Sociology Chapter 11

Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave women the right to vote?

19th

Secondary sex characteristics

are not directly involved in reproduction

In the political landscape of the United States, women

are underrepresented

People who are ________ experience no sexual attraction for anyone

asexual

Which of the following statements correctly describes what sociologists believe concerning sexuality as a social construction?

culture heavily influences our sexual behavior

A culture that encourages boys to be different from girls ______ the options available to boys.

limits

An XY chromosome combination produces a

male

Religious writings and teachings are often used to justify ______ in social life.

male domination

Which of the following are examples of state violence against women?

Sexual slavery where women are forced to serve as prostitutes for soldiers. A military group using the rape of women as a tactic to terrorize civilian populations. Failing to pass or enforce laws against sexual assault.

Masculinity

traits, including biological and social traits, associated with being male

A person who has had sex reassignment surgery to change their physical appearance is a

transexual

A ______ is a person of one sex who dresses in clothing associated with the other sex.

transvestite

True or false: Gender involves power dynamics.

true

True or false: In 2017 more than one-half of the women in the United States were in the paid labor force.

true

True or false: Sexuality is a term that refers to a person's sexual desires, behaviors, and identity.

true

True or false: The intersection of gender with race and class creates a variety of masculinities.

true

True or false: The popular media often highlight misinterpretations and pseudoscience regarding supposedly innate differences between the sexes.

true

Women are ______ across media platforms and formats.

underrepresented

Women are more likely than men to

use family time work part time leave the workforce for child care

Human sexuality is a set of socially regulated practices that

vary across cultures and over time

How are inequality and violence against women related?

violence against women is both a consequence and a cause of inequality

Young women often concentrate on norms that regulate

weight makeup clothing hairstyles

The pay gap between men and women ______ as workers get older.

widens

According to sociologists, culture heavily influences ______ humans have sex.

with whom where when how often how

True or false: Female genital cutting is a general term for a variety of procedures that involve tattooing the external female genitalia.

false

True or false: From the earliest moments of life, adults tend to treat all newborns the same regardless of the baby's sex.

false

True or false: Usually it is women who carry out gendered violence on an individual level, as well as in more organized and systematic ways.

false

Which of the following are more likely to praise and encourage conformity?

family members classmates colleagues

When do we begin to be taught our culture's expectations regarding gender?

from infancy

______ refers to the socially constructed cultural expectations associated with women and men.

gender

A male college student who holds the door for a female student is an example of how

gender is re-created in daily life

A ______ is a set of social expectations regarding behavior and attitudes based on a person's sex.

gender role

______ refers to the systematic and unequal distribution of power and resources in society between women and men.

gender stratification

The fact that very few women can be found in the upper levels of corporate management is an example of

glass ceiling

The often invisible barrier created by individual and institutional sexism that prevents qualified women from advancing to high levels of leadership and management is called the

glass ceiling

Gender ______ is identification with being a woman, a man, or some combination of the two.

identity

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals are ______ likely to be the victim of severe intimate partner violence than are heterosexuals.

more

Actions such as a male holding the door open for a female reinforce the notion that gender differences are

natural

Gender expression is ______ consistent with biology.

not necessarily

Peer socialization can reinforce gender distinctions by encouraging a person to develop a sense of self that is connected to a group of people

of the same gender

Many human rights activists consider female genital cutting to be a form of

organized violence against women

What year did women win the right to vote in the United States?

1920

The introduction of "the Pill" in the early ______ enabled women to control the timing and number of pregnancies and allowed them to devote more time to paid employment.

1960s

Intimate partner violence causes about ______% of all murders where the victim is a woman.

39

About ______% of the victims of human trafficking are women and girls.

70%

In the United States women earn approximately ______% of what men do.

82%

According to research by Caldera and colleagues, which of the following statements are true?

Parents give their children more praise when they engage in gender-traditional activities.

Which of the following countries grants women few social rights and does not treat them as equal members of society?

Saudi Arabia

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the "second shift"?

Alan and Marie both work full-time jobs. However, Marie still has to take primary responsibility for the house work and children.

Who of the following helped spark serious public discussion of sexuality when he published the first of two books on male and female sexuality in 1948?

Alfred Kinsey

Which of the following are ways in which gender is reinforced through interactions within institutions, such as school and the workplace?

Teachers and classmates tend to praise conformity with gender roles. Persons who reject established gender roles tend to be criticized or punished.

How do issues concerning gender resemble those concerning race and class?

The dominating group treats the domination as the natural order of things. The issues involve power dynamics between groups of people. The issues involve social relationships.

Which of the following statements regarding discrimination in Saudi Arabia are true?

Women are expected to remain at home caring for husband and family. Women cannot conduct financial transactions without deputizing a male relative as a representative. The type of work women do is restricted.

The mother's ovum contributes a(n) ______ chromosome to the embryo.

X

______ in the United States ______ marked by substantial gender inequality.

every social institution; is

A social system dominated by men is

a patriarchy

A gender role is

a set of social expectations regarding behavior and attitudes based on a person's sex.

What portion of cultures have some form of the incest taboo?

all

______ of the differences we associate with men and women are culturally produced, not biologically based.

almost all

Gender socialization begins

almost from the moment a baby is born

Karin Martin (1998) found that preschools help children develop a gendered identity by

altering how they relate to their own bodies

Which of the following is an example of heterosexism?

assuming a female friend is referring to a man when she mentions a date

While men and women engage in intimate partner violence at roughly the same rate, men's violence towards women tends to

be more often aimed at controlling women. carry more severe consequences. be more serious

If we could wipe out workplace discrimination, the wage gap between men and women would

be reduced but not eliminated

According to research, there are wide variations in results regarding the percentage of people who identify as

bisexual

Someone whose sexual identity is based on attraction to both men and women is

bisexual

______ are attracted to people of both sexes.

bisexuals

In a classic 1987 article, West and Zimmerman argued that gender is

constantly being created

Gender ______ is how a person's gender identity is communicated to others, through behavior, clothing, hairstyle, and other means.

expression

Creating gender through interactions in particular social settings is known as "______ gender."

doing

Which of the following enabled women to breastfeed less often?

emergence of germ theory of disease

Being ______ can include conditions such as having external female genitals but internal testes.

intersexual

Individuals born with ambiguous reproductive or sexual anatomy are

intersexual

Which of the following are true about sexuality?

it is related to biologically based sex characteristics it is a social construction

In recent years, most human trafficking victims are trafficked for

labor

According to sociologist Joan Huber, which of the following had a greater impact on women?

lactation

Gender identity is

largely learned

As a result of cultural innovations, the sex differences between women and men became

less significant

One major study found that ______ of rape victims were raped by a stranger.

less than a quarter

Which of the following statements reflects the view of sociologist Joan Huber?

male domination in society is largely the result of sex differences

Men earn the majority of bachelor's degrees in relatively high-paying fields, such as

math physical sciences

A social system dominated by women is

matriarchy

One impact of the idealized images in the media is that ______ are often dissatisfied with their own bodies.

men and women

Sexual harassment is committed by

men and women

Women earn the majority of bachelor's degrees in relatively low-paying fields, such as

psychology education

Martin (1998) found that teachers

reprimanded girls more often for not behaving formally. allowed boys to be more disruptive and behave more informally.

Which of the following are examples of primary sex characteristics?

reproductive organs genitals

Through most of human history, sexual behavior and what we now call sexual identity have been

separate

The world's largest religions ______ in rituals and in institutional governance.

severely restrict the role of women

The fact that most females have the physical capacity to give birth to children, while men do not, is a ______ difference.

sex

The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is called

sexism

Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature is called

sexual harassment

Queer theory argues that

sexual identities are socially constructed. sexual identities can evolve.

Which of the following refers to our sense of self as it relates to the type of sexual attraction we have for others.

sexual identity

Forcing women to serve as prostitutes for soldiers during times of war is referred to as

systematic violence sexual slavery

The introduction of ______ in 1960 was significant because it helped make sexual freedom more possible.

the pill

The phenomenon of employed women still having primary responsibility for housework and childcare is called

the second shift

Researchers have shown that mothers help to encourage verbal development in ______ by asking more questions of them.

their daughters

It was not until 1992 that women in the Senate got

their own bathroom

Men dominate some scientific fields, such as engineering, because

there is a greater social expectation that they will work in scientific fields