sociology ch1
the father of sociology
August Comte
-father of sociology -believed sociology should be used to reform society Positivism- applying scientific method to human behavior
Auguste Comte
phase where sociology is accepted as a scientific field
Basic and pure
quotes"sociology allows us to grasp the connection between biography and history"
C. Wright Mills
author of conflict theory
Carl Marx
Karl Marx has been highly influential in the field of sociology primarily due to his theories based on the idea that___________is tbe conduit of all social changes.
Class conflict
a statement about the results you expect to find from your research and how the variables in your study relate to each other.
Hypothesis
an educated guess
hypothesis
variable that causes the change
independent
manifest function
intended function
ethically some things that are forbidden in research are
lying about who u are disclosing subject's personal information harming subject falsifying results hiding sources of financial assistance.
material objects that distinguish a group. jewelry, food, art, mode of transportation...
material culture
average measure
means
measures where the number that is in the middle is the one used
median
Given a list of numbers, the one that occurs more frequently is called the
mode
the number that comes more often
mode
temporarily relaxing of norms and allows release of deviant behavior. i.e. mardigrass
moral holiday
we see our own culture better than the rest
moral imperative
norms that are strictly enforced because they are essential to the core values or well being of the group, commonly laws (i.e. murder, rape, adultery) non law= smoking and blowing smoke in someones face, dangerous to the group's well being.
mores
latent function
not intended function
Precize way to measure your variable. "for the purpose of this study we will....
operational definition
a precise, well defined way to measure a variable is called a______ definition
operational definition
participates in a research setting and observes what happens. gives u experience but not statistics
participant observations
1) Development- people were focused on charities, and social problems, Basic and pure- sociology accepted as a scientific field applied- taking findings and merging with practical work
phases of development
society made up of many different groups
pluralistic society
-(Webber) Religion is the reason for change in society and how it is come about -protestants are open to change while catholics are not.-protestants are predestined to go to heaven, they earn their piece of heaven on earth. -people invest on heaven from earth.
protestant ethics
phase where sociology is accepted as a scientific field
pure and basic
- observing, describing, interpreting behavior, participant observation
qualitative
______ research enphasizes statistics, measurements, numbers
quantative research
statistics, measurements, numbers, surveys
quantitative
a sample where everyone in the sample group has an equal chance of being included in the study
random sample
produces consistent results, measured by a well designed research
reliability
produces constant results
reliability
the extent to which research produces consistent results
reliability
survey (series of questions) participant observation ( gives experience but not statistics) secondary analysis (data already collected) documents (written sources that provide that data) experiment unobtrusive measures (observing ppl who dont know they are being studied in their environment.
research methods
expression of approval or disapproval given ether upholding or violating norms. could be formal or informal.
sanctions
Herbert Spencer's theories regarding the changes in society into a more civilized culture. Based on survival of the fittest. Society would evolve and fix its own problems. (Industrialism)
social darwinism
(Durkheim) group's pattern of behavior, always consistent in statistics. for example weddings in june
social facts
Durkheim found that people without strong ties to society have a higher rate of suicide
social intergration.
A collection of people that share a culture and territory
society
understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context Society is very dynamic, actions and values shaped by culture
socilogical prospective
contrast to sociology, states that behavior is due to genes.
sociobiology
understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context is called
sociological perspective
has been defined as the scientific study of society and human behavior
sociology
the idea that if you are wealthier on earth, means God has found favor in you and you will go to heaven. by Max Webber
spirit of capitalism/ protestant ethic
pattern interview. with question and A, B, C, or D answer choice.
structured interview
group within a larger culture that has values and behaviors that distinguish its members from the larger group.
subculture
a group's way of thinking, doing. i.e. beliefs, values, morals. religious practice. types of symbolic culture: 1) Gestures, body language, (no universal gesture) Language, facilitates communication (allows culture to exist) culturally insensitive communication, bashing a culture 3)Values, norms and sanctions 4)Folkways, Mores and taboos
symbolic culture
a grand theory that states that the meanings we associate with things affect the outcome
symbolic interactionism
A norm so strong that causes revoltion when violated, violator seen as unfit to live in society. Sanctions are severe such as vanishment or death. i.e. child pornography, mass murder, cannibalism, incest.
taboo
the first sociology proffessor
Amile Durkheim
Phase where sociology takes findings and merges them with practical work
Applied
baseline measurement for experiment
Control group
2 things happening together
Correlation
3 Sociology phases
Development, Basic and pure, applied
A phase where people are focused on charities and social problems
Dvelopmental
1st sociology professor. used people as a scientific subjects. -suicide studies about idea of social integration, found that people without strong ties to society have a higher risk. Social fact- a group's pattern of behavior is always consistent with sta
Emile Durkheim
author of symbolic interactionism
George Herbert Mead
how do you insure validity?
Good operational definition
in what era did sociology become popular?
Industrial revolution.
Influences resulting from the personal prejudice of the individual conducting the interview.
Interviewer Bias
Founded the Hull house and won a nobel price and co-founder of the NWACP
Jane Adams
Nobel prize winner, founded the Hull house (half way house) networked with people and used people for studies co founder of NWACP with WEB Dubois
Jane Addams
Class conflict, (cornerstone of sociology) conflict theory. social change only comes about when proletarians raise against burgeoise
Karl Marx
Vindicator of the rights of women
Mary Wellstone
implied that marriage was just legalized prostitution
Mary Wellstone
Religion is reason for change in society and how change is brught about -Protestant are more open to change than catholics protestant ethics of calvinism or spirit of capitalism-predestined to go to heaven, people invest on earth for heaven.
Max Webber
field work. participates and gives you and experience but does not give u statistics. participates in a research setting and observes what happens.
Participant observation
theoretical perspective that looks at how people use "meanings" associated with things to develop their views of the world and communicate with others
Symbolic interactionism
broad statement about how things fit together
Theory
factor that is significant
Variable
co founder of the NWACP with Jane Addams focused on relations 1st african american to teach at harvard. published "souls of black folk"
W.E.B. DuBois
1st african american to teach in harvard, co founder of the NWACP
Web DuBois
Founder of the NAACP
Web DuBois
How do you measure reliability?
With a well designed research
phase where sociology takes findings and merges them with practical work.
applied sociology
one thing causes the other
causation
Buzz words)- power, inequality change will come when proleteriate bond together to force power structure to change.
confilict theory
famous for studies on suicide
emile Durkheim
group that is being studied
experimental group
rules of behavior that reflect values
norms
how do you review the literature for a research model?
scholarly journals.
culture, microlevel Buzz words)-culture, stereotype, learned, meaning, perception, meaning, houw you view it influences the outcome. George Herbert Mead -The meaning we associate with things affect the outcome -The human brain can not even think without symbols -words are symbols
symbolic interactionism
3 major theoretical prospectives
symbolic interactionism, Functionalism, Conflict theory
norms that are not strictly enforced, (i.e. manners) i.e. jay walking, speeding.
folkway
theories that are, -Independent of time and space -universally applicable
grand theories
the phenomenon of change occuring in research participants' behavior due to the fact that they know they are being studied has been termed
Hawthorn Effect
Know the basic viewpoint of Robert Edgerton and his book Sick Societies . Be able to compare this with the viewpoint of ethnocentrism.
"why do we have to be politically correct" we should have a scale to measure how barbaric a society is. This is bias to designer. Ethnocentric.
8 Basic steps to a research model
1) select a topic. 2)Define the problem 3)review literature 4)formulate a hypothesis 5) Choose a research method 6)Collect data 7)Analize the results ] 8) publish
survey (series of questions) participant observation ( gives experience but not statistics) secondary analysis (data already collected) documents (written sources that provide that data) experiment unobtrusive measures (observing ppl who dont know they are being studied in their environment.
6 research methods
Coined Social darwinism, based on survival of the fittest, society would evolve and fix its own problems. industrialism
Herbert Spencer
theory that states that society is made up of groups that compete for scarce resources.
Conflict theory
The central idea of______ is that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts to work together.
Functionalism
The idea that society is a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together. Each with its own function
Functionalism
A theory that examines large scale patterns of society uses_______ _____ analysis
Macro level
believes that religion is reason for change in society and how it is brought about
Max Webber
precise way to measure your variable
Operational definition
type of research that involves observing, describing, interpreting behaviour (participant observations)
Qualitative research
author of functionalism
Robert Merton
language doesnt only express out thoughts but shapes what we think.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
top graduate school at the time, one of the top in the world, worked with Jane Addams and wealthy people. Alliance gave us research. Lead to a social change.
School of sociology at the University of Chicago
Herbert Spencer's theories regarding the changes in society from a primitive society into a more civilized culture has been termed.
Social Darwinism
(robert Merton) Buzz words, structure, society set up, legal system, family, work together, purpose, duty if something changes, it affects... -Society is a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together each with its own function.
functionalism
the disorientation people feel when they come into contact with a fundamentally different culture.
culture shock
society divided with extremely different opinions. over controversial issues
culture war
variable that changes
dependent
published almost 2,000 writings on race relations, dedicated his career to fighting racism
Web DuBois
a phase where people were focused on charities and social problems
developmental sociology
baseline measure
control group
(separatism) group whose values and beliefs place it in opposition to the larger group. ie criminal gangs, KKK,civil rights movement.
counterculture
spread of cultural characteristics, form one group to another, i.e. food, clothes, language
cultural diffusion
the totality of learned socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects and behavior. _______= society
culture
behavior changes to fit technology
culture lag
not judging the culture but trying to understand its own terms
culture relativism
observing people who do not know they are being studied by observing the environment
unobtrusive measures
allows person being interviewed to talk freely
unstructured interview
extent to which operational definitions measure to what they are intended to measure test question example: "how do you insure_________?" A: good operational definition
validity
extent to which operational definitions measure what they are inteded to measure
validity
idea of what is desirable in life or standards of good and bad.
value
success= clusters many values, ie education, status, wealth, health...
value cluster
to follow one puts u in conflict with the other end up with a stated culture vs who you are, or Ideal vs. Real culture
value contradiction