Sociology Chapter 11
Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave women the right to vote?
19th
Secondary sex characteristics
are not directly involved in reproduction
In the political landscape of the United States, women
are underrepresented
People who are ________ experience no sexual attraction for anyone
asexual
Which of the following statements correctly describes what sociologists believe concerning sexuality as a social construction?
culture heavily influences our sexual behavior
A culture that encourages boys to be different from girls ______ the options available to boys.
limits
An XY chromosome combination produces a
male
Religious writings and teachings are often used to justify ______ in social life.
male domination
Which of the following are examples of state violence against women?
Sexual slavery where women are forced to serve as prostitutes for soldiers. A military group using the rape of women as a tactic to terrorize civilian populations. Failing to pass or enforce laws against sexual assault.
Masculinity
traits, including biological and social traits, associated with being male
A person who has had sex reassignment surgery to change their physical appearance is a
transexual
A ______ is a person of one sex who dresses in clothing associated with the other sex.
transvestite
True or false: Gender involves power dynamics.
true
True or false: In 2017 more than one-half of the women in the United States were in the paid labor force.
true
True or false: Sexuality is a term that refers to a person's sexual desires, behaviors, and identity.
true
True or false: The intersection of gender with race and class creates a variety of masculinities.
true
True or false: The popular media often highlight misinterpretations and pseudoscience regarding supposedly innate differences between the sexes.
true
Women are ______ across media platforms and formats.
underrepresented
Women are more likely than men to
use family time work part time leave the workforce for child care
Human sexuality is a set of socially regulated practices that
vary across cultures and over time
How are inequality and violence against women related?
violence against women is both a consequence and a cause of inequality
Young women often concentrate on norms that regulate
weight makeup clothing hairstyles
The pay gap between men and women ______ as workers get older.
widens
According to sociologists, culture heavily influences ______ humans have sex.
with whom where when how often how
True or false: Female genital cutting is a general term for a variety of procedures that involve tattooing the external female genitalia.
false
True or false: From the earliest moments of life, adults tend to treat all newborns the same regardless of the baby's sex.
false
True or false: Usually it is women who carry out gendered violence on an individual level, as well as in more organized and systematic ways.
false
Which of the following are more likely to praise and encourage conformity?
family members classmates colleagues
When do we begin to be taught our culture's expectations regarding gender?
from infancy
______ refers to the socially constructed cultural expectations associated with women and men.
gender
A male college student who holds the door for a female student is an example of how
gender is re-created in daily life
A ______ is a set of social expectations regarding behavior and attitudes based on a person's sex.
gender role
______ refers to the systematic and unequal distribution of power and resources in society between women and men.
gender stratification
The fact that very few women can be found in the upper levels of corporate management is an example of
glass ceiling
The often invisible barrier created by individual and institutional sexism that prevents qualified women from advancing to high levels of leadership and management is called the
glass ceiling
Gender ______ is identification with being a woman, a man, or some combination of the two.
identity
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals are ______ likely to be the victim of severe intimate partner violence than are heterosexuals.
more
Actions such as a male holding the door open for a female reinforce the notion that gender differences are
natural
Gender expression is ______ consistent with biology.
not necessarily
Peer socialization can reinforce gender distinctions by encouraging a person to develop a sense of self that is connected to a group of people
of the same gender
Many human rights activists consider female genital cutting to be a form of
organized violence against women
What year did women win the right to vote in the United States?
1920
The introduction of "the Pill" in the early ______ enabled women to control the timing and number of pregnancies and allowed them to devote more time to paid employment.
1960s
Intimate partner violence causes about ______% of all murders where the victim is a woman.
39
About ______% of the victims of human trafficking are women and girls.
70%
In the United States women earn approximately ______% of what men do.
82%
According to research by Caldera and colleagues, which of the following statements are true?
Parents give their children more praise when they engage in gender-traditional activities.
Which of the following countries grants women few social rights and does not treat them as equal members of society?
Saudi Arabia
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the "second shift"?
Alan and Marie both work full-time jobs. However, Marie still has to take primary responsibility for the house work and children.
Who of the following helped spark serious public discussion of sexuality when he published the first of two books on male and female sexuality in 1948?
Alfred Kinsey
Which of the following are ways in which gender is reinforced through interactions within institutions, such as school and the workplace?
Teachers and classmates tend to praise conformity with gender roles. Persons who reject established gender roles tend to be criticized or punished.
How do issues concerning gender resemble those concerning race and class?
The dominating group treats the domination as the natural order of things. The issues involve power dynamics between groups of people. The issues involve social relationships.
Which of the following statements regarding discrimination in Saudi Arabia are true?
Women are expected to remain at home caring for husband and family. Women cannot conduct financial transactions without deputizing a male relative as a representative. The type of work women do is restricted.
The mother's ovum contributes a(n) ______ chromosome to the embryo.
X
______ in the United States ______ marked by substantial gender inequality.
every social institution; is
A social system dominated by men is
a patriarchy
A gender role is
a set of social expectations regarding behavior and attitudes based on a person's sex.
What portion of cultures have some form of the incest taboo?
all
______ of the differences we associate with men and women are culturally produced, not biologically based.
almost all
Gender socialization begins
almost from the moment a baby is born
Karin Martin (1998) found that preschools help children develop a gendered identity by
altering how they relate to their own bodies
Which of the following is an example of heterosexism?
assuming a female friend is referring to a man when she mentions a date
While men and women engage in intimate partner violence at roughly the same rate, men's violence towards women tends to
be more often aimed at controlling women. carry more severe consequences. be more serious
If we could wipe out workplace discrimination, the wage gap between men and women would
be reduced but not eliminated
According to research, there are wide variations in results regarding the percentage of people who identify as
bisexual
Someone whose sexual identity is based on attraction to both men and women is
bisexual
______ are attracted to people of both sexes.
bisexuals
In a classic 1987 article, West and Zimmerman argued that gender is
constantly being created
Gender ______ is how a person's gender identity is communicated to others, through behavior, clothing, hairstyle, and other means.
expression
Creating gender through interactions in particular social settings is known as "______ gender."
doing
Which of the following enabled women to breastfeed less often?
emergence of germ theory of disease
Being ______ can include conditions such as having external female genitals but internal testes.
intersexual
Individuals born with ambiguous reproductive or sexual anatomy are
intersexual
Which of the following are true about sexuality?
it is related to biologically based sex characteristics it is a social construction
In recent years, most human trafficking victims are trafficked for
labor
According to sociologist Joan Huber, which of the following had a greater impact on women?
lactation
Gender identity is
largely learned
As a result of cultural innovations, the sex differences between women and men became
less significant
One major study found that ______ of rape victims were raped by a stranger.
less than a quarter
Which of the following statements reflects the view of sociologist Joan Huber?
male domination in society is largely the result of sex differences
Men earn the majority of bachelor's degrees in relatively high-paying fields, such as
math physical sciences
A social system dominated by women is
matriarchy
One impact of the idealized images in the media is that ______ are often dissatisfied with their own bodies.
men and women
Sexual harassment is committed by
men and women
Women earn the majority of bachelor's degrees in relatively low-paying fields, such as
psychology education
Martin (1998) found that teachers
reprimanded girls more often for not behaving formally. allowed boys to be more disruptive and behave more informally.
Which of the following are examples of primary sex characteristics?
reproductive organs genitals
Through most of human history, sexual behavior and what we now call sexual identity have been
separate
The world's largest religions ______ in rituals and in institutional governance.
severely restrict the role of women
The fact that most females have the physical capacity to give birth to children, while men do not, is a ______ difference.
sex
The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is called
sexism
Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature is called
sexual harassment
Queer theory argues that
sexual identities are socially constructed. sexual identities can evolve.
Which of the following refers to our sense of self as it relates to the type of sexual attraction we have for others.
sexual identity
Forcing women to serve as prostitutes for soldiers during times of war is referred to as
systematic violence sexual slavery
The introduction of ______ in 1960 was significant because it helped make sexual freedom more possible.
the pill
The phenomenon of employed women still having primary responsibility for housework and childcare is called
the second shift
Researchers have shown that mothers help to encourage verbal development in ______ by asking more questions of them.
their daughters
It was not until 1992 that women in the Senate got
their own bathroom
Men dominate some scientific fields, such as engineering, because
there is a greater social expectation that they will work in scientific fields
