Sociology - Chapter 7, 9,10

This was a result of the "stranger danger" phenomenon, an example of our fear of crime outweighing reality.

"blue star"

behavioral assimilation

Behavioral assimilation, also known as acculturation, happens when members of the immigrant population adopt the cultural patterns of the host society. This would include embracing the host society's social norms, values, and language. For example, if immigrants routinely participate in sports, listen to music, eat food, and wear clothing all in the style and manner of the United States, they are displaying evidence of behavioral assimilation.

Everett Lee's (1966) famous push-pull framework of migration helps organize the entire process through a cost-benefit analysis

Four main factors determine the benefits and costs: (1) personal factors, (2) origin country or "push" factors, (3) destination country or "pull" factors, and (4) intervening obstacles.

Guillermo del Toro notes that the modern treatment of Mexican immigrants resembles the historic treatment of Irish and Italian immigrants. According to the text, which nationality of immigrants to the thirteen American colonies was historically considered racially distinct from those English immigrants who settled the colonies?

German

In 1791, Benjamin Franklin criticized the influx of immigrants from ______ to Pennsylvania due to their alleged inferior culture and complexion as compared to Anglo-Americans.

Germany

domestic terrorism

Groups like the militant leftwing Weather Underground, the anti-abortion Army of God, and the notorious Ku Klux Klan were labeled terrorist organizations by the U.S. government. Individuals have also committed domestic terrorism, like Timothy McVeigh, who carried out the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, which killed 168 people and injured close to 700, in the name of some murky anti-government ideology

Which of the following is an example of a pull factor?

H-1B visa program

karl marx

He argued that owners of the means of production control both the state and the production of weapons and the military. Accordingly, the state can use its coercive violence, even against its own people if it is necessary to maintain the interests of the ruling class (Marx 1871)

identificational assimilation

Identificational assimilation occurs when members of the immigrant population view themselves as members of the host society, rather than their origin country. Their identity and their history become tied to that of the host culture and population. Today, many descendants of 19th-century European immigrants view themselves as completely American with only superficial connections to their origin culture

What is the difference between immigration and emigration?

Immigration is the perspective of the host country and emigration is the perspective of the home country.

How did the passage of California's restrictive Proposition 187 often impact second-generation Latinx individuals in California?

It caused a reactive ethnicity to develop.

How did the American invasion of Middle Eastern countries precipitate the modern international struggle against growing terrorist sects in the Middle East?

It left local power structures destroyed and terrorist sects sometimes filled the void.

max weber

Max Weber (1918) argued that the modern state is a "community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory." Indeed, Weber says the very definition of the modern state derives from its legitimate ability to use violence against other states or its own people—to wage war. As in Marx's conceptualization, Weber sees the state as a form of "organized domination" (1918), and both believe war is a necessary and fundamental part of life within society. For Marx the use of violence by the state is problematic, and the answer to that problem is war in the form of proletarian revolution

pull factors

Places where economic opportunities abound, where people can practice their religion without oppression, where they are safe from war, gangs, and natural disasters

which country utilizes cyber warfare campaigns

Russia

Dissonant Acculturation

Sometimes children adopt the host society culture faster than their parents.

structural assimilation

Structural assimilation occurs when immigrants enter the primary groups of the host society. As relationships and friendships form between immigrants and the native-born population, it makes behavioral assimilation easier through interpersonal contact. This requires that members of the host population open up and accept members of the new group.

How does the general public perceive crime?

The public's concern about crime remains stable. According to critical theory, we criminalize the poor while ignoring the harmful acts, including crimes, of the wealthy.

What does the prejudice against Italians and Irish in the United States in the 20thcentury tell us about the United States' perspective of immigrants?

They are culturally and politically too different.

The best data available indicate that about 10.7 million undocumented individuals reside in the United States

This constitutes about 3.3% of the total U.S. population (and a little more than one-quarter of the immigrant population).

According to ______, if [people] define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.

Thoma theorem

Emigration is the same thing as immigration but from the perspective of the nation of origin.

True

Which institution reports crimes from police departments to the FBI?

Uniform Crime Report

When does a deviant act become criminal?

When a behavior is sanctioned by law

Which is the sociological definition of war?

an extension of politics that uses violent conflict to attain political goals

guns versus butter"

ations must choose whether to put their resources into military and defense spending or "butter," [Page 195]meaning spending on civilians.

Much like Sarmad Assali's nieces and nephews, Jyoti, a recent college graduate and talented software engineer born in Fiji, is considering a move to another country to build a better life. She has few "push" factors, and so is relying mostly on "pull" factors in her choice of where to move. Which of the following is the likeliest pull factor for Jyoti?

availability of H1-B or similar visas in her destination country

Although Frank Capra, raised from a young age in the United States, was often dismissed with casual slurs like "wop," he nonetheless became an architect of the American Dream through films and documentary now widely held as iconicly American. Capra's choice to embrace the American Dream, rather than more traditionally Italian values, best reflects what cultural phenomenon?

behavioral assimilation

Which term is another word for acculturation?

behavioral assimilation

According to the text, in which social context do immigrants face social problems?

both home and host country

new terrorism

carried out by much more loose networks of individuals spread across countries and continents, motivated by religious goals, and much more violent, with mass casualties being central to their goals (Neumann 2009). The September 11, 2001, and Manhattan truck attacks are examples of new terrorism

What is another term for white-collar crimes?

crimes of suits

The study of crime and the underlying causes of crime is known as ______.

criminology

Which theory focuses on the disproportionate rate at which nonwhites negatively interact with the criminal justice system relative to whites?

critical theory. Critical race theorists are concerned with racism in the criminal justice system. They point out that racial minorities are more likely to be policed, searched, arrested, tried, and convicted, and to receive longer sentences than their white counterparts.

How will warfare in the future differ from wars of the recent past like the Vietnam War?

decreased close combat deaths due to increased cyber warfare

segmented assimilation theory

developed in the 1990s and 2000s, builds on the classic assimilation theory by incorporating the real-world nuances encountered by immigrants. The result is a theory that predicts scenarios in which assimilation is dangerous or where it may not occur at all. The theory focuses primarily on immigrants' and their second-generation children's abilities to cope with the social problems in the host country

Dreamer Jonathan Landin, interviewed in the video, feels he only knows the American culture he was raised in. According to the text, if Jonathan's parents retain a mindset that is culturally like their home country's, he may experience what kind of tension with his family?

dissonant acculturation

consonant acculturation allows parents to maintain greater control over their children and protect them from risk factors.

easier to obtain for immigrant families who can gain access to high-quality neighborhoods and schools, which are devoid of the dangerous influences faced by more disadvantaged immigrant families.

According to the text, migration only involves crossing international borders.

false

To whom does the National Crime Victimization Survey send its surveys?

households

Which country is the most peaceful in the world?

iceland

When immigrants view themselves as members of their host country, this type of assimilation is called ______.

identification assimilation

What term refers to a migrant who crosses an international border to live there?

immigrant

What term is used to describe migrants from the receiving country?

immigrants

oppression of minority groups or a lack of rights and freedoms can also increase the rate of emigration

important motivation for american settlers

false terrorism

includes organizations that promote alternative political ideologies and not violence.

Which group of people were allowed work permits after The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) was passed?

individuals whose citizenship status is in limbo

According to the text, push-pull framework is a cost-benefit analysis for ______.

migration

immigration

migration that crosses an international border with the intent of permanent settlement

What is another term for morals and ethical behavior within a society?

mores

old terrorism

mostly referred to the acts of revolutionary and separatist groups like the Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland or ETA, the Basque separatist group in Spain. These groups used terror tactics, such as bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings, to draw attention to their causes and achieve their political goals.tended to be used by territorially based, formal organizations with hierarchical structures, who were driven by political ideologies and for whom violence was secondary to their use of terror to communicate; killing or maiming people was not always the goal of old terrorism

migration

movement of people from one place to another with the intent of settlement

internal migration

movement of people from one place to another within a nation during which they do not cross an international border

At the Veterans Museum, Amy Taylor clarifies that the exhibits are neither intended to memorialize wars nor chronicle military history, but showcase the individuals who fought and died in American wars outside of a strictly military context, rather than as a faceless agent of the power elite. How did C. Wright Mills most completely define the power elite?

multiple sectors of socially homogenous leaders promoting a permanent war economy

Example of weapons of mass destruction

nuclear and biological weapons

marital assimilation

occurs when there are high levels of intermarriage and procreation between the host society and immigrant populations. With high rates of marital assimilation, any differences between the host and immigrant societies will cease to exist over time. One can observe this through the high levels of mixed ancestry among European-origin Americans

Many Syrians, like the members of the Assali family who were turned away, are fleeing the country for fear of widespread violence and uncertainty. Which type of immigration factor is a high level of violence in one's current home area?

push

Sarmad Assali outlines the complex preparations her family made over 13 years to welcome her two brothers-in-law to the United States, highlighting the stressors of the ongoing 6-year civil war as a key motivator for the move. What related perspective on migration views the process as a complex cost-benefit analysis?

push pull framework

Sami and his brother moved to the United States from Mexico 10 years ago. However, they've both had trouble making friends with the natives and they feel threatened and persecuted. Which of the following best describes this scenario?

reactive ethnicity

Sean and his family fled their home country due to religious conflict and can never return. They are currently living in the United States. Which term best describes their status?

refugees

In the video, director Guillermo del Toro alludes to discrimination against Irish Americans. Which factor was central in generating the American "us" versus the Irish "them" perspective?

religion

What was the purpose of the Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924?

restricting immigration

Which theory predicts scenarios of how assimilation can be dangerous for immigrants?

segmented assimilation theory

Melisa's parents, both immigrants from Mexico, are throwing her a quinceñeara, a traditional party marking her fifteenth birthday. They incorporate some traditional elements like the court of honor - made up of a diverse group of her friends - and a formal entry. On the other hand, they forgo a thanksgiving Mass, hold festivities predominantly in English, and mostly play Melisa's preferred modern American music for dancing. What concept of acculturation does this exemplify?

selective acculturation

Which theory focuses on neighborhood problems and crime on macro and micro levels?

social disorganization theory

What have we done to help people increase awareness of implicit bias issue?

social movements such as Black Lives Matter

Which type of assimilation happens when immigrants socialize with mostly people from their host country?

structural assimilation

According to the text, there is a difference between war and terrorism.

true

Dissonant acculturation is when children of immigrants adopt the culture of host nation faster than their parents.

true

Immigrants from Central America are pushed out due to violence in their home country.

true

In 2017, roughly 258 million people worldwide lived somewhere other than their country of birth—an increase of 50% over the past two decades

true

It is important to note, however, that there is no objective or absolute answer to who constitutes "us" and who constitutes "them." Rather, our determination is socially constructed and given significance because society decides it is significant

true

People being able to practice their religion freely is a pull factor.

true

Personal factors are a push factor for migration.

true

Proposition 187 prevented undocumented immigrants from receiving social services.

true

Reactive ethnicity occurs when the immigrant population feels threatened in the host nation.

true

Segmented assimilation theory stems from classical assimilation theory.

true

Selective acculturation is easier for immigrant parents who live-in high-quality neighborhoods.

true

The STEM field in the United States attracts immigrants with degrees and is a pull factor

true

The power elite do not come from the same social background and have the same interests

true

The term immigrant refers to migrants from the perspective of the receiving country. The word emigrant describes migrants from the viewpoint of those in their country of origin. Immigrants enter a new society, and emigrants leave their nation of origin. Likewise, the term emigration refers to the same thing as immigration, except from the perspective of the nation of origin.

true

World War II changed peoples perception that war is not a natural part of society but a social problem

true

due to the cold war the United States has been involved in a proxy war

true

weapon technologies such as machine guns made World War I violent

true

proxy wars of the Cold War: Rather than the United States and USSR fighting each other directly, they took sides in other wars over political ideology around the world.

vietnam war

According to the text, which war is an example of a total war?

world war 1

My Lai Massacre

1968, U.S. soldiers brutally killed about 500 Vietnamese civilians—among them women, children, and the elderly—in a small Vietnamese hamlet where they mistakenly believed Viet Cong fighters were hiding

strain theory

Ask yourself this question: How do most people in your society define success? In the United States people tend to equate success with wealth. If you have enough money to buy coveted material goods or status symbols (such as cars, houses, fancy clothes, and gadgets), you have achieved the American Dream. U.S. culture also sends the message that anyone who works hard enough can achieve this success. Merton argued that people experience strain when they cannot succeed while following the norms of society. In other words, they will experience stress if they can't achieve the cultural goal of financial wealth through the institutionalized means—working hard. The mismatch between cultural goals and institutionalized means is something Merton calls anomic imbalance. He argues that anomic imbalance is the result of an economic system that stresses the American Dream while simultaneously making it very difficult for most Americans to achieve this dream through accepted means. As described in Chapter 2, the United States has an exceptionally high level of economic inequality, and the field in which people vie for economic success is very uneven. For example, a person born in a poor neighborhood likely faces obstacles to financial success (e.g., lack of family wealth, poorly funded schools, few neighbors who can help them land a job) that those from wealthy areas do not.

The difference between an asylum seeker and a refugee is that _______.

Asylum seekers apply for official protected status from the host country, while refugees do not have a protected status.