Sociology Ch. 8
_____ argues that racism is partly driven by economic competition&struggle over scarce resources. _____ in which one group of workers is routinely paid less than other groups, keeps wages low for racialðnic minorities, compounding the effects of racism with those of poverty
Edna Bonaich, split labor market
____ & ____ argue that race isn't just a secondary phenomenon that results from class system: it permeates both lived experience&larger-scale activity, such as the economy&the government
Michael Omi, Howard Winant
In _____ book, he looks at the history race relations in Cali during the late 19th century, and saw how there was a racial hierarchy starting with whites at the top. Examines how white supermacist ideology became institutionalized
Tomas Almaguer
A pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogenous. Central idea of America's "melting point". Minority group may lose their previous ethnic or racial identity because of this
assimilation
Focuses on the struggle for power&control
conflict theory
The process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture. Learn the cultural practices of the dominant group. Can lose racial/ethnicity identity/customs
cultural assimilation
Unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice. An action/bheavior. Ex: The manager turns down a job for a woman because she is black or hispanic. There are different forms
discrimination
Those elements of identity that are generated through other's perceptions of our physical traits. The way we are perceived in physical world
embodied identity
A socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor. Ex: Amish people or Jewish people
ethnicity
Contend positive feelings about one's group are strong ties that bind people together. Cultural differences&the lack of integration into the larger society on the part of minorities tend to feel fear&hostility
functionalism
Provided a useful lens for analyzing how certain ethnic groups eventually became assimilated into the larger society. Proven less successful in explaining the persistence of racial divisions&why other races/ethnicities have continued to maintain their distinct identities alongside with majority culture today. Best offers explanations of how prejudice&discrimination develop, by focusing on social solidarity&group cohesion
functionalism
The deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group. The worst possible outcome between a dominant&subordinate group. Ex: The holocaust; Nazis wiped out millions of Jewish people and some non-Jewish "undesirables"
genocide
Status is contested. Ex: accusations that one is not "really" black or not black enough, or that one is a "Tom"
identity challenge
Discrimination carried out by one person against another because of their race/ethnicity. Ex: a racist teacher lowers the grade of a hispanic than what he actually deserves
individual discrimination
Discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affect all members of a group who come into contact with it. Ex: 1944 Congress passed G.I. Bill of Rights that provided funds for education/homes loans to returning WW2 veterans, and it was mainly whites that had this advantage
institutional discrimination
The economic&political domination&subjugation of the minority group by the controlling group within a nation. Takes the form of economic exploitation&includes some sort of physical segregation of groups by race/ethnicity
internal colonialism
Members of a social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups but who are not necessarily fewer in number than the domninant groups. Suffer unewual treatment because of their status and seen as belonging to a social category
minority group
People who are light skin African Americans attempt to live as whites in order to avoid the dire consequences of being black in a racist society. This is an example of:
passing
Presenting yourself as a member of a different racial or ethnic group that the one you were born into. It can be stressful, hard work, and almost entirely interactional -got to be skillful
passing
A cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation within a society
pluralism
In Switzerland, consists of French, German, Italian, Catholics, and Protestants live in relative harmony and equality. Each represented at all levels of government. Canadian government commited to the ideals of multiculturalism, funding for programs aimed to improve race relation. These are examples of
pluralism
The forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied. Ex: Native Americans on Indian reservations. Sometimes takes more indirect form-group of people will choose to leave "voluntarily" Ex: Mormons, crossed country & settled in Utah
population transfer
An idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it. Thought process/prejudgment, inflexible attidue about a particular group & rooted in generalizations/stereotypes. Ex: All Irish are drunks. All Mexicans are lazy
prejudice
A socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
race
The process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage. Having children with the dominant group until the different races are completely mixed. Can lose racial/ethnicity identity
racial assimilation
Set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are genetic. Presumes that one group is better than the other
racism
The formal and legal separation of group by race or ethnicity. Ex: Blacks and white drank from separate water fountains. Blacks sat in the back of the bus, whites in the front
segregation
An ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation. Ex: There was a Dr. who was Lebanese who grew up in Southern Cali. She felt like she should downplay her identity, because Arabs were looked as suspicious. When she moved to an area of Illinoise; she found that there was a lot of Lebanese people, therefore she opened up more-showed her identity
situational ethnicity
An ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life. Ex: Irish Americans celebrate St. Patricks Day. Same with those who celebrate Cinco De Mayo
symbolic ethnicity
True or false? Asian Americans and whites enjoy more success overall in the U.S. educational system than African Americans and Hispanics. Reasons for dropping out are complex, but the highest rates are associated with those from economically disadvantaged and non-English-speaking backgrounds
true
True or false? Kathryn Edin argues that low-income women of all ethnicities see marriage as having few benefits. They feel that the men they are likely to encounter as possible husbands will not offer the advantages (financial ability, respectability, trust) that make the rewards of marriage worth the risks.
true
True or false? Minorities are also often disproportionately exposed to other factors that impact lifespan, such as dangers in the workplace, toxins in the environment, or personal behaviors like drinking and poor diet
true
True or false? Persons of color carry the burden of some of society's most difficult jobs. Ex: Hispanics most likely be employed in farming and as private household cleaners. People of color, who are less likely to achieve high levels of education, are more likely to swell the bottom rungs of the job market
true
True or false? Some laws that don't seem race based still create racially differentiated outcomes. Ex: federal law handed out tougher sentences to crack users (who are more likely black) than to users of powdered cocaine (who are more likely white): if you possessed a small amount of crack (for personal use), you'd get the same stringent sentence that you would if you possessed a huge amount of cocaine (enough for a hundred users)
true