaningful displays of different religious values and norms. Leaders may play a role in creating social change.

Symbolic interactionism (According to symbolic interactionism, values and norms are social constructions that may vary over time and in different contexts; meaning is created, maintained, and changed through ongoing social interaction.)

True or false. Any physical object that has social meaning can be considered a part of material culture.

True

True or False Modern cultural imperialism is closely linked to the proliferation of Western media.

True (The proliferation of Western media amounts to what some social critics call cultural imperialism. These critics conceive of media as a kind of invading force that enters a country and takes it over—much like an army—but with film, television, music, soft drinks, and running shoes instead of guns.)

Identify the true and false statements about culture. - Culture is second nature -Culture is handed down from generation to generation -Culture includes both material and nonmaterial elements -Culture acts as a lens through which individuals view the world

True: -Culture is handed down from generation to generation -Culture includes both material and nonmaterial elements -Culture acts as a lens through which individuals view the world ________________________________________ False: -Culture is second nature (Culture is learned rather than innate.)

Peter Stearns (2004) consulted various existing sources for his book Anxious Parents: A History of Modern Childrearing in America. What did he find?

While children were once viewed as self-sufficient mini-adults, beginning in the late 1800s children were seen as particularly vulnerable.

Identify each scenario as violating a folkway, a more, or neither. - A toddler throwing a tantrum and lying down in the middle of a supermarket. -A woman walking down an American street with no shirt or bra on -A man paying for a $100 meal using only one-dollar bills

-neither -more -folkway (This type of behavior is likely to be viewed as a violation of a folkway because though it is atypical and annoying, there is no serious enforcement against it and no penalty for doing so.)

Which of the following are disadvantages of existing sources research?

Correct: - Existing sources research can describe the messages inherent in the media, but not illuminate how such messages are interpreted. (It can only describe the original messages that existed, but not how people reacted or viewed those messages.) - Existing sources research does not allow researchers to answer all questions. _________________________________________________ Incorrect: - Existing sources research has low replicability. - Existing sources research may have low validity because respondents are dishonest.

Questions in a Likert scale format are open-ended. True or False

False

What is one of the main points of Horace Miner's article "Body Ritual among the Nacirema"?

It is easy to take one's own culture for granted.

What, according to C. Wright Mills, is the function of the sociological imagination?

The sociologist imagination enables us to connect our personal experience with the larger forces of history.

Identify the true and false statements about survey research. -Survey research mainly uses closed-ended questions. -Survey research mainly focuses on the micro level. -Survey research is quantitative in nature. -Survey research uses only likert scale questions.

True: -Survey research mainly uses closed-ended questions. (Although a survey can include open-ended questions, it is rare, and the bulk of the question will still be closed-ended questions.) -Survey research is quantitative in nature. (Ethnography is an example of qualitative research) _______________________________________ False: -Survey research mainly focuses on the micro level. (Qualitative research is usually a much better research tool to focus on the micro level.) -Survey research uses only likert scale questions. (Although a survey can include Likert scale questions, it is highly unlikely that all of the questions would be Likert scale questions.)

Which social theorist introduced the idea of the sociological imagination?

Wright Mills

Before collecting data, social researchers must identify a __________ from which to select their _________. After that, if they want to interview __________, sociologists must first get _______, which means that participants agree to be interviewed and know what they are getting into.

- target population -sample -respondents -informed consent

Which of the following are examples of the experimental method? -A researcher deliberately drops a wallet in a public place and observes the reactions of passersby. -A researcher sifts through data about divorce rates and gas prices, looking for a correlation. -A researcher poses as a store clerk and documents several varieties of shoplifting behavior over a period of time. -A researcher compares the attitudes of two focus groups after each group watches a corporate training video. One video has sexist content and the other does not.

-A researcher compares the attitudes of two focus groups after each group watches a corporate training video. One video has sexist content and the other does not. -A researcher deliberately drops a wallet in a public place and observes the reactions of passersby.

A sociologist fields a survey that collects data on where high school students apply to college. After some preliminary analysis, they attempt to use their data to create a new program that will encourage low-income students to apply to more rigorous colleges that may be a better fit for them. The researcher hopes that the program will increase the percentage of low-income students who attend elite colleges. What type of research is involved in this scenario?

-Action research (the sociologist is specifically looking to create social change.)

Which of the following is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? -A non-English speaking group adopts particular English words, such as coffee and Earth, into their own language. -An indigenous people have no equivalent words for planet, Earth, or world. They do not view a macro picture of multiple planets.

-An indigenous people have no equivalent words for planet, Earth, or world. They do not view a macro picture of multiple planets. (A real-life example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis comes from the Hopi tribe. According to anthropologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, the Hopi people have no words for "past," "present," or "future," and do not experience time in the same way as others who have a language that does include such words.)

Which of the following are disadvantages of ethnographic research? -Ethnographic research suffers from a lack of replicability. -Ethnographic research often is not representative of a larger part of society. -Ethnographic research often doesn't capture a full range of expression from the respondents. -Ethnographic research is not very rich in detail.

-Ethnographic research suffers from a lack of replicability. -Ethnographic research often is not representative of a larger part of society.

Identify the sociologists who are functionalists. -Jane Addams -Max Weber -Robert Merton -Émile Durkheim -Talcott Parsons

-Functionalist: -Robert Merton -Émile Durkheim -Talcott Parsons

Place the events in chronological order on the timeline. -Karl Marx wrote Manifesto of the Communist Party. -Harriet Martineau wrote Society in America. -Auguste Comte wrote Introduction to Positive Philosophy.

-Harriet Martineau wrote Society in America. -Auguste Comte wrote Introduction to Positive Philosophy. -Karl Marx wrote Manifesto of the Communist Party.

Identify the elements that are associated with Émile Durkheim's functionalist theoretical perspective. -social dynamics of very small groups -criticism of the ideas of Auguste Comte -positivist sociology -solidarity

-Positivist sociology -Solidarity

A simple random sample is also which of the following? -Target population -Sample -Probability sample -Spurious sample

-Probability sample -Sample

One of the most significant influences on any society is its material culture. And most changes in material culture tend to be technological. Place each technological change in chronological order. -Television -internet -smartphones -Virtual assistants

-Television (Televisions became a regular part of daily life in the 1950s.) -Internet (Internet usage became commonplace in the 1990s.) -Smartphones (Smartphones were introduced in the 2000s.) -Virtual assistants (Virtual assistants such as Siri, Alexa, and Google Home were introduced to consumers in the 2010s.)

The _________ approaches their social world with practical knowledge, whereas the _________approaches the world by using reasoning and questions to gain deeper insights.

-everyday actor -social analyst

TV shows like Queer Eye, Naked and Afraid, and Love Is Blind reflect how we are all part of the same ________, and for that reason we are curious about how the others live. ____________, however, is slightly different than reality television. It is the _____________ or scientific study of human society and social behavior, from large-scale institutions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions.

-society -Sociology -systematic

Label the scientific method in the correct order. 1. Conduct a literature review 2. Identifies a problem or asks a general question 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Collect data 5. Choose a research design or method 6. Disseminate findings 7. Analyze data

1. Identifies a problem or asks a general question 2. Conduct a literature review 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Choose a research design or method 5. Collect data 6. Analyze data 7. Disseminate findings

Which of the following are basic goals of social scientists when conducting experiments? -To set up two groups in a way so that they know who receives the experimental treatment and what the outcome should be in advance. - To develop precise tools with which to observe, record, and measure their data -To attempt to control for all possible variables except the one under investigation -To create a perfect experiment where a control group is unnecessary

Basic Goals: - To develop precise tools with which to observe, record, and measure their data (The strength of experiments comes from the meticulous set up of variables and conditions.) -To attempt to control for all possible variables except the one under investigation. (This allows the researcher to draw clearer conclusions about what causes change in the dependent variable.) _____________________________________________________ Not Basic Goals: -To set up two groups in a way so that they know who receives the experimental treatment and what the outcome should be in advance. (Experiments are often double-blind, meaning that neither the researcher nor the subject knows who receives the treatment. Double-blind experiments are less common in social science, but nonetheless the researcher should not know the outcome in advance.) -To create a perfect experiment where a control group is unnecessary. (In true experiments, a control group is always necessary.)

Which of the following measurement methods would yield results that could be generalized to the student population of a large university? -School records are used to select 100 students from different categories (male and female, white and nonwhite, etc.) in numbers that mirror the overall student population. These students will fill out a short questionnaire.

Correct: - School records are used to select 100 students from different categories (male and female, white and nonwhite, etc.) in numbers that mirror the overall student population. These students will fill out a short questionnaire. (This is called stratified sampling, which is one way to ensure that results can be generalized.) -Comprehensive school records are used to randomly select a sample group of 100 students who will fill out a short questionnaire. (The details of the questionnaire are less important for generalizability than the fact that the sample comes directly from a list of the entire population.) __________________________________________________________ Incorrect: -Five students are randomly selected for in-depth interviews, each lasting half an hour. (A group of five students is too small to be representative of the entire university population.) -Students passing by a campus booth are invited to fill out a questionnaire; several hundred do so.

Identify the commonalities between QAnon and Antifa. - Started at the underground or grassroots level -Gained visibility and support through rallies and protests. - Proliferated online and through social media - Promote anarchy as a solution to social problems

Correct: - Started at the underground or grassroots level (Culture wars often play out on the political stage, but they may originate in more informal settings. Both QAnon and Antifa originated in underground or grassroots settings, and have grown to influence formal political discourse.) -Gained visibility and support through rallies and protests.(Culture wars demonstrate deep and ongoing divisions among Americans about which values should rule. Some interactions occur online, and others involve in-person interactions at rallies or protests. In 2017, Antifa counter-protesters clashed with members of white nationalist groups at a Unite the Right rally in Virginia that left one person dead.) - Proliferated online and through social media(Culture clashes frequently unfold in the media and online, where social commentators, political pundits, and bloggers debate the issues.)

A young shopper goes to the mall looking for "cool" clothes. What would a symbolic interactionist say about this situation? -"Coolness" is a construction rather than an objective fact. - Neither the shopper nor the clothes is actually "cool." -What is considered "cool" never changes.

Correct: -"Coolness" is a construction rather than an objective fact. (As Herbert Blumer points out, meanings are not inherent; rather, they are negotiated through interaction with others.) Incorrect: -Neither the shopper nor the clothes is actually "cool." (Symbolic interactionism does not deny the reality of "coolness," but it does point out that social facts (such as "coolness") exist only because we create and re-create them through our interactions.) -What is considered "cool" never changes. (According to Herbert Blumer, meanings can change or be modified through interaction. This is particularly true of clothing trends: What is considered "cool" now might not be next year. A few years down the line, it might be back in style again.)

A sociologist is worried that her presence is affecting interactions between the people she is studying. Identify the concepts she should consider during her study. -Bias -Operational definition -Reflexivity -Reactivity

Correct: -Bias -Reflexivity (Reflexivity, or how the identity and activities of the researcher influence what is going on in the field setting, could be a concern) -Reactivity (Reactivity, or the tendency of people and events to react to the process of being studied, could be a concern.) _______________________________________________________________________ Incorrect: -operational definition (Refers to having a clear and precise definition of a variable that facilitates its measurement. It does not relate to the interactions between a sociologist and their research subjects.)

A sociologist begins participant observation of a group of community college students in the hopes that she can learn more about how young people form new relationships. When the sociologist is asked to teach an ethnography class, she hangs out with many of those same students and teaches them more about ethnography in a small group setting. She quickly begins to see many of the group members as her friends, and participates in social events with them. Identify the aspects of research methodology that might be problematic for this study. -Reflexivity -Bias -Replicability -Details

Correct: -Bias (Not only is any researcher possibly at risk of bias, but in this situation, the researcher has become "friends" with the students and is at risk for bias in recording and interpreting research data.) -Reflexivity (Clearly, the identity and activities of the researcher may be affecting what is happening during the group's interactions.) -Replicability (Ethnographic research, in general, suffers from a lack of replicability, and this research is no exception.) ________________________________________________ Incorrect: -Details (Ethnographic research excels at telling richly detailed stories that contribute to our understanding of social life. The researcher's knowledge of the group she studies provides richer context than a large-scale survey could.)

Which of the following are advantages of existing sources research? -Existing sources research allows researchers to work with information they could not obtain on their own. -Existing sources research allows researchers to avoid the unpredictable intrusions of the real world. -Existing sources research allows researchers to gain the context and interpretations of the original messages. -Existing sources research allows researchers to use the same data that has been used for previous research and thus has high replicability.

Correct: -Existing sources research allows researchers to work with information they could not obtain on their own. -Existing sources research allows researchers to use the same data that has been used for previous research and thus has high replicability. (The source material or data does not change. Although researchers may differ in how they interpret or code the data, the replicability should still remain quite high.) _______________________________ Incorrect: -Existing sources research allows researchers to avoid the unpredictable intrusions of the real world. (This is an advantage of experimental research.) -Existing sources research allows researchers to gain the context and interpretations of the original messages. (Existing sources research cannot allow the researcher to understand how people originally interpreted messages. Additional research would be necessary to do so)

Identify the advantages of social network analysis. -Social network analysis usually involves original data collection where studies are carefully designed to accurate capture all network connections. -Social network analysis captures important details and diversity among actors. -Social network analysis contributes to the production of "big data." Big data is extremely useful to both corporations and social scientists. -Social network analysis is very useful for a variety of researchers.

Correct: -Social network analysis contributes to the production of "big data." Big data is extremely useful to both corporations and social scientists. (Big data enables corporations to identify major trends quickly, target audiences effectively, and make predictions. Big data also creates new fields of research for social scientists.) -Social network analysis is very useful for a variety of researchers. (Social network analysis can trace the route of just about anything—an idea, disease, rumor, or trend—as it moves through a social group, community, or society. This makes SNA a useful method for epidemiologists (scientists who study diseases within populations), political sociologists, and market researchers.) __________________________________________________ Incorrect: -Social network analysis usually involves original data collection where studies are carefully designed to accurate capture all network connections. (Big data is expensive to collect and analyze, and large social network data sets often come from sources that have been assembled for other purposes (such as advertising) or that pose a threat to privacy. If you look at a network with thousands or millions of links, you're likely to discover some sort of finding. The question becomes one of asking if such a finding would hold up in a smaller, more connected, interpersonal network.) -Social network analysis captures important details and diversity among actors. (Social network analysis, because it is fundamentally quantitative, can gloss over important details and diversity in the experiences of social actors.)

A sociologist conducts an experiment to see how watching a documentary on young men in gay relationships affects individual attitudes toward gay marriage. Both men and women are given a survey, but only those in the experimental group watch the video before answering the survey questions. Identify the dependent variables in this experiment. -Exposure to a video on young men in gay relationships -Sex/gender -Attitudes toward gay marriage -Answering a survey

Dependent Variable: -Attitudes toward gay marriage ________________________________________________ Not Dependent Variable: -Exposure to a video on young men in gay relationships -Answering a survey -Sex/gender. (Sex/gender is a particular type of independent variable known as a control variable. Although the sociologist does not believe that the sex/gender changes attitudes toward gay marriage, it may be related, so they have chosen to control for it by testing men and women in separate groups.)

Identify the common disadvantages of interview research. -Interview research may lead to conclusions that cannot be applied to a larger group. -Interviews do not often allow respondents to speak their own words and reveal their own thoughts, feelings, or beliefs. -Interview respondents are not always forthcoming or truthful. -Interview research often suffers from personal bias from the researcher involved

Disadvantages: -Interview research may lead to conclusions that cannot be applied to a larger group. (Because face-to-face interviewing is time-consuming, interviews are rarely used with large numbers of people and may not be representative.) -Interview respondents are not always forthcoming or truthful. (A researcher can potentially counteract this disadvantage by observing their subjects to see if they do what they say.) _____________________________________________________________ Advantages: -Interviews do not often allow respondents to speak their own words and reveal their own thoughts, feelings, or beliefs. -Interview research often suffers from personal bias from the researcher involved

Which of the following are double-barreled questions? -Do you support raising taxes to provide additional childcare subsidies to the poor? -When was the last time you ate pizza and what were the toppings you had on it? -How many times per week do you read? - On a scale of 1 to 5 (where 1 equals strongly disagree and 5 equals strongly agree), how much do you support the current president's policies?

Double- Barreled Question: - When was the last time you are pizza and what were the topping you had on it? (A respondent could not recall the last time they ate pizza but recall the toppings they had on it. Conversely, a respondent could recall the last time they ate pizza but not recall the toppings.) -Do you support raising taxes to provide additional childcare subsidies to the poor? (A respondent could support raising taxes but not for the purpose of providing childcare subsidies. A respondent could also not support raising taxes but think we should increase childcare subsidies.) ____________________________________________________ Not Double- Barreled Question: - How many times per week do you read? (This question only asks about one specific topic: reading habits.) -On a scale of 1 to 5 (where 1 equals strongly disagree and 5 equals strongly agree). how much do you support the current president's policies? (This question only ask about one specific topic: support if the current president's policies)

Identify the historical thinkers as either early theorists (important to the development of sociology but not sociologists, as they predated the field itself) or social theorists who are associated with "classical sociology." - Herbert Spencer - Harriet Martineau - Karl Marx - Emile Durkheim

Early Theorist(s): -Herbert Spencer -Harriet Martineau Classical Sociologist(s): -Karl Marx -Emile Durkheim

Identify the examples of postmodernism in popular culture. -The Grey Album by DJ Danger Mouse, which uses tracks from the Beatles' White Album and Jay-Z's Black Album. -copies of famous landmarks, such as the Eiffel Tower in Las Vegas -Hip-hop -Liberty University, the college associated with fundamentalist Christianity

Examples: -The Grey Album by DJ Danger Mouse, which uses tracks from the Beatles' White Album and Jay-Z's Black Album. -copies of famous landmarks, such as the Eiffel Tower in Las Vegas -Hip-hop Not Example: -Liberty University, the college associated with fundamentalist Christianity

True or false. Although American culture is highly visible worldwide via the media, the moral and political values of the country are not highly visible.

False

What is one of the biggest problems with nonacademic uses of research methods?

It often has a lack of rigorous standards.

Which of the following nonacademic uses of sociological methods is most common? -government censuses -market research -political polls -organizational experiments

Market research

Identify each question as applying to either microsociology or macrosociology. -How does a family conversation escalate into a shouting match? -How do two drivers decide who goes first at a four-way stop? -Why does the officer-enlisted relationship differ between a country's army and its navy? -Why do some immigrant groups assimilate faster than others?

Microsociology: - How does a family conversation escalate into a shouting match? -How do two drivers decide who goes first at a four-way stop? Macrosociology: -Why does the officer-enlisted relationship differ between a country's army and its navy? -Why do some immigrant groups assimilate faster than others?

Identify each question as applying to either microsociology or macrosociology. -What types of languages and gestures do students use when interacting with teachers? -How does giving children different types of toys to play with affect their performance of gender roles? -How do the organization of education systems around the world affect the percentage of individuals who go to college? -What types of religious organizations are most effective at lobbying political entities for support?

Microsociology: -What types of languages and gestures do students use when interacting with teachers? -How does giving children different types of toys to play with affect their performance of gender roles? Macrosociology: -How do the organization of education systems around the world affect the percentage of individuals who go to college? -What types of religious organizations are most effective at lobbying political entities for support?

A sociologist wants to study a global community of online gamers who all play the same multiplayer game. Identify the activities that could realistically be part of the research. - Analyzing player statistics, such as time played and level achieved.

Part of Research: - Analyzing player statistics, such as time played and level achieved. (Quantitative information like this would be a useful complement to qualitative notes.) -Becoming a player and observing interactions in real time. (This is a qualitative method called participant observation.) __________________________________ Not Part of Research: -Conducting in-person focus groups (Focus groups are traditionally done in person. The interaction between participants, including visualizing their body language and reactions, is critical to the method.) -Conducting in-person interviews (The anonymous, widespread nature of the community makes in-person interviews unrealistic.)

Identify each item as involving either practical or scientific knowledge. -the locations of your favorite restaurants - the information needed to pay your bills online -the average education level of individuals whose parents graduated from college -how much water you need to intake on a daily basis to survive

Practical Knowledge: - the locations of your favorite restaurants - the information needed to pay your bills online Scientific Knowledge: -the average education level of individuals whose parents graduated from college -how much water you need to intake on a daily basis to survive

Identify each question as applying to either practical or scientific knowledge. -What classes are most likely to provide me with the knowledge that employers are looking for? - How do I cross the street safely? -How do I register for classes? -How does a traffic light help to regulate traffic?

Practical knowledge: -How do I register for classes? -How do I cross the street safely? Scientific knowledge: -Which classes are most likely to provide me with the knowledge that employers are looking for? -How does a traffic light help to regulate traffic?

Identify each research method as either qualitative or quantitative. - Each person in a sample group is recorded as being either a United States citizen or a citizen of another country. -Each person at a gathering of academics is invited to talk about their political views. -The number of people in a large gathering is recorded. -An observer take notes on the nonverbal behavior of members of a focus group for car commercials.

Qualitative: - An observer takes notes on the nonverbal behavior of members of a focus group for car commercials. (Although eventually some numbers might be extracted from the data, initially what is recorded is each person's unique behavior: eye contact, hand gestures, facial expressions, and more.) -Each person at a gathering of academics is invited to talk about their political views. (The data is qualitative because everyone will say something different.) _____________________________________________________________ Quantitative: - The number of people in a large gathering is recorded. (The size of the group is numeric information.) -Each person in a sample group is recorded as being either a United States citizen or a citizen of another country. (Even though the categories "U.S. citizen" and "citizen of another country" are not numeric, the data can be turned into numbers (how many U.S. citizens, how many non-U.S. citizens).)

What is the definition of sociology?

Sociology is the systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior.

Is the perspective conflict theory, structural functionalism, or symbolic interactionism? Case study: Religion Religion is an important social institution that functions as the basis for the morals and ethics that followers embrace, and that are applied to both society and the individual, thus promoting social order.

Structural functionalism (According to structural functionalism, values and norms are widely shared and agreed upon; they contribute to social stability by reinforcing common bonds and constraining individual behavior.)

Identify the examples of subcultures in the United States today. -Skateboarders -All soda drinkers in the United States -Incompetent doctors -CrossFit (group exercise) participants

Subculture: -Skateboarders (Skateboarders share a common set of terms, which are often used as a kind of code. They frequently gather to demonstrate their skateboarding skills.) -CrossFit (group exercise) participants (People who do CrossFit share a body of knowledge, a set of values, and often pursue their interest in groups.) ______________________________________________ Not Subculture: -Incompetent doctors (Incompetent doctors are unified only by things common to the medical profession generally. There are no annual conferences for bad doctors, nor do they necessarily share any common values) -All soda drinkers in the United States (Because this group spans the entire country and doesn't specify a type of soda drinker, it does not constitute a subculture.)

A sociologist thinks they have discovered a very interesting and unique finding. Their data show a correlation between children's shoe sizes and their reading test scores. They think that children with bigger feet must be smarter. What is the most logical explanation based on this information? -The relationship between shoe size and reading test score is causal. -The correlation between shoe size and reading tests score is incorrect. -The relationship between shoe size and reading test score is spurious. the bias of the researcher is influencing the correlation.

The relationship between shoe size and reading test score is spurious.

Cultural _________ occurs when different groups share their material and nonmaterial culture with each other, and cultural ___________ occurs when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar to one another. A third type of cultural change is cultural ____________, or the imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through_________ rather than by________

diffusion leveling imperialism media and consumer products military force

Signs, gestures, and language, as well as values and norms, are all part of ___________ culture. __________ are specific types of norms that formally codify what is permissible or forbidden, while __________ often include severe repercussions and public condemnation. The most powerful of all norms are __________.

nonmaterial Laws mores taboos