sociology chapter 3

values and belief

- value are a standard for discerning what is good and just (wealth is good and important) - beliefs are the convictions people hold to be true (American Dream)

components of culture (4)

1. values and beliefs 2. norms 3. symbols 4. language

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

The notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by: linguistics Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Ethnographic imagery bilingualism

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

symbols

convey recognizable meanings (signs, uniforms, gestures)

The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture? Counterculture Subculture Multiculturalism pop culture

counter culture

The terms _______ and ______ are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiate them. imperialism and relativism culture and society society and ethnocentrism ethnocentrism and Xenocentrism

culture and society

formal norms

established and written

Language

- a symbolic system through which people communicate and by which culture is transmitted - shapes our reality (bridges German feminine, spanish masucline)

cultural change

- innovation - cultural lag - globalization - diffusion (the spread of material and nonmaterial culture)

The term values can be defined as: The tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. A culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society. Scripture found within the Bible. Federal laws and regulations.

A culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society.

A cultural universal is: An object or a belonging of a group. A pattern or trait common to all societies. The ideas, attitudes and beliefs of a particular society. A written document outlining appropriate behavior.

A pattern or trait common to all societies.

The term language can be defined as: Gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words that help people understand the world. A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted. The exchange of gestures and signals for the purpose of reaching a consensus. Communication grounded in ideals, norms, and values.

A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted.

Society and culture _____. Could not exist without each other Are unrelated Are the same thing Could not exist together

Could not exist without each other

Some jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to: cultural lag diffusion discovery globalization

Globalization

The American flag is a material object that denotes the U.S. However, many associate ideas with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom? Symbols Language Material culture Nonmaterial culture

Non-material culture

MTV's widely-watched TV series The Jersey Shore is an example of _____, while the obscure works of playwright Sam Shepard are an example of ______. High culture; popular culture Popular culture; high culture High culture; low culture Jersey culture; low culture

Popular culture; high culture

cultural imperialism

The dominance of one culture over another.

The irrational fear or hatred of another culture is called: ethnocentrism xenophobia xenophile ethnophobia

Xenophobia

Xenocentrism

a belief that another culture is superior to one's own

Society

a group of people who share a community (a definable region) and a culture

An example of high culture is _________, whereas an example of popular culture would be ____________. Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners medical marijuana; film noir country music; pop music political theory; sociological theory

a.

The "American Dream"—the notion that anybody can be successful and rich if they work hard enough—is most commonly associated with which sociological theory? Sociobiology Functionalism Conflict theory Ethnocentrism

conflict theoru=y

A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the U.S. education system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist Using? Symbolic interactionism Functionalism Conflict theory Ethnocentrism

conflict theory

Your eighty-three-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send emails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every email to respond point by point, but she has never emailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of: cultural lag Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Ethnographic imagery bilingualism

cultural lag

symbolic interaction

culture is created and maintained by the ways which we interact with each other

conflict theory

culture reinforces the privileges of some groups over others. those with less power have tend to have less adaptability to cultural change

Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of: culture shock imperialism ethnocentrism xenocentrism

culture shock

The major difference between invention and discovery is: Invention is based on technology, whereas discovery is usually based on culture Discovery involves finding items that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way Invention refers to material culture, whereas discovery can be material or theoretic, like laws of physics Invention is typically used to refer to prehistoric objects, whereas discovery refers to local culture

discovery involves finding items that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way Invention refers to material

Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her surprise, finds the country quite unlike the United States. "I hate the food," she tells her family at home. "I hate the language, I hate the weird customs and awful music. America is clearly the best place to be." This is an example of _______. Paradigms Xenocentrism Moral relativism Ethnocentrism

ethno

What theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts? Sociobiology Functionalism Conflict theory Ethnocentrism

functionalism

McDonald's restaurants are found in almost every country around the world. What is this an example of? globalization diffusion culture lag xenocentrism

globalization

Which of the following is an example of a counterculture? The yuppie craze of the 1980's The Kardashian obsession of the 2010's The hippie movement of the 1960's The disco invasion of the 1970's

hippie

In 1999, Sean Fanning, John Fanning, and Sean Parker invented Napster, a global, free-of-charge, peer-to-peer music sharing program. Prior to Napster, no such program existed. The three men created _____. Correct! An innovation A discovery A culture lag A cultural universal

inno

norms

invisible and visible rules of conduct in culture

pop culture

mainstream society

Which of the following is NOT an example of a formal norm within the United States? Driving on the right hand side of the road Crossing streets on cross-walks Paying taxes Making eye contact while speaking

making eye contact while speaking

The biggest difference between mores and folkways is that mores are linked to morality, whereas folkways are tied to commonplace behaviors mores are absolute, whereas folkways are temporary mores refer to material culture, whereas folkways refer to nonmaterial culture mores refer to nonmaterial culture, whereas folkways refer to material culture

mores are linked to morality, whereas folkways are tied to commonplace behaviors

informal norms

mores: norms that embody the moral views of a group (plagarism is bad) folkways: norms with no moral underpinnings, direct appropiate behavior (how to greet people)

cultural universals

patterns of traits common to all culture - joking, gift giving, social institutions, funeral rites, etc

culture shock

personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society: Establishes leaders Determines language Regulates behavior Determines laws

regulates behavior

Culture:

shared way of life consisting of material (objects) and nonmaterial (beliefs, attitudes)

The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform ___________, otherwise known as encouraging social conformity. values sanctions social control mores

social control

Structural functionalist believe that ...

societies need culture to exist

In the early 2000's, The L Word and Queer as Folk debuted on Showtime. Both shows depicted the lives of members of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community, thus giving viewers a glimpse into a ______. More Formal Sanction Subculture Social relativism

sub

. Modern-day hipsters are an example of: ethnocentricity counterculture subculture high culture

subculture

A nation's flag is: A symbol A value A culture A folkway

symbol

Members of a counterculture movement believed that the economic disparity between the highest and the mid to lower economic classes is growing at an exponentially alarming rate. A sociologist who studies that movement by examining the interactions between its members would most likely use what theoretical approach? Symbolic interactionism Functionalism Conflict theory Ethnocentrism

symbolic interactionism

sociological imagination

the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces

sociological imagination

the ability to see the link between society and self

high culture

the cultural patterns of a society's elite

cultural relativism

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

the way that people understand the world based on their form of language

Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Laughter is an examples of: relativism ethnocentrism xenocentrism universalism

universalism

The belief that one's culture is inferior to another culture is called: ethnocentrism nationalism xenocentrism imperialism

xenocentrism