sociology chapter 1
During his career, Anthony has worked as a juvenile police officer, corrections counselor in a state prison, and executive director of an urban redevelopment program. In view of this, which description best describes Anthony's career path?
Anthony has been an applied sociologist.
The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life was ________.
Auguste Comte
The two sociologists who referred to society as being a kind of living organism were _______ and ________.
Auguste Comte; Herbert Spencer
The sociologist responsible for suggesting the connection between history and biography to explain the sociological imagination was ________.
C. Wright Mills
The sociologist who developed the concept of the power elite was ________.
C. Wright Mills
More than twenty years prior to the birth of Durkheim and Weber, Society in America, an analysis of American social customs, was published by sociologist ________.
Harriet Martineau
The term "survival of the fittest," which is a principle part of the concept of social Darwinism, was coined by ________.
Herbert Spencer
The theorist who is sometimes referred to as "the second founder of sociology" was ________.
Herbert Spencer
Because of her outstanding contributions to social reform, as demonstrated in her work as co-founder of Hull-House, ________ was a co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.
Jane Addams
The social thinker of the 19th century who predicted that there would be a classless society once the working class united and began a revolution was ________.
Karl Marx
The Wall Street Journal has declared that the three greatest modern thinkers were ________, ________, and ________.
Karl Marx; Sigmund Freud; Albert Einstein
The contemporary conflict sociologist who pointed out that conflict is most likely to develop among people in close relationships was ________.
Lewis Coser
Which sociological perspectives are best to use in developing an accurate understanding of society?
No single perspective is best, so all three must be utilized.
Max Weber referred to the self-denying approach to life characterized by people living frugal lives and saving their money as the ________.
Protestant ethic
What distinction did sociologist Frances Perkins hold in American history?
She was the first woman to hold a presidential cabinet position.
Sue is an expert in interpreting gestures, silence, the use of space, and expressions people make in their daily interactions. In view of this, how would Sue's expertise be defined?
Sue is an expert in nonverbal interaction.
The American sociologist who focused on social analysis, developing abstract models showing how parts of society harmoniously work together, was ________.
Talcott Parsons
The book published by W. E. B. Du Bois in 1899 that analyzed how African Americans in a major United States city coped with racism was ________.
The Philadelphia Negro
What did Robert E. Park, Ernest Burgess, and George Herbert Mead have in common?
They were among the first faculty members in the sociology department at the University of Chicago.
The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University, who spent his lifetime studying race relations in America and was one of the founders of the NAACP, was ________.
W. E. B. Du Bois
According to symbolic interactionists, the deciding factor that determines if change in society is good or bad requires ________.
a framework or context from which to view the meaning of the change
Functionalists refer to how parts of a society fit together to form a whole as ________.
a structure
The social science discipline that concentrates on the study of artifacts, social structure, ideas, values, and forms of communication is ________.
anthropology
Dr. Zahn's academic interest is analyzing various aspects of society and publishing his findings in sociological journals. In view of this, Dr. Zahn is considered to be a(n) ________ sociologist.
basic (or pure)
Of the following, which discipline is most appropriately classified as a natural science?
biology
The titles Karl Marx used to describe the two classes in society were the ________ and the ________.
bourgeoisie; proletariat
According to Max Weber, the Protestant ethic was a central factor in the birth of ________.
capitalism
Karl Marx suggested that the force that drives human history and is at the core of human society is ________.
class conflict
Which groups of social theorists would focus most on macro-level analysis when examining patterns of society?
conflict theorists and structural functionalists
Karl Marx believed that ________ was the central force for social change, while Max Weber believed that ________ was the force most responsible for social change.
economics; religion
The first goal of each scientific discipline is to ________.
explain why something happens
Which of the following elements did C. Wright Mills attribute as being the one that sociologists would use to explain individual behavior?
external influence
Applying the scientific method to the social world is called empiricism.
f
Because of their training and expertise, sociologists often stress their personal values in their research.
f
Because sociology is based on common sense, it is an excellent discipline for students to study who approach the world in a rational, matter-of-fact way.
f
Booker T. Washington was the first African American to earn a doctorate degree from Harvard University.
f
Frances Perkins, a sociologist, won the Nobel Prize for her work with the homeless in Hull-House.
f
How people interpret their situation in life, how they view what they are doing, and how they perceive what is happening to them, is referred to as their objective meaning of life.
f
Karl Marx thought of himself as a classical sociologist, a label that greatly influenced his theories on class conflict.
f
Sociologists have always agreed that the most important goal of sociology is to generate social change.
f
The corners of life that people occupy such as jobs, income, education, gender, age, and race are referred to as the social imperative.
f
The first goal of any scientific discipline is to discover the pattern, or reoccurring characteristics, of the phenomena under study.
f
At the first meeting of the American Sociological Society, attendees discussed the primary reason for sociology as the practical application to the improvement of social life. This goal of sociology was aligned with the discipline's ________ stage of development in the United States.
first
Mark views society as a system of interrelated parts, while John views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Mark would be considered a(n) ________ and John would be seen as a(n) ________.
functionalist; conflict theorist
People all over the world, including college students, are breaking down national boundaries because of advances in communication, trade, and travel. This is referred to as ________.
globalization
Capitalism is becoming the world's dominant economic. This is referred to as ________.
globalization of capitalism
College provides a haven for several million potential workers who are classified as "students" rather than "unemployed," which helps stabilize the job market. This situation represents what Merton would describe as a ________.
latent function
Functionalists and conflict theorists tend to focus on the ________, or large scale patterns of society, in conducting their analyses.
macro level
Cindy is interested in how the movement of Maytag production plants and other industries from the Midwest to Mexico has changed the lives of thousands of unemployed workers and their communities. Cindy is conducting a ________ analysis.
macro-level
According to Robert Merton, ________ are the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions.
manifest functions
The scientific method requires ________, repeating a study in order to compare the new research results with the original findings.
replication
he notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as ________.
social Darwinism
Durkheim referred to patterns of behavior that characterize a social group as ________.
social facts
The French sociologist Emile Durkheim is most identified with which of the following areas of study?
social integration
When sociologists' group people into categories based on their age, gender, educational level, job, and income, they are trying to determine ________.
social location
The sociological perspective emphasizes how the social context influences people's lives, particularly how people are influenced by ________.
society
Sociologists who analyze how social life depends on the ways that people define themselves and others are most likely ________.
symbolic interactionists
According to Max Weber, the "sign" Calvinists looked for as an indication they were saved was their successful investment in capital.
t
According to the principles of symbolic interactionism, symbols not only allow relationships to exist, they also allow society to exist.
t
Anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology are all appropriately classified as social sciences.
t
C. Wright Mills urged American sociologists to concentrate on social reform, developing the concept of the power elite to illustrate how top leaders of business, politics, and the military were an imminent threat to American freedom.
t
Despite her acclaimed research on social life, until recently Harriet Martineau was best known for translating Comte's works on sociology into English.
t
Emile Durkheim identified the degree of social integration as the primary variable to explain different rates of suicide within different European nations.
t
Herbert Spencer believed the most capable and intelligent members of a society would survive while the weak and "less fit" would die, thus improving society, in a master plan that he called "survival of the fittest."
t
In the early 20th century, the University of Chicago dominated the field of sociology.
t
Sociologist Lewis Coser pointed out that conflict is most likely to develop among people who are in close relationships.
t
Sociologists who use the functionalist perspective stress how industrialization and urbanization have undermined the traditional functions of the family.
t
What was the social event that most influenced Auguste Comte to explore patterns within society and become interested in what holds society together?
the French Revolution
The university that dominated sociology as an academic discipline when Albion Small headed the department was ________.
the University of Chicago
Sociology first took root as an academic discipline at _______ in 1890.
the University of Kansas
Conflict theorists would contend that changes in ________ explain the high divorce rates in the United States.
the male-female power relationship
What is the use of objective and systematic observation to test theories, one that is often employed by sociologists?
the scientific method
The concept that describes opening a window into unfamiliar worlds that allows us to understand human behavior by placing it within its broader social context is called ________.
the sociological perspective (or imagination)
Max Weber used the term Verstehen to mean ________.
to grasp by insight
What quality did Max Weber stress as being the hallmark of social research?
value neutrality
