sociology ch1

the father of sociology

August Comte

-father of sociology -believed sociology should be used to reform society Positivism- applying scientific method to human behavior

Auguste Comte

phase where sociology is accepted as a scientific field

Basic and pure

quotes"sociology allows us to grasp the connection between biography and history"

C. Wright Mills

author of conflict theory

Carl Marx

Karl Marx has been highly influential in the field of sociology primarily due to his theories based on the idea that___________is tbe conduit of all social changes.

Class conflict

a statement about the results you expect to find from your research and how the variables in your study relate to each other.

Hypothesis

an educated guess

hypothesis

variable that causes the change

independent

manifest function

intended function

ethically some things that are forbidden in research are

lying about who u are disclosing subject's personal information harming subject falsifying results hiding sources of financial assistance.

material objects that distinguish a group. jewelry, food, art, mode of transportation...

material culture

average measure

means

measures where the number that is in the middle is the one used

median

Given a list of numbers, the one that occurs more frequently is called the

mode

the number that comes more often

mode

temporarily relaxing of norms and allows release of deviant behavior. i.e. mardigrass

moral holiday

we see our own culture better than the rest

moral imperative

norms that are strictly enforced because they are essential to the core values or well being of the group, commonly laws (i.e. murder, rape, adultery) non law= smoking and blowing smoke in someones face, dangerous to the group's well being.

mores

latent function

not intended function

Precize way to measure your variable. "for the purpose of this study we will....

operational definition

a precise, well defined way to measure a variable is called a______ definition

operational definition

participates in a research setting and observes what happens. gives u experience but not statistics

participant observations

1) Development- people were focused on charities, and social problems, Basic and pure- sociology accepted as a scientific field applied- taking findings and merging with practical work

phases of development

society made up of many different groups

pluralistic society

-(Webber) Religion is the reason for change in society and how it is come about -protestants are open to change while catholics are not.-protestants are predestined to go to heaven, they earn their piece of heaven on earth. -people invest on heaven from earth.

protestant ethics

phase where sociology is accepted as a scientific field

pure and basic

- observing, describing, interpreting behavior, participant observation

qualitative

______ research enphasizes statistics, measurements, numbers

quantative research

statistics, measurements, numbers, surveys

quantitative

a sample where everyone in the sample group has an equal chance of being included in the study

random sample

produces consistent results, measured by a well designed research

reliability

produces constant results

reliability

the extent to which research produces consistent results

reliability

survey (series of questions) participant observation ( gives experience but not statistics) secondary analysis (data already collected) documents (written sources that provide that data) experiment unobtrusive measures (observing ppl who dont know they are being studied in their environment.

research methods

expression of approval or disapproval given ether upholding or violating norms. could be formal or informal.

sanctions

Herbert Spencer's theories regarding the changes in society into a more civilized culture. Based on survival of the fittest. Society would evolve and fix its own problems. (Industrialism)

social darwinism

(Durkheim) group's pattern of behavior, always consistent in statistics. for example weddings in june

social facts

Durkheim found that people without strong ties to society have a higher rate of suicide

social intergration.

A collection of people that share a culture and territory

society

understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context Society is very dynamic, actions and values shaped by culture

socilogical prospective

contrast to sociology, states that behavior is due to genes.

sociobiology

understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context is called

sociological perspective

has been defined as the scientific study of society and human behavior

sociology

the idea that if you are wealthier on earth, means God has found favor in you and you will go to heaven. by Max Webber

spirit of capitalism/ protestant ethic

pattern interview. with question and A, B, C, or D answer choice.

structured interview

group within a larger culture that has values and behaviors that distinguish its members from the larger group.

subculture

a group's way of thinking, doing. i.e. beliefs, values, morals. religious practice. types of symbolic culture: 1) Gestures, body language, (no universal gesture) Language, facilitates communication (allows culture to exist) culturally insensitive communication, bashing a culture 3)Values, norms and sanctions 4)Folkways, Mores and taboos

symbolic culture

a grand theory that states that the meanings we associate with things affect the outcome

symbolic interactionism

A norm so strong that causes revoltion when violated, violator seen as unfit to live in society. Sanctions are severe such as vanishment or death. i.e. child pornography, mass murder, cannibalism, incest.

taboo

the first sociology proffessor

Amile Durkheim

Phase where sociology takes findings and merges them with practical work

Applied

baseline measurement for experiment

Control group

2 things happening together

Correlation

3 Sociology phases

Development, Basic and pure, applied

A phase where people are focused on charities and social problems

Dvelopmental

1st sociology professor. used people as a scientific subjects. -suicide studies about idea of social integration, found that people without strong ties to society have a higher risk. Social fact- a group's pattern of behavior is always consistent with sta

Emile Durkheim

author of symbolic interactionism

George Herbert Mead

how do you insure validity?

Good operational definition

in what era did sociology become popular?

Industrial revolution.

Influences resulting from the personal prejudice of the individual conducting the interview.

Interviewer Bias

Founded the Hull house and won a nobel price and co-founder of the NWACP

Jane Adams

Nobel prize winner, founded the Hull house (half way house) networked with people and used people for studies co founder of NWACP with WEB Dubois

Jane Addams

Class conflict, (cornerstone of sociology) conflict theory. social change only comes about when proletarians raise against burgeoise

Karl Marx

Vindicator of the rights of women

Mary Wellstone

implied that marriage was just legalized prostitution

Mary Wellstone

Religion is reason for change in society and how change is brught about -Protestant are more open to change than catholics protestant ethics of calvinism or spirit of capitalism-predestined to go to heaven, people invest on earth for heaven.

Max Webber

field work. participates and gives you and experience but does not give u statistics. participates in a research setting and observes what happens.

Participant observation

theoretical perspective that looks at how people use "meanings" associated with things to develop their views of the world and communicate with others

Symbolic interactionism

broad statement about how things fit together

Theory

factor that is significant

Variable

co founder of the NWACP with Jane Addams focused on relations 1st african american to teach at harvard. published "souls of black folk"

W.E.B. DuBois

1st african american to teach in harvard, co founder of the NWACP

Web DuBois

Founder of the NAACP

Web DuBois

How do you measure reliability?

With a well designed research

phase where sociology takes findings and merges them with practical work.

applied sociology

one thing causes the other

causation

Buzz words)- power, inequality change will come when proleteriate bond together to force power structure to change.

confilict theory

famous for studies on suicide

emile Durkheim

group that is being studied

experimental group

rules of behavior that reflect values

norms

how do you review the literature for a research model?

scholarly journals.

culture, microlevel Buzz words)-culture, stereotype, learned, meaning, perception, meaning, houw you view it influences the outcome. George Herbert Mead -The meaning we associate with things affect the outcome -The human brain can not even think without symbols -words are symbols

symbolic interactionism

3 major theoretical prospectives

symbolic interactionism, Functionalism, Conflict theory

norms that are not strictly enforced, (i.e. manners) i.e. jay walking, speeding.

folkway

theories that are, -Independent of time and space -universally applicable

grand theories

the phenomenon of change occuring in research participants' behavior due to the fact that they know they are being studied has been termed

Hawthorn Effect

Know the basic viewpoint of Robert Edgerton and his book Sick Societies . Be able to compare this with the viewpoint of ethnocentrism.

"why do we have to be politically correct" we should have a scale to measure how barbaric a society is. This is bias to designer. Ethnocentric.

8 Basic steps to a research model

1) select a topic. 2)Define the problem 3)review literature 4)formulate a hypothesis 5) Choose a research method 6)Collect data 7)Analize the results ] 8) publish

survey (series of questions) participant observation ( gives experience but not statistics) secondary analysis (data already collected) documents (written sources that provide that data) experiment unobtrusive measures (observing ppl who dont know they are being studied in their environment.

6 research methods

Coined Social darwinism, based on survival of the fittest, society would evolve and fix its own problems. industrialism

Herbert Spencer

theory that states that society is made up of groups that compete for scarce resources.

Conflict theory

The central idea of______ is that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts to work together.

Functionalism

The idea that society is a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together. Each with its own function

Functionalism

A theory that examines large scale patterns of society uses_______ _____ analysis

Macro level

believes that religion is reason for change in society and how it is brought about

Max Webber

precise way to measure your variable

Operational definition

type of research that involves observing, describing, interpreting behaviour (participant observations)

Qualitative research

author of functionalism

Robert Merton

language doesnt only express out thoughts but shapes what we think.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

top graduate school at the time, one of the top in the world, worked with Jane Addams and wealthy people. Alliance gave us research. Lead to a social change.

School of sociology at the University of Chicago

Herbert Spencer's theories regarding the changes in society from a primitive society into a more civilized culture has been termed.

Social Darwinism

(robert Merton) Buzz words, structure, society set up, legal system, family, work together, purpose, duty if something changes, it affects... -Society is a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together each with its own function.

functionalism

the disorientation people feel when they come into contact with a fundamentally different culture.

culture shock

society divided with extremely different opinions. over controversial issues

culture war

variable that changes

dependent

published almost 2,000 writings on race relations, dedicated his career to fighting racism

Web DuBois

a phase where people were focused on charities and social problems

developmental sociology

baseline measure

control group

(separatism) group whose values and beliefs place it in opposition to the larger group. ie criminal gangs, KKK,civil rights movement.

counterculture

spread of cultural characteristics, form one group to another, i.e. food, clothes, language

cultural diffusion

the totality of learned socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects and behavior. _______= society

culture

behavior changes to fit technology

culture lag

not judging the culture but trying to understand its own terms

culture relativism

observing people who do not know they are being studied by observing the environment

unobtrusive measures

allows person being interviewed to talk freely

unstructured interview

extent to which operational definitions measure to what they are intended to measure test question example: "how do you insure_________?" A: good operational definition

validity

extent to which operational definitions measure what they are inteded to measure

validity

idea of what is desirable in life or standards of good and bad.

value

success= clusters many values, ie education, status, wealth, health...

value cluster

to follow one puts u in conflict with the other end up with a stated culture vs who you are, or Ideal vs. Real culture

value contradiction