Sociology Exam 2: Ch. 4-7, 9

__________ size refers to the number of members a group actually has. Interaction Absolute Relative Numeric

Absolute

__________ refers to the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other groups are seen as inferior. Stereotyping Ethnocentrism Discrimination Prejudice

Ethnocentrism

__________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture. Participation Pluralism Assimilation Colonialism

Assimilation

Which of these statements regarding health characteristics of poor people in the United States is not accurate? a. The poor have shorter life expectancies. b. Children born into poor families are at much greater risk of dying during their first year of life. c. Because of welfare benefits, the poor receive more preventive medical and dental checkups than do members of the middle class. d. The poor are at greater risk for heart disease and cancer than more affluent persons.

Because of welfare benefits, the poor receive more preventive medical and dental checkups than do members of the middle class.

__________ assimilation occurs when members of one group marry those of other social or ethnic groups. Cultural (acculturation) Biological (amalgamation) Structural (integration) Psychological

Biological (amalgamation)

Sociologists are in agreement that poverty is always harmful to society. True False

False

__________ theorists stress that schools are agencies for perpetuating social inequality because parents with limited income are not able to provide the same educational opportunities for their children as are families with greater financial resources. Conflict Symbolic interactionist Postmodern Functionalist

Conflict

When analyzing social class __________ are most likely to consider that degree of control that workers have over the decision-making process and their ability to plan and implement their own work. Postmodern theorists Functionalist theorists Symbolic interactionist theorists Conflict theorists

Conflict theorists

__________ assimilation occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominant group traits, such as language, dress, values, religion, and food preferences. Cultural (acculturation) Structural (integration) Biological (amalgamation) Psychological

Cultural (acculturation)

__________ seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling a fear of punishment in the general public. Retribution Incapacitation Rehabilitation Deterrence

Deterrence

__________ is the term for any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs. Deviance Crime Stigma Violence

Deviance

According to functionalists, acts of civil disobedience (including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts) exemplify which function of deviance? Deviance clarifies rules. Deviance unites a group. Deviance promotes social change. Deviance prevents social chaos.

Deviance promotes social change.

__________ is the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society that occurs when groups share elements of the mainstream culture while remaining culturally distinct from both the dominant group and other social and ethnic groups. Ethnic pluralism Psychological pluralism Internal pluralism Cultural pluralism

Ethnic pluralism

Congress has not passed an increase in the federal minimum wage in 20 years. True False

False

Ethnic pluralism requires a change or shift in one's ethnic or cultural identity. True False

False

In Wright's Marxian model of social classes, the capitalist class is made up of families with large amounts of inherited wealth. True False

False

Max Weber was in complete disagreement with Karl Marx about the nature of class. You Answered True False

False

Only secondary group have leaders; primary groups do not. True False

False

People who are labeled deviant are generally regarded as deviant by all those around them. True False

False

Violent crime in the U.S. has been increasing steadily since 2001. True False

False

Women's lower status is the primary explanation for poverty in the U.S. today. True False

False

__________ is the term for economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (government aid), and ownership of property. Wealth Prestige Power Income

Income

__________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property. Individual Standard Institutional Uniform

Individual

__________ discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups. Individual Marginal Institutional Uniform

Institutional

_________ occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group in a particular society. Structural segregation Internal colonialism Classic colonialism Racial discrimination

Internal colonialism

__________ mobility refers to the social movement of individuals within their own lifetime. Intergenerational Structural Intragenerational Exchange

Intragenerational

While Marx defined class in purely economic terms, sociologist __________ developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige, and power. Karl Marx Emile Durkheim Herbert Spencer Max Weber

Max Weber

In terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and health, which of the following is the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the United States? African Americans Hispanic Americans Native Americans Asian Americans

Native Americans

Which group has the highest rate of infant mortality, death by exposure and malnutrition? Native Americans African Americans Asian Americans Hispanic Americans

Native Americans

According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. __________ deviance refers to the initial act of rule-breaking. Career Secondary Primary Tertiary

Primary

__________ size refers to the number of potential members a group has. Hypothetical Relative Dyadic Absolute

Relative

__________ refers to the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion. Miscegenation Social isolation Segregation Social rejection

Segregation

Which of these statements about stereotypes is inaccurate or false? Stereotypes are often the foundation of prejudice. Stereotypes may be positive or negative. Stereotypes often trivialize or demean those who are stereotyped. Stereotypes are always considered offensive by observers.

Stereotypes are always considered offensive by observers.

__________ focus on social processes, such as how people develop a self-concept and learn conforming behavior through socialization. According to this approach, deviance is learned in the same way as conformity—through engagement with others. Conflict theorists Symbolic interactionists Functionalists Postmodern theorists

Symbolic interactionists

A person's ability to succeed and position in the class structure is determined largely by the stratification system of the society. True False

True

According to the sociological definitions, a subordinate group and a dominant group are actually categories, not groups, because members do not necessarily interact with each other. True False

True

Although the U.S. had colonial rule over the Philippines from 1898 to 1946, Filipinos were not considered citizens of the U.S. True False

True

Although the federal minimum wage is set by the federal government, individual states are free to adopt a higher minimum wage rate if they desire. True False

True

Neither the Weberian nor the Marxian model of class in the U.S. describes the nature and extent of social inequality within the U.S. True False

True

Policies that prohibit overt, blatant forms of racial injustice may have little impact on the daily business-as-usual forms of racial discrimination. True False

True

Sociologists find there are similarities between gangs and high school cliques. True False

True

The primary difference between organized crime and terrorism is motivation. True False

True

Weber believed that modern bureaucracies are so strong that even a workers' revolution would not lessen social inequality. True False

True

__________ crime refers primarily to actions such as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, and involves force or the threat of force against others. Organized Public order Violent Property

Violent

Which of these is the best example of a utilitarian organization? a parent-teacher organization a high school a prison a social movement organization

a high school

The term ethnicity refers to __________. people who share a racial identity a group of people who were all born in the same location a person's cultural background or national origin feelings of ethnocentrism

a person's cultural background or national origin

Erving Goffman coined the term ___________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual embarrassing situation. a. face-saving behavior b. social reconstruction c. studied nonobservance d. front and back stage behavior

a. face-saving behavior

Maintaining eye contact during conversation is a. more common for women than for men. b. a means of intimidating another person. c. not important to establishing trust. d. a sign of insecurity.

a. more common for women than for men.

Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. a. secondary group b. institution c. primary group d. informal group

a. secondary group

Switzerland has been described as a model of __________ pluralism; more than 6 million people with French, German, and Italian cultural heritages peacefully coexist there. miscegenation accommodation compatibility segregation

accommodation

Sociologist Karl Marx believed that the workers are exploited as capitalists maximize their profit by paying the workers less than the resale values of what they produce. Marx believed that this resulted in a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement that he called __________. You Answered anomie alienation stratification verstehen

alienation

Durkheim used the term __________ for the condition in which social norms are weak, conflicting or absent. anomie verstehen mechanical solidarity gemeinschaft

anomie

Achieved statuses have a significant influence on the ascribed statuses that we occupy. a. True b. False

b. False

Impression management is equally important, regardless of the nature of the social interaction and the status of the participants. a. True b. False

b. False

Which of these statements about the criminal justice system is false? a. The criminal justice system is the only agent of social control with the power to control and punish criminal conduct. b. The criminal justice system is one vast, nationally and locally integrated system. c. The police, courts, probation departments, prisons and other correctional facilities are all part of the criminal justice system. d. Throughout the criminal justice system, agencies exercise a great deal of discretion in how decisions are made.

b. The criminal justice system is one vast, nationally and locally integrated system.

A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of __________. a. role exiting b. role inconsistency c. role distancing d. role ambiguity

c. role distancing

Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups. a. acting b. primary c. secondary d. informal

c. secondary

Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that a. social institutions work for the common good of all in society. b. social institutions primarily serve the interests of the more powerful in a society. c. social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society. d. all societies fulfill their basic needs in essentially the same ways.

c. social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society.

A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying them. a. label b. class c. status d. role

c. status

According to Forbes magazine, the richest people in the world are Mexican entrepreneur Carlos Slim Helu, Bill Gates (co-founder of Microsoft Corporation), and investor Warren Buffet. In Wright's Marxian model these men would be members of the __________ class. managerial capitalist small-business working

capitalist

The __________ states that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present. relational hypothesis social behavior thesis contact hypothesis functionalist perspective

contact hypothesis

Which of these is not one of the three major styles of leadership that exist in groups? laissez-faire authoritarian cooperative democratic

cooperative

The perspective of __________ includes the belief that racism is such an ingrained feature of U.S. society that it appears to be ordinary and natural to many people. functionalist theory symbolic interactionist theory critical race theory conflict theory

critical race theory

__________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear. a. Role alienation b. Role expectation c. Role relationality d. Role ambiguity

d. Role ambiguity

Prior to the Civil Rights Act, Jim Crow laws in the U.S. South mandated the systematic physical and social separation of whites and African Americans in all areas of public life. This is an example of __________. de faccia segregation de jure segregation miscegenation de facto segregation

de jure segregation

Leaders using the __________ style of leadership may be praised for their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis. democratic authoritarian cooperative laissez-faire

democratic

Computers and other technologies perform a great deal of work today, reducing the need for workers with special expertise. As a result, high-paying positions have been replaced with low-paying positions. This process has been termed __________. deinstitutionalization deindustrialization disengagement deskilling

deskilling

In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. Applying the typology of Joe Feagin, these policies are an example of __________ discrimination. indirect institutionalized small-group direct institutionalized isolate

direct institutionalized

When discriminatory behavior is routinely carried out by a number of dominant group members and is supported by the norms of the immediate organization or community, these actions are termed __________. small-group discrimination isolate discrimination indirect institutionalized discrimination direct institutionalized discrimination

direct institutionalized discrimination

In which of these types of groups is the participation of all members the most crucial to the survival of the group? formal organization secondary group dyad triad

dyad

Marx predicted that when workers realized that capitalists were the source of their oppression, they would overthrow the capitalists and take over the government, creating a(n) __________ society. class caste egalitarian stratified

egalitarian

During the mid-1970s, advocates of __________ theory predicted that women's crime rates would increase significantly as a result of the women's liberation movement. emancipation functionalist critical symbolic interaction

emancipation

The sociological term for a group of people distinguished by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural characteristics or national origin, is __________. folk group tribal group race ethnic group

ethnic group

A __________ is a serious crime for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year's imprisonment to death. sanction felony criminal tort misdemeanor

felony

From the perspective of __________, social inequality is not only inevitable; it is an essential part of any healthy society. functionalism conflict theory symbolic interactionism

functionalism

The systematic killing of thousands of Native Americans by the U.S. government and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany during WWII are examples of __________. prejudice discrimination genocide racism

genocide

In 2010, concern about cost over-runs and staying on schedule kept executives of BP, Halliburton, and Transocean from sharing information and concerns with each other. The result was a shared assumption of safety that ultimately resulted in the explosion of a BP oil rig and an unprecedented environmental disaster. The failure to express concerns and confront potential risk is an example of __________. a. groupthink b. false consciousness c. self-fulfilling prophecy d. the iron law of oligarchy

groupthink

A factory worker is promoted to the position of foreman in the factory. She receives a small increase in pay. This person has experienced __________ mobility. situational vertical horizontal structural

horizontal

A(n) __________ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). repetitive paradigm archetype symbolic representation ideal type

ideal type

Gangs provide members with a means of attaining higher status and material rewards that may otherwise seem unavailable to them. Cloward and Ohlin have coined the concept of __________ to refer to this. strain theory criminal careers illegitimate opportunity structures differential opportunity theory

illegitimate opportunity structures

A landlord refuses to rent to someone of a different race. This is an example of __________ discrimination. You Answered uniform institutional standard individual

individual

Which of these factors has not been identified as part of the criteria for determining one's social class in the contemporary Marxian model of Erik Wright? ownership of the means of production purchase of the labor of others inherited wealth sale of one's own labor

inherited wealth

Latisha is a member of a group working on a research project for a class assignment. Whenever the group meets, other members are easily sidetracked and Latisha is always trying to keep the group focused on the assignment. Latisha would be considered the __________ leader of the group. laissez faire authoritarian expressive instrumental

instrumental

Latisha is a member of a group working on a research project for a class assignment. Whenever the group meets, other members are easily sidetracked and Latisha is always trying to keep the group focused on the assignment. Latisha would be considered the __________ leader of the group. instrumental laissez faire authoritarian expressive

instrumental

When Carlos's grandfather migrated to the United States, he had completed six years of schooling and was an agricultural worker in California. Carlos's father completed high school and worked for twenty years as a clerk in a large state agency. Through the efforts of his father and grandfather, Carlos was able to graduate from college and medical school, and he now has a thriving medical practice in southern California. Carlos's family exemplifies __________ mobility. intragenerational exchange intergenerational structural

intergenerational

Camryn started her career as a high-tech factory worker and through increased experience and taking specialized courses in her field became an entrepreneur, starting her own highly successful business. Camryn's advancement is an example of __________ mobility. exchange intergenerational structural intragenerational

intragenerational

A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination. indirect institutionalized small-group direct institutionalized isolate

isolate

Chambliss' study of the "Saints" and the "Roughnecks", names he gave to two groups of boys in high school, is a now-classic example used to illustrate __________. labeling theory differential association strain theory control theory

labeling theory

A teacher gives students ideas for an assignment, but encourages them to be creative and pick their own subject and format. The teacher is using a _________ leadership style. democratic authoritarian laissez-faire autocratic

laissez-faire

Which of these would not be considered corporate crime? price fixing tax evasion copyright infringement loan sharking

loan sharking

Today, great disparities exist in the distribution of educational resources. Because funding for education comes primarily from __________, school districts in wealthy suburban areas generally pay higher teachers' salaries, have newer buildings, and provide state-of-the-art equipment. federal government taxes local property taxes state taxes a combination of state and federal taxes

local property taxes

In Wright's Marxian model, persons who have substantial control over production and over workers, but do not participate in key corporate decisions such as how to invest profit are the __________. capitalist class small-business class working class managerial class

managerial class

Becker coined the term __________ to refer to those who use their own perspectives on "right" and "wrong" to create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior. significant others moral entrepreneurs reference groups power elite

moral entrepreneurs

In sports, calling a player of color a derogatory name, participating in racist chanting during a sporting event, and writing racist graffiti in a team's locker room are examples of __________ racism. closed overt open subtle

overt

The term __________ refers to blatant behavior and may take the form of public statements about the "inferiority" of members of a racial or ethnic group. open racism subtle racism overt racism closed racism

overt racism

Contemporary Marxian (or conflict) theorists examine class in terms of __________. a. the ownership or nonownership of the means of production b. wealth inequality c. people's relationship with others in the production process d. a multidimensional approach of wealth, prestige and power

people's relationship with others in the production process

Which of these characteristics is not shared by caste systems and slavery? status is determined at birth persons are considered property it is a closed system of stratification one's status is ascribed, not achieved

persons are considered property

The term __________ refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government in efforts to usurp power. occupational crime political crime index crime corporate crime

political crime

According to sociologist Max Weber's system of stratification, __________ is the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others. wealth power status prestige

power

Used sociologically, __________ most commonly refers to a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups. prejudice discrimination stereotyping profiling

prejudice

A football coach dislikes African Americans but still hires black players because he thinks they will enhance the team's ability to win. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this coach is a(n) __________. unprejudiced nondiscriminator unprejudiced discriminator prejudiced nondiscriminator prejudiced discriminator

prejudiced nondiscriminator

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands, or a desire for profits. prejudiced discriminators unprejudiced discriminators prejudiced nondiscriminators unprejudiced nondiscriminators

prejudiced nondiscriminators

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term __________ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time. formal group secondary group informal group primary group

primary group

Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advice. They are an example of a(n) __________. formal organization primary group secondary group aggregate

primary group

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store but not be apprehended or labeled as a deviant. The person may subsequently decide to forgo such behavior in the future. This example illustrates what stage of deviance? primary stage career stage secondary stage tertiary stage

primary stage

Marx used the term __________ to refer to those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive. proletariat rentiers bourgeoisie entrepreneurs

proletariat

Weber used the term __________ for the category of wealthy individuals who live off their investments and do not have to work. entrepreneurs rentiers independents consumers

rentiers

One type of dominant-subordinate group interaction that Native Americans have not been subjected to is __________. genocide forced migration restrictive immigration quotas forced assimilation

restrictive immigration quotas

Applying Merton's strain theory, skid-row alcoholics and drug addicts illustrate the concept of __________. rebellion ritualism retreatism innovation

retreatism

Which of these characteristics do virtual communities and face-to-face communities have in common? social boundaries shared interests psychological detachment among members geographic boundaries

shared interests

The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is __________. generalized others personal others formal others significant others

significant others

A small group of white students, without the support of other students or faculty members, defaces a professor's office with racial epithets. Joe Feagin would label the behavior of these students __________ discrimination. indirect institutionalized small-group direct institutionalized isolate

small-group

A(n) __________ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence. aggregate category secondary group social group

social group

Children are not "naturally" prejudiced. Prejudice and discrimination are reinforced when relatives and friends reward children with smiles and laughs for telling derogatory jokes or making negative comments about outgroup members. This is the basic framework of the __________. social learning theory frustration-aggression hypothesis the authoritarian personality thesis unprejudiced discrimination theor

social learning theory

According to Merton's __________ theory, people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals. opportunity conflict developmental strain

strain

Sociologists use the term __________ for a group whose members are disadvantaged by physical or cultural characteristics, are subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination. dominant group multilateral group subordinate group majority group

subordinate group

Which type of theorist is most concerned with the influence that the size of the group has on the interaction among members? symbolic interactionists conflict theorists functionalists postmodern theorists

symbolic interactionists

According to Lemert, some people engage in __________ deviance, which occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant. career primary tertiary secondary

tertiary

In contemporary societies, the primary mechanism of external social control is __________. the criminal justice system parents the schools the church

the criminal justice system

Marx's theory had important insights into capitalist societies; for example __________ a. the economic basis of class systems. b. despite economic differences, classes share values and beliefs. c. different classes work together for the well-being of a society. d. values and beliefs are more important than the material wealth one holds.

the economic basis of class systems.

In the late 1970s, sociologist Diana Pearce coined the term __________to refer to the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty. the feminization of poverty matriarchal poverty pink-collar poverty gendered poverty

the feminization of poverty

A group composed of three members is termed a(n) __________. triad affiliation accommodation dyad

triad

The term __________ refers to those who are poor, seldom employed, and experience long term deprivation. working class underclass middle class working poor

underclass

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic, political, or social interests. unprejudiced discriminators prejudiced nondiscriminators prejudiced discriminators unprejudiced nondiscriminators

unprejudiced discriminators

Two players on a professional sports team are best friends; it so happens that one player is white and the other is African American. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, these players are __________. unprejudiced nondiscriminators unprejudiced discriminators prejudiced nondiscriminators prejudiced discriminators

unprejudiced nondiscriminators

According to the social class model developed by Gilbert and Kahl, a combination of three factors qualifies people for the __________ class: university degrees, authority and independence on the job, and high income. upper-upper middle-middle lower-middle upper-middle

upper-middle

In the model of American social classes based on Weber's theory, the __________ is made up of prominent families which have held great wealth for several generations. lower-upper new money upper-upper upper middle

upper-upper

The term pink-collar refers to a. women workers, regardless of their type of profession or occupation. b. women in working class positions, including machine operators and factory workers. c. semi-skilled positions that are low paying, not manual labor, and are primarily held by women. d. any type of occupation or position in which emotional labor is the dominant feature.

women workers, regardless of their type of profession or occupation.

__________ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise. Iron Law of Oligarchy Self-fulfilling prophecy Group conformity Groupthink

Groupthink

A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs. a. group b. social institution c. social organization d. working group

b. social institution

Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists? a. Who benefits from the structure of social institutions? b. What is the economic structure of society? c. How do we know how to interact in a given situation? d. How does a society maintain order and stability?

c. How do we know how to interact in a given situation?

Which of these would not be considered a form of face-saving behavior? a. studied nonobservance of the mistakes or flaws of another b. attributing the success of others to luck c. attributing one's own success to preferential treatment by others d. finding excuses for one's poor performance

c. attributing one's own success to preferential treatment by others

From the __________ perspective, U. S. government policies in urban areas have benefited some people but exacerbated the problems of others. Urban renewal and transportation projects have caused the destruction of low-cost housing resulting in greater numbers of homeless people. a. functionalist b. postmodern c. conflict d. symbolic interactionist

c. conflict

__________ refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people. Juvenile delinquency Truancy Youthful misconduct Crime

Juvenile delinquency

A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal. coalition accommodation dyad affiliation

coalition

Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________ organizations. coercive normative totalitarian utilitarian

coercive

According to Cloward and Ohlin, __________ gangs emerge in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities. conflict retreatist criminal rebellist

conflict

__________ crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit. Organized Political Corporate Occupational (white-collar)

Organized

Sociologist George Ritzer applied Weber's theories to an examination of fast-food restaurants such as McDonald's. In the process of "McDonaldization," he identified four dimensions of formal rationality. Which of the following is not one of these dimensions? emphasis on quantity rather than quality predictability control through expressive leadership efficiency

control through expressive leadership

Which of these is not one of the three major styles of leadership that exist in groups? authoritarian democratic cooperative laissez-faire

cooperative

Which of these terms does not fit with the concept of in-group as well as the others? cultural relativism ethnocentrism consciousness of kind closed relationship

cultural relativism

Which of these statements is not part of Durkheim's perspective on deviance? a. Deviance is rooted in social factors like rapid social change. b. As social integration decreases, deviance increases. c.Deviance is functional for society. d. Deviance is only common in contemporary societies.

d. Deviance is only common in contemporary societies.

__________, or presentation of self, refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image. a. Ethnomethodological introduction b. Dramaturgical presentation c. Presentational analysis d. Impression management

d. Impression management

In the postmodern theory of Michel Foucault the Panoptican refers to__________. a. a prison b. the court proceedings c. a device for physical punishment, even torture d. a structure that permits continuous observation of all prisoners

d. a structure that permits continuous observation of all prisoners

People do not voluntarily become members of coercive organizations. True False

True

The primary interest of sociologists and criminologists is how societies create and sustain social control. True False

True

Within most bureaucratic organizations there will be resistance to the iron law of oligarchy. True False

True

Workers in Japan have greater job security than do workers in the U.S. True False

True

__________ may focus on the problems of one homeless family, describing how the parents and kids live in a car and eat meals from a soup kitchen. These stories do not necessarily describe the larger context of homelessness. a. Episodic framing b. Thematic framing c. Semantic framing d. Procedural framing

a. Episodic framing

Which of these statements about emotional labor and emotion management is false? a. Middle and upper class parents do not teach emotional labor because it is not a requirement of most professions. b. In any society, members must be socialized into what feelings to have and when they are appropriate. c. In some occupations, employees are trained to show feelings that are not really their own. d. Race is a factor in determining the amount of emotional labor one expends.

a. Middle and upper class parents do not teach emotional labor because it is not a requirement of most professions.

Exiting a role is more difficult for some roles than for others. a. True b. False

a. True

People do not voluntarily become members of coercive organizations. a. True b. False

a. True

Within industrial and postindustrial societies a person's occupation is a key defining characteristic. a. True b. False

a. True

Which of these is the best example of a primary group? a. the people working together in the same department b. the people at a bus station c. a sociology class d. a jury

a. the people working together in the same department

Role performance always matches role expectations. a. True b. False

b. False

The social structure is essential for a society, but is not an essential part of any particular individual's life. a. True b. False

b. False

Which of these is the best illustration of the characterization of roles as relational? a. In times of rapid social change, the roles for various positions become somewhat unclear. b. In order for a teacher to perform in that role, there must be at least one student. c. It is not clear at what age children should no longer be expected to depend upon their parents for economic support. d. One's role performance may not fit the role expectations for any particular status.

b. In order for a teacher to perform in that role, there must be at least one student.

__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity. a. Status rejection b. Role exit c. Role ambiguity d. Role rejection

b. Role exit

Which of these statements about personal space is false? a. Age, gender, and type of relationship are factors affecting the norms for personal space. b. Space is less important that other forms of communication and violations of personal space are easily ignored. c. The amount of space that one prefers varies from one culture to another. d. Physical space is an important component of communication.

b. Space is less important that other forms of communication and violations of personal space are easily ignored.

The mass media is an example of a(n) _______ institution. a. evolving b. emergent c. primary d. traditional

b. emergent

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed. a. emotional labors b. feeling rules c. socioemotional norms d. dramaturgical guidelines

b. feeling rules

Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to __________ for both men and women. a. status frustration b. role strain c. role conflict d. status inconsistency

b. role strain

Which function of deviance is best illustrated by the recent Occupy Wall Street protesters? Deviance clarifies rules. Deviance unites a group. Deviance promotes social change. Deviance prevents social chaos.

Deviance promotes social change.

Sociologist __________ believed that deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people. As social integration (bonding and community involvement) decreased, deviance and crime increased. Robert Merton Edwin Sutherland Walter Reckless Emile Durkheim

Emile Durkheim

__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and when harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed. Relational Transitional Expressive Instrumental

Expressive

In government and other high-level professional organizations, individuals are more likely to advocate for their own professional opinions rather than succumb to the pressure of the group. True False

False

In our rapidly changing society, formal organizations continually make significant changes to the way they are structured. True False

False

Juveniles are subject to the same legal process and types of punishment as adults, only in a different system. True False

False

Sociologists are in agreement that virtual communities, that is online communities of various types, fit the sociological definition of a community. True False

False

Sociologists believe that there is a set of behaviors within every society that is considered inherently deviant. True False

False

Two or three major groups control the majority of organized crime in the U.S. True False

False

We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. reality impression c. interactionist dialogue d. definition of the situation

d. definition of the situation

The perspective developed by Erving Goffman, that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________. a. ethnomethodology b. presentational analysis c. impression management d. dramaturgical analysis

d. dramaturgical analysis

A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals. a. social institution b. secondary organization c. social organization d. formal organization

d. formal organization

Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________. a. ethnomethodological b. dramaturgical c. back stage d. front stage

d. front stage

Which of these is not considered one of the five traditional social institutions? a. family b. education c. economy d. military

d. military

According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by a. networks of family and friends. b. commonly held values and beliefs. c. the power of the elite to create social control. d. mutual dependence established through the division of labor.

d. mutual dependence established through the division of labor.

The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and involvement in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________. a. social status b. status symbol c. status conflict d. role

d. role

The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is __________. a. structural functionalism b. response patterns c. symbolic interactionism d. social interaction

d. social interaction

The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is __________. a. social support b. social institution c. social solidarity d. social network

d. social network

More than 60 years ago, Sutherland coined the term __________ for what is now called occupational crime. white-collar crime political crime organizational crime blue-collar crime

white-collar crime

After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that __________. a. succumbing to group pressure is less common than many people would like to believe b. when it comes to encouraging compliance, groups wield very little power over individuals c. the size of the group has little influence on the extent to which individuals respond to group pressure d. the degree of social cohesion felt by participants is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure

d. the degree of social cohesion felt by participants is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure

Differential association does not explain a. how one may be socialized into deviance. b. why deviance is more likely to occur when one has long-term intense relationships with those who violate the law. c. the role of intimate personal groups, like family and peers, in learning deviance. d. why some people who are heavily exposed to others who break the law still adhere to conventional behavior.

d. why some people who are heavily exposed to others who break the law still adhere to conventional behavior.

Jeremy is a member of a group working on a project for his sociology class. Whenever the group meets, there is conflict between several group members and this is upsetting to the others. Joe is continuously trying to improve group harmony and trying to reduce the conflict in the group. Joe would be considered the __________ leader of the group. expressive instrumental laissez-faire transitional

expressive

A __________ is a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year in jail. felony misdemeanor civil infraction tort

misdemeanor

A person's class (socioeconomic status based on a person's education, occupation, and income) is the most significant predictor of whether a person will participate in a mainstream __________ organization. coercive normative totalitarian utilitarian

normative

We voluntarily join __________ organizations when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member. totalitarian normative coercive utilitarian

normative

Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a __________. coalition dyad affiliation triad

dyad