Sociology Ch. 1 Pt 2

Which of the following people had an important influence on the development of the social-conflict approach? a. Karl Marx b. Talcott Parsons c. Emile Durkheim d. Herbert Spencer

a. Karl Marx

If you were trying to measure the "social class" of various people, you would have to keep in mind that a. it is necessary to specify exactly what you are measuring. b. you must measure this in every way possible. c. there is simply no way to measure "social class." d. everyone agrees on what "social class" means.

a. it is necessary to specify exactly what you are measuring.

Unrecognized and unintended consequences of the social structure are called a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions.

a. latent functions.

By what process does a researcher determine the value of a variable? a. measurement b. correlation c. conceptualization d. validation

a. measurement

It would be correct to say that critical sociology a. focuses on the meaning people attach to behavior. b. seeks to increase social equality. c. endorses the principle of being value-free. d. tries to understand society as it is.

b. seeks to increase social equality.

The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is a. an arena of conflict between categories of people. b. the reality people construct as they interact with one another. c. a system that operates to benefit people. d. a collection of structures that operate together in an orderly way.

b. the reality people construct as they interact with one another.

Which of the following can correctly be called the "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change"? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. dramaturgical analysis

b. the social-conflict approach

The structural-functional approach helps us to a. bring about needed social change. b. understand "what makes society tick." c. discover the meaning people find in behavior. d. study the way people understand the larger world.

b. understand "what makes society tick."

Which U.S. sociologist studied the African American community and served as a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. William Graham Sumner

c. W. E. B. Du Bois

A social-conflict analysis of sports might emphasize a. the way in which sports encourage competition. b. the importance of physical ability to success. c. how sports reflect social inequality. d. the different meaning people attach to games.

c. how sports reflect social inequality.

For Karl Marx, the point of studying society was a. to understand how it really operates. b. to compare U.S. society to others. c. to encourage support for tradition. d. to reduce inequality.

d. to reduce inequality.

Critical sociology can best be described as a. an activist approach. b. a scientific approach. c. a qualitative approach. d. a value-free approach.

a. an activist approach.

Identify the three sociologists below who played a part in the development of sociology's structural- functional approach. a. Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, W. E. B. Du Bois b. Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim c. Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Auguste Comte d. Harriet Martineau, Robert Merton, W. E. B. Du Bois

b. Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim

Building social relationships would be a __________ of sports. a. manifest function b. latent function c. dysfunction d. counter-function

b. latent function

The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher a. must not care personally about the topic being studied. b. must try to be personally neutral about the outcome of the research. c. must study issues that have no particular value to society as a whole. d. must carry out research that will encourage desirable social change.

b. must try to be personally neutral about the outcome of the research.

Which of the following questions summarizes the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach? a. How is society held together? b. How does society divide a population? c. How do individual people experience society? d. How do some people protect their privileges?

c. How do individual people experience society?

Which early U.S. sociologist earned the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. William Graham Sumner

c. W. E. B. Du Bois

Interpretive sociology is sociology that a. focuses on people's actions. b. sees an objective reality "out there." c. focuses on the meaning people attach to behavior. d. seeks to bring about desirable social change.

c. focuses on the meaning people attach to behavior.

Sociologists use the concept "empirical evidence" to refer to information a. based on a society's traditions. b. that squares with common sense. c. people can verify with their senses. d. that most people agree is true.

c. people can verify with their senses.

Which of the following phrases best describes the focus of the structural-functional approach? a. the meaning people attach to their action b. patterns of social inequality c. the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society d. the way people understand their world

c. the consequences of social

The social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to highlight a. class differences in a high school graduation rates. b. how schooling prepares people for jobs. c. the meanings people attach to schooling. d. how people present themselves to others at school.

a. class differences in a high school graduation rates.

Who was the pioneering sociologist who founded Chicago's Hull House to assist immigrants and later received the Nobel Peace Prize? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer

a. Jane Addams

Which early sociologist claimed that his goal was not to simply understand society but to change it? a. Herbert Spencer b. Talcott Parsons c. Karl Marx d. Emile Durkheim

c. Karl Marx

Which of the following is NOT one of the defining traits of a cause-and-effect relationship? a. Each variable must be shown to be independent of the other. b. The independent variable must come before the dependent variable in time. c. The two variables must display correlation. d. There must be no evidence that the correlation is spurious due to the effect of some third variable.

a. Each variable must be shown to be independent of the other.

Which of the following statements is an accurate criticism of the structural-functional approach? a. It ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict. b. It focuses only on social dysfunction. c. It focuses too much on power divisions in society. d. It ignores macro-level social structure.

a. It ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict.

Who was the U.S. sociologist who pointed out the difference between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns? a. Robert K. Merton b. William Graham Sumner c. Talcott Parsons d. C. Wright Mills

a. Robert K. Merton

Science can be defined as a. a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation. b. belief based on faith in ultimate truth. c. belief based on a society's traditions. d. a logical system that bases knowledge on political goals.

a. a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.

Which of the following theoretical approaches paints societies in broad strokes at a macro-level? a. both the structural-functional and social-conflict approaches b. both the structural-functional and symbolic-interaction approaches c. both the social-conflict and symbolic-interaction approaches d. only the symbolic-interaction approach

a. both the structural-functional and social-conflict approaches

Which of the following is a social-conflict approach that deals with inequality between women and men? a. feminism and the gender-conflict approach b. the race-conflict approach c. the structural-functional approach d. the symbolic-interaction approach

a. feminism and the gender-conflict approach

An example of an insight offered by social-exchange analysis is that a. people typically seek mates who have about as much to offer as they do. b. class differences are reflected in favored sports. c. people build reality as they introduce themselves. d. people who do more important work usually earn more pay.

a. people typically seek mates who have about as much to offer as they do.

Which of the following is the best example of a manifest function of sports? a. providing people with recreation and physical conditioning b. fostering social relationships c. creating jobs d. teaching a society's way of life

a. providing people with recreation and physical conditioning

Which of the following concepts refers to relatively stable patterns of social behavior? a. social structure b. social dynamics c. social functions d. social dysfunctions

a. social structure

Which theoretical approach leads us to see society as orderly and stable? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the social-interaction approach d. the sociobiology approach

a. the structural-functional approach

The social-conflict approach is sometimes criticized for a. focusing on values shared by everyone in society. b. being clearly political. c. promoting the status quo. d. favoring objectivity over change.

b. being clearly political.

A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it a. focuses all its attention on major social institutions. b. ignores how structural factors such as class affect people's experiences. c. paints a too rosy picture of society. d. focuses only on conflict and not common values.

b. ignores how structural factors such as class affect people's experiences.

The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions.

b. manifest functions.

Robert Merton explained that what is functional for one category of a society's population a. is typically functional for everyone. b. may not be functional for another category. c. is unlikely to change over time. d. will always be functional in the future.

b. may not be functional for another category.

The social-conflict approach draws attention to a. how elements contribute to the overall operation of society. b. how people construct meaning through interaction. c. patterns of social inequality. d. the stable aspects of society.

c. patterns of social inequality.

Which theoretical approach highlights the fact that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as the meaning they attach to their behavior? a. structural-functional approach b. social-conflict approach c. symbolic-interaction approach d. social-exchange approach

c. symbolic-interaction approach

Which of the following topics illustrates a micro-level focus? a. the operation of the U.S. economy b. a rising level of global terrorism c. two airplane passengers getting to know one another d. class inequality in the armed forces

c. two airplane passengers getting to know one another

Studying the meaning people attach to their everyday lives is the search for a. quantitative data. b. validity. c. verstehen or "understanding." d. value-freedom.

c. verstehen or "understanding."

Which of the following statements about positivist sociology is CORRECT? a. It focuses on the meaning people attach to behavior. b. It seeks to bring about desirable social change. c. It favors qualitative data. d. It favors quantitative data.

d. It favors quantitative data.

Which founding sociologist is credited with calling attention to the meaning people attach to their behavior? a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Auguste Comte d. Max Weber

d. Max Weber

The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be value-free was a. Karl Marx. b. Emile Durkheim. c. Herbert Spencer. d. Max Weber.

d. Max Weber.

Which term refers to "a mental construct that represents some part of the world"? a. a variable b. operationalization c. measurement d. a concept

d. a concept

A commonly used statistic that results from adding all scores and dividing by the number of scores is called the a. descriptive statistic. b. mode. c. median. d. mean.

d. mean.

Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society. What concept refers to these negative consequences? a. latent structure b. eufunctions c. manifest functions d. social dysfunctions

d. social dysfunctions

Looking at the operation of U.S. schools, the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that a. the function of schools is to teach needed skills. b. the experience of schooling differs from child to child. c. schools have been a major path to social advancement. d. society provides much better schooling to some categories of students than to others.

d. society provides much better schooling to some categories of students than to others.

Herbert Spencer described human society as having much in common with a. animal societies. b. the solar system. c. the human brain. d. the human body.

d. the human body.

Two variables are said to display correlation if a. change in one causes no change in the other. b. they can both be measured accurately. c. both measure the same thing. d. they vary together.

d. they vary together.