Sociology Chapter 9- Race and Ethnicity

There is typically more genetic variation between two white people than between a white person and an African American person. a. True b. False

True

White people are more likely to live in majority white neighborhoods than black people are to live in majority black neighborhoods. a. True b. False

True

47. _____ families were disproportionately harmed during the housing crisis of the Great Recession because of subprime lending. a. White b. Middle class c. African American d. Immigrant

African American

-new rise in the U.S. focuses on cultural & national differences -more dangerous -also known as racial hegemony -comes with "race neutral" of "colorblind" rhetoric

"laissez-faire" racism

There are 4 ways in which minority groups respond to oppression.

#1 withdraw-Jewish population after WW2 #2 Passing- works to blend into dominant group like Malcolm X straightening his Afro #3 Acceptance #4 Resistance- #3 & #4 closely linked- members of oppressed group appear to accept their subordinate position- feel enormous resentment-form of revolution, non-violent protest or riots

Merton's 4 categories intersecting prejudice and discrimination are:

(1)Active Bigots - Prejudiced and Discriminate (2)Timid Bigots - Prejudiced but do not Discriminate (3)Fair-weather Liberal - Not prejudiced but Discriminate at times (4)All-weather Liberal - Not prejudiced, and do not Discriminate.

As per the 2000 Census, the major categories of races within the country are

1) White 2) Black or African American 3) American Indian & Alaska Native 4) Asian 5) Native Hawaiian & Other Pacific Islander and 6) Hispanic or Latino

Which of the following is not an example of institutional discrimination? a. Federal Housing Administration manuals that redlined nonwhite neighborhoods as too "high risk" for lending b. Underwriting practices that result in black families being offered subprime loans at a higher rate than similarly situated white families c. A landlord who does not return phone calls to people with last names that "sound" Latino d. Check-cashing and payday loan establishments outnumbering accredited banking institutions in poor, urban neighborhoods

A landlord who does not return phone calls to people with last names that "sound" Latino

. Exclusion, Pluralism, and Stratification can result with varying scenarios.

Ernest Barth & Donald Noel (1972) - assimilation is not the only end result

Which of the following is not characteristic of Asian Americans as a minority group? a. Recent immigrants come from higher socioeconomic backgrounds and bring greater financial. b. Many form informal community-based lending organizations that move capital between family and kinship networks. c. They experience the lowest rates of divorce, teenage pregnancy, and unemployment. d. All Asian American immigrant groups achieve similar levels of success, regardless of country of origin.

All Asian American immigrant groups achieve similar levels of success, regardless of country of origin

Which of the following is not considered a reason slavery persisted in the United States? a. Wealthy Southern slaveowners used their economic and political capital to block abolitionist laws. b. African slaves were content to serve their masters and did not organize slave revolts. c. Laws were passed that forced runaway slaves in the north to be returned to the south. d. Scientific racism was used to demonstrate that slaves were mentally and physically inferior.

African slaves were content to serve their masters and did not organize slave revolts.

Racism was used to justify the conquest and colonization of foreign lands. In ancient Egypt, Greece, & Rome the idea of race did not exist as we know it today.

Age of Exploration

-Chinese, Japanese, Korean, & Filipino origin. Were seen as threat to native labor force, therefore treated with great hostility. -covers wide diverse of people (China, Korea, Japan, South Asia) -now, they constitute a minority with very high average SES - above all other minorities and whites. Are termed as 'model minority.'- Since mid 19th century, mostly unskilled laborers. -done very well socioeconomically (whites sometimes c/o their success) -WW 2 forced to go to concentration camps -been applauded for their seamless assimilation into America culture

Asian Americans

-ethnic group works to look just like any other native american/member of the society -adopt the language, mannerism, values, & over all physical appearance of the culture

Assimilation

Which of the following is not characteristic of Latinos/as as a minority group? a. They are a diverse group, with roots in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. b. The Spanish language is a major part of their ethnic heritage. c. Because of immigration barriers, they are the slowest growing minority group in the United States. d. Immigrant success and acceptance by dominant U.S. culture is significantly influenced by country of origin.

Because of immigration barriers, they are the slowest growing minority group in the United States.

in the context of race and ethnicity, refers to the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society, with no one group being in the majority.

Pluralism

Anyone different from Europeans was a deviation from the norm. His pseudoscientific research justified imperial exploits by automatically classifying nonwhites as abnormal, improper, and inferior.

Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)

The coexistence of different racial and ethnic groups characterized by acceptance and respect for one another's differences is referred to as: a. Cultural relativism b. Social tolerance c. Cultural pluralism d. Ethnic pluralism

Cultural pluralism

Which of the following would be considered the most tolerant policy used toward a minority group? a. Assimilation b. Segregation c. Cultural pluralism d. Expulsion

Cultural pluralism

Which of the following is not considered a reason that segregation persists in the United States? a. It is still legal and commonplace to segregate housing markets by income. b. Laws are not always followed by realtors and lenders. c. White residents tend to move out after a certain number of minorities move in. d.Ethnic and racial minorities do not wish to live in integrated communities

Ethnic and racial minorities do not wish to live in integrated communities

. The process of forcibly removing people from one part of the country to another is referred to as: a. Genocide b. Expulsion c. Exile d. Expatriation

Expulsion

Although the Southern states clearly benefitted economically from slave labor, industrialization in the North would have been just as successful without slavery. a. True b. False

False

Positive stereotypes, such as "All members of X group are good at Y," are not considered racist or to have negative outcomes. a. True b. False

False

The post-Civil War Reconstruction period largely failed because newly freed African Americans were unable to exercise political power and institute successful public policy. a. True b. False

False

Inventor of Racial Classification. Proposed four categories: Europeans, Asia Proper (Far Easterners), Lapps, and Africa Proper (Blacks)

Francois Bernier

Which of the following is not a characteristic of minority groups, as outlined by Louis Wirth? a. Membership in the minority group is essentially involuntary. b. Minority status is a question not of numbers but of control of valued resources. c. If they work hard enough, minorities can access the same privileges of mobility or opportunity enjoyed by the dominant group. d. Membership in the minority group conditions the treatment of group members by others in society.

If they work hard enough, minorities can access the same privileges of mobility or opportunity enjoyed by the dominant group.

A racial or ethnic group with higher levels of achievement than the general population in areas such as education and income is referred to as: a. Atypical minority b. Asterotypical group c. Model minority d. Ideal minority type

Model minority

Developed in mid-17th century in conjugation with global changes like : Protestant Reformation, The Age of Exploration, & The Rise of Capitalism

Modern Racial Thinking

In the United States during World War II, the property of Japanese Americans was confiscated and they were forcibly placed in: a. Prison b. Internment camps c. Detention centers d. Concentration camps

Internment camps

43. _____ discrimination refers to overt and intentional unequal treatment, often based on prejudicial beliefs, while _____ discrimination is enshrined in law, public policy, or common practice. a. Personal, structural b. Individual, institutional c. Individual, structural d. Prejudicial, structural

Individual, institutional

Believed that humans were one species, united under God.

Mongenists

-notion that immigrants were "objectionable stock," & are from different Natives - Immigration policy in early 20th century- undesirable population was kept out of the country so as to not pollute the white people. Worked to protect & preserve indigenous land or culture from the effects of new immigrants.

Nativism

1790 conferred citizenship to only "free whites"- does not include Slavic, Celtic, German(Teutonic) Europeans. This "colored" American citizenship.

Naturalization Law

Before Social Darwinism, everyone was equal in God's eyes- skin color didn't matter.

Ontological equality

Not acceptable today

Overt Racism

The Importance of Being "White" - Whiteness - "is an Invisible knapsack of privileges Whiteness - is the privilege of not thinking about race at all

Peggy McIntosh (1988)

Believed that different races were different species.

Polygenists

-refers to negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or a racial group -an internal evaluation -Example: make a comment around friend, but when confronted with opportunity to actually discriminate, won't, not socially acceptable

Prejudice

A belief about an individual or a group that is not subject to change on the basis of evidence is referred to as: a. Discrimination b. Racism c. Prejudice d. Personal opinion

Prejudice

Forces that draw migrants to a given country are referred to as: a. Expulsions b. Impulsions c. Push factors d. Pull factors

Pull factors

Social forces that encourage migrants to leave their home countries are referred to as: a. Push factors b. Driving factors c. Expulsions d. Pull factors

Push factors

A group sharing apparent physical traits, said to share a common bloodline, and are deemed by society to be socially significant is referred to as: a. Race b. Ethnicity c. Class d. Gender

Race

______________ is group of people who share a set of characteristics and said to share a common bloodline, but _____________ is voluntary, self-defined, non-hierarchical, fluid, cultural, and not so closely linked with power differences.

Race, ethnicity

is the formation of a new racial identity in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people. Ex: For Muslims after 9/11

Racialization

Institutionalized relationships between dominant and minority groups that create a structure of economic, social, and political inequality based on socially constructed racial or ethnic categories is referred to as what? a. White supremacy b. Racism c. Ethnocentrism d. Bigotry

Racism

- proposed in 4 stages - contact, competition, accommodation, and assimilation.

Robert Park 1920's- 'Straight-line assimilation'

Where science, genes, psychological tests, skin color, ect. were used to classify Race. 19th century scientists & scholars researched and attempted to "explain" racial differences. Investigations of origins, explanations, and classifications of race.

Scientific Racism

-legal or social practice of segregating people on the bases of their race or ethnicity -official policy in the south until 1960's -Example: blacks lives in separate neighborhoods, restricted to "colored" only buses, parks,& restaurants- even drinking fountains -still today in schools, housing, and prisons

Segregation

The practice of spatially or socially separating people on the basis of race or ethnicity is referred to as: a. Expulsion b. Apartheid c. Exclusion d. Segregation

Segregation

This involves resuming non-white races as inferior based on their inferior cultural values. Name-calling, branding, negative stereotyping, etc. is on the increase.....in fact has become hard to tackle racism and inequality

Some call it "stealth racism." (new racism)

-does not impact day to day lives -ethnicity that is individualistic in nature & without real social cost for the individual -Americans who explore & express an affinity for their European roots can be said to be adopting this -an identity they do not have to assume all the time

Symbolic Ethnicity

Between 1880 and WW1- 25 million Europeans immigrated to the U.S. after the 1st WW- in 1921 (and it's final form in 1924) restricted the number of immigrants entering the United States, by assigning quotas based on natural origins.

The National Origins Act

Who should count as white? Who would want to be future Americans? Who is fit for self-governance? Gave preference to immigrants from Northern and Western Europe, limited the numbers from eastern & southern Europe, & declared all potential immigrants from Asia to be unworthy of entry to the U.S.

The National Origins Act

According to sociologists, racist or discriminatory acts are predated by prejudicial beliefs. a. True b. False

True

According to symbolic interactionists, an interaction between Javier, a Latino immigrant, and Jamie, a white person born in the United States, will be influenced more by the minority status of Javier than by his actual personal qualities. a. True b. False

True

Although not scientifically significant, race is a socially and social scientifically significant category. a. True b. False

True

From a conflict perspective, which of the following would be an explanation for why racism persists? a. Discrimination ensures that those with the most perseverance and hardest work ethic fill the most important roles. b. Relying on stereotypes helps people navigate the world more efficiently. c. Policies that encourage integration or diversity are ineffective and ill-advised. d. Whether consciously or unconsciously, whites benefit from a system that puts people of color at a disadvantage.

Whether consciously or unconsciously, whites benefit from a system that puts people of color at a disadvantage.

Which of the following is NOT an example of white privilege? a. Whites are more likely to be represented in the mass media. b. During segregation, whites faced little competition in school and the workplace from nonwhites. c. Whites never face economic hardship or poverty. d. Majority white neighborhoods are less likely to be heavily policed than majority nonwhite neighborhoods.

Whites never face economic hardship of poverty

Certain social or economic benefits or advantages that come with being white that often go unrecognized are referred to as: a. Manifest destiny b. White opportunity c. Reverse racism d. White privilege

White privilege

Anthropologists estimate that European genocide decimated the American Indian population from roughly _____ to 600,000 people. a. 2 million b. 20 million c. 10 million d. 4 million

20 million

Demographers predict that non-whites will constitute a numeric majority nationwide by _____. a. 2015 b. 2020 c. 2100 d. 2040

2040

-Initially brought in as indentured servants. (Indentured servant - a person who came to America and was placed under contract to work for another over a period of time, usually seven years, especially during the 17th to 19th centuries. Generally, indentured servants included redemptioners, victims of religious or political persecution, persons kidnapped for the purpose, convicts, and paupers. ) -Later as slaves. (Slave - a person legally owned by another and having no freedom of action or right to property.) -Just before American Revolution, made up 20% of the country's population. -In recent times, more are immigrating to the US than during slave trade. -They are called "Afro-Caribbeans" - coming from Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, etc. They prefer to retain their distinctive immigrant status and prefer to be called Blacks. -measures taken to de-segregate them from white community -still today prevented from achieving true racial equality in U.S.

African American

_____ refers to the absorption of minority groups into dominant culture, while _____ reflects when minority groups retain their distinct cultural identity. a. Adaptation, cultural relativism b. Assimilation, cultural pluralism c. Adaptation, cultural pluralism d. Melting pot, salad bowl

Assimilation, cultural pluralism

Based on skull measurements, Blumenbach came up with five principal varieties of humans.

Caucasian, Mongoloid, Ethiopian, American, and Malay. Caucasians-named after the people who lived on the southern slopes of Georgian region of Eastern Europe-Blumenbach decided were the superlatives of the races based on their excellent skull qualities.

It is the strength of ethnic ties that resides in deeply felt or primordial ties to one's culture. According to him, ethnicity is fixed.

Clifford Geertz (1975) - Primordialism

- refers to harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior, on the basis of their racial category -is an action

Discrimination

The unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their membership in a group is referred to as: a. Racism b. Discrimination c. Prejudice d. Ethnocentrism

Discrimination

Various state laws that prohibit incarcerated inmates, parolees, people on probation, and ex-felons from voting are referred to as: a. Disenfranchisement b. Political marginalization c. Ex-offender treatises d. Conditions of parole

Disenfranchisement

Argued that the segregated ghetto was deliberately constructed by whites- government policies such as reading & urban renewal also helped create black ghetto

Douglass Massey & Nancy Denton

Selected cultural and sometimes physical characteristics used to classify people into groups considered to be distinct from others. A group's national origin, language, and cultural or religious practices are referred to as: a. Culture b. Race c. Ethnicity d. Nationality

Ethnicity

Many historical efforts to explain race were biased. The judgement of other groups by one's own standards and values, often considered as superior to others. The basis for different races was placed in religious texts and scriptures.

Ethnocentrism

Claimed that each race had a separate package of social & psychological traits transmitted through bloodlines.

Eugenics

Believed positive traits could be bred into populations & negative traits could be bred out.

Eugenictics

-Publication of "On the Natural Varieties of Mankind" -widely known as the founder of anthropology, cataloged variation by race, including difference in head formation, a pseudoscience called phrenology -Aim to classify the world based on the different types of bumps he could measure on people's skulls

Friedrich Blumenbach

-mass killing of a group of people -occurred in Rwanda -also early years in our country-most Native American population was exterminated

Genocide

Which of the following is associated with living in a minority segregated neighborhood? a. Higher-quality schools b. Lower proximity to hazardous waste facilities c. Less instances of food deserts d. Higher rates of poverty

Higher rates of poverty

- Although the terms are used interchangeably, have descent in countries of Latin America, where as Hispanics are of Spanish descent. -Is the fastest growing ethnic minority in the country -Majority of this ethnicity came from Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. -often called in-between ethnic group -not "white" but not black -used to be widely accepted until complaints of taking jobs

Hispanics/Latinos

Acquired traits can be passed down across generations.

Lamarckism

Which of the following is considered the largest minority group in the United States? a. Native Americans b. African Americans c. Latinos/as d. Whites

Latinos/as

Which of the following is NOT an example of individual discrimination? a. Calling someone a racial slur in a comment on Facebook. b. Creating a "parody" Twitter account that mocks a person of another race. c. A white person blocking any messages that come from a non-white person on an online dating site. d. Less funding for computers and technology going to libraries in Black neighborhoods.

Less funding for computers and technology going to libraries in black neighborhoods.

Which of the following is not a health outcome associated with prejudice and discrimination? a. Low birth weight b. Higher rates of infant mortality c. Higher rates of disability d. Lower rates of obesity

Lower rates of obesity

-Very diverse ethnic group. -Can be from the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, Iran, Iraq, and/or the Palestinian territories. -Largest group belong to Iran. -arrive from politically tumultuous areas seeking refuge in U.S. -usually stereo-typed as Arab, even thou are Persians & do not speak Arabic -regarded as Muslim, even thou new Middle Eastern's are Muslim -many are christian and some Jewish -misunderstood as terrorists after 9-11

Middle Easterners

If not for _____, population growth in the United States would stagnate. a. High birth rates among whites b. High birth rates among African Americans c. Migration d. Birth control policies

Migration

Less powerful groups who are dominated politically and economically by a dominant group are referred to as: a. Racial groups b. Ethnic groups c. Minorities d. Socially marginalized groups

Minorities

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of minorities? a. Minority status is based on group population size. b. Minorities often face discrimination because of some socially significant characteristic. c. Minorities often lack access to political and economic resources that the dominant group controls. d. They may react to social conflict via social movements, rebellion, or revolution.

Minority status is based on group population size

Interactions between those who are stigmatized and those who are members of the dominant, non-stigmatized group are referred to as: a. Stigma-dominant interactions b. Mixed contacts c. Mixed interactions d. Diversified contacts

Mixed contacts

Which of the following is not considered a reason that the genocidal efforts of white settlers were effective? a. U.S. government used environmental policies to hurt indigenous livelihoods, such as their access to food sources b. White settlers utilized superior weaponry c. Most Native American tribes did not fight back against white invasion d. Europeans brought germs and disease that indigenous people were not immune to or could not treat

Most Native American tribes did not fight back against white invasion

-1st group of people lived on the North American continent - initial count anywhere between 10-100 million -After the French, Spanish, & the British colonized this country...by 1900s, their approximate population is 250,000. -Many special quotas have been in place to protect their dwindling #s. but does not seem to do enough. -2004 Civil Rights Commission - Federal Government spends more per capita for health care of prisoners than for Native Americans. -Reservations of Native Americans are now characterized by - chronic and severe health problems, Domestic abuse, Substance abuse, High crime, & Poor infrastructure. -Now account for about 1% of the total US population. many tribes included under Native Americans -defeated by disease & advanced weaponry when European settlers came to America -today minority group kept primarily on reservations -rampant with poverty & other social problems

Native Americans

46. _____ stereotypes can be considered functional in the sense that dominant groups can use them as justification to exploit a minority group. a. Positive b. Explicit c. Racist d. Negative

Negative

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of whites as an ethnic group? a. White ethnic groups could more easily assimilate because they looked much like the dominant population. b. Most white ethnic groups have integrated fully. c. Negative stereotypes that characterized white ethnic groups, such as criminality and immorality, were just as powerful and institutionalized as those characterizing African Americans. d. White ethic groups are born wealthier, have more social capital, and encounter fewer barriers to mobility than other racial and ethnic groups.

Negative stereotypes that characterized white ethnic groups, such as criminality and immorality, were just as powerful and institutionalized as those characterizing African Americans.

-evolved from U.S. laws forbidding miscegenation (interracial/multiracial marriage), was the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black.

One-drop rule

Developed by German physician Franz Joseph Gall in 1796. The idea that the sizes of brain areas were meaningful... Phrenologists believed that the human mind has a set of different mental faculties, with each particular faculty represented in a different area of the brain. These areas were said to be proportional to a person's propensities. - Was also used extensively by Psychologists, Criminologists, Anthropologists, etc.

Phrenology

-refers to the presence & engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society, with no one group being in the majority -permits & encourages people to embrace diversity "melting pot"

Pluralism & Multiculturalism

The belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits.

Racism

Which of the following would not be considered an indicator of ethnicity? a. Skin color b. Language spoke at home c. Holidays celebrated d. Traditional meals prepared

Skin color

Another 19th century theory, with the notion that some groups or races evolved more than others and were better fit to to survive, and therefore intended by nature to dominate and even rule other races.

Social Darwinism

The study of communities and their social status, practices, and problems to understand patterns of health and disease is referred to as: a. Racial medical history b. Social epidemiology c. Sociobiology d. Social immunology

Social epidemiology

Describe race as a myth because it is largely a social construction, rather than a biological or natural reality.

Sociologists

A set of characteristics that is generalized to all members of a group is referred to as: a. Race b. Ethnicity c. Social category d. Stereotype

Stereotype

A _____ is an attribute that discredits individuals because it overshadows other attributes and merits the individual may possess. a. stigma b. stereotype c. typecast d. character flaw

Stigma

Which of the following best represents a conflict perspective on laws that disenfranchise ex-felons? a. They exist to ensure that upper- and middle-class white men retain their majority political power. b. They exist to make sure that the most competent people are making the political decisions. c. They exist because when someone is labelled as a criminal, it makes others feel they cannot trust their political decisions. d. They exist because Americans believe ex-felons need to "pay their debt to society."

They exist to ensure that upper- and middle-class white men retain their majority political power.

Although sociologically constructed, race is a concept that sociologists consider real in that it is real in its consequences. a. True b. False

True

Racism cannot be analyzed from a functionalist perspective because by definition, it marginalizes some members of a society or community. a. True b. False

True

exists between whites & minority groups, has historic roots & cannot be overcome simply through income equality. A huge wealth gap exists between whites and minority groups in America that has historical roots and that which cannot be overcome simply through income equality....and which has its effects even in the present time.

Wealth Gap/Equity Inequality

-involves not having to worry about one's race -unearned privilege or advantage -jobs - lower incarceration rates although 85% of illegal drugs, but less than half in prison on drug use charges are white -less likely to be arrested, convicted or go to prison regardless of crime -adequate healthcare -charged lower prices for cars -given access to high-quality goods in residential segregation

White Privilege. Allan Johnson, 2006 book, "Privilege and Difference"