Sociology Exam 2

Multiculturalism

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

Groupthink

A situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts

Subculture vs. Counterculture

A subculture is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture A counterculture is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles.

Naomi Wolf

Argued that the media contribute to the "Beauty Myth." Wolf argued that women were under assault by the "beauty myth" in five areas: work, religion, sex, violence, and hunger. Ultimately, Wolf argues for a relaxation of normative standards of beauty.

conflict view of culture

Conflict perspectives assume that social life is a continuous struggle in which members of powerful groups seek to control scarce resources. Values and norms help create and sustain the privileged position of the powerful in society while excluding others

Conflict views deviance as?

Conflict theory looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance.

How does conflict theory view Deviance?

Critical of the norms and values of the dominant culture Claims people with power define deviance Interested in how unequal conditions contribute to deviance Concerned with differential justice

Cultural diffusion vs. cultural leveling

Cultural diffusion is when pieces of the culture are spread. Cultural leveling is the process of the cultures becoming more similar to each other.

According to Émile Durkheim, which of the following are functions that deviance performs?

Deviance can promote social cohesion. Deviance can help clarify moral boundaries.

material vs. non-material culture

Material Culture - the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people. Non-material Culture - the beliefs, practices, aesthics, and values of a group of people

Social class and health, race and health, gender and health. What is the connection?

Higher social class: Better healthcare Race: White people get better care Gender: Men get better care

Ideal vs. Real Culture

Ideal culture includes the values and norms that a culture claims to have, while real culture includes the values and norms that are actually followed by a culture.

Ideology/ Dominant ideology

Ideology: Values and beliefs people use to make sense of the world Dominant ideology: Those in power shape ideology though institutional control Reinforced by: institutional control & serving their interests

conflict theory views on health

In this view, people with money and power—the dominant group—are the ones who make decisions about how the healthcare system will be run.

strain theory

Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) is an example of what stigma-related concept?

In- Group Orientation

Folkways vs. Mores vs. Laws

Laws are norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials. Folkways and mores emerge slowly and are often unconsciously created, while laws are consciously created and enforced. Mores are an important source for laws.

deviance avowal

process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates their own labeling process

expressive tasks

refer to the emotional work necessary to support family members (such as remembering a relative's birthday or playing with the children).

instrumental tasks

refer to the practical physical tasks necessary to maintain family life (washing dishes and cutting grass).

Deviance rebellion

renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and instead works toward their own goals using new means

Deviance: Retreatism

renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and lives outside the conventional norms altogether

Sanctions

restrictions intended to enforce international law

medicalization of deviance

the process that changes "bad" behavior into "sick" behavior

Deprofessionalization

the process whereby a profession's power and autonomy, as well as high status and great wealth, have declined, at least relative to the exalted position the profession once held

Deviance

the recognized violation of cultural norms

Jack Katz' Seductions of Crime

the situational inducements or immediate benefits that draw offenders into law violations

Food insecurity

the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

differential association theory

theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to

tribal stigma

type of stigma, includes all who are discredited because they are members of a socially disapproved category/group ex: race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation

Spoiled identity/Stigma (goffman)

a person being attributed with a negative or stigmatizing characteristic by the generalized other.

Civil Forfeiture

a procedure in which law enforcement officers take assets from people who are suspected of illegal activity, but have not been charged with a crime

Stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

structural functionalism view of culture

a system in which all parts work—or function—together to create society as a whole.

Polyamory

a system of multiple-person partnership

Moral Panic (deviance)

a widespread, but disproportionate, reaction to a form of deviance

Deviance innovation

accepts society's approved goals but rejects the means to achieve those goals

positive deviance

actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic

in-group orientation

among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity

Deviance: Ritualism

gives up on achieving society's approved goals but accepts the means to achieve those goals

W.I. Thomas Theorem

if people define situations as real, then they are real in their consequences

Consequential Strangers

people who are not in a person's closest friendship circle but nonetheless have an impact

culture shock

personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

three main types of stigma

physical, moral, tribal

social construction of reality

the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction

sandwich generation

Group of people who are caring for both their parents and their children.

Race and Health

- overall, whites tend to have better health than blacks Hispanics, but this is closely tied to relationship between social class and health

Rationale for punishment/incarceration: retribution, rehabilitiation, deterrence, and incapacitation

-Incapacitation prevents crime by removing a defendant from society. -Rehabilitation prevents crime by altering a defendant's behavior. -Retribution prevents crime by giving victims or society a feeling of avengement. -Restitution prevents crime by punishing the defendant financially.

When did imprisonment take off in the U.S.?

1991

deviance conformist

A conformer to society

Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural relativism

Ethnocentrism- the principle of using one's own culture as a means or standard by which to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than one's own are abnormal or inferior Cultural relativism- the principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging or evaluating according to one's own culture

Elements of culture include

Food, housing, clothing, language, customs, and values

How does structural functionalism view Deviance?

For the structural functionalist, deviance serves two primary roles in creating social stability. First, systems of recognizing and punishing deviance create norms and tell members of a given society how to behave by laying out patterns of acceptable and unacceptable behavior

Multiculturalism vs. Assimilation

Multiculturalism refers to communities or societies containing multiple cultures. From a sociology perspective, multiculturalism encourages, respects, and celebrates cultural differences. Assimilation is like a melting pot. Melting pot describes the melting together of different elements of culture into one homogenous culture.

Symbolic View of Culture

People create, maintain, and modify culture as they go about their everyday activities. People continually negotiate their social realities. Values and norms are not independent realities that automatically determine our behavior. Instead, we reinterpret them in each social situation we encounter.

moral entrepreneurs

People who wage moral crusades to control criminal law so that it reflects their own personal values.

How does symbolic interactionism view Deviance?

Symbolic interactionists argue that deviance is "relative." That is, what might be considered deviant in one group (or society) might not be considered by another.

Ulrich Beck

Risk society; decisions we make now will have an impact on future generations. Ulrich Beck is most known for his belief that we are in a period of second modernity. Beck argued that advancements in science and technology have accelerated modernization and globalization, processes which have created more societal risks alongside their positive impacts on the world.

formal social control

Social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers

structural functionalism theory views on health

Structural functionalism holds that a society is essentially like a living organism. That is, a society is made up of various parts that are all necessary to the overall functioning of that society.

Symbolic views deviance as?

Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical approach that can be used to explain how societies and/or social groups come to view behaviors as deviant or conventional.

symbolic interactionism theory views on health

Symbolic interactionism is particularly useful for understanding dynamics regarding health and sickness and the impact of health crises on individuals (and even greater communities) since its focus is on the meanings individuals apply to self and others as they navigate the experiences of their lives

cultural imperialism

The dominance of one culture over another.

human trafficking

The illegal trade of human beings, a modern-day form of slavery, for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or involuntary military combat.

Purposes of Corporal Punishment in the U.S.?

The immediate aims of such punishment are usually to halt the offense, prevent its recurrence and set an example for others.

Moral Panic

The reaction by a group of people based on exaggerated or false perceptions about crime and criminal behavior

self-fulfilling prophecies

The stress and lowered expectations regarding a situation contribute to making beliefs into reality

Hate crimes

attacks based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics

Culture wars--what are some examples happening now and which social institution impacts these the most?

battles over bathroom bills. it affects conflict theory

Functionalists view deviance as?

believe that deviance plays an important role in society and can be used to challenge people's views

Solomon Asch Line Experiment

conformity test. People picked the wrong line because everyone was doing it. Normative influence

Norms

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

Meidung and Rumspringa- Amish community

rumspringa is when a certain amount of misbehavior is unsurprising and is not severely condemned (for instance, by Meidung)

informal social control

social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule

Michel Foucault

study of surveillance and power. Michel Foucault's main ideas cover discourses, power/knowledge, sovereign and disciplinary power, the Panopticon and surveillance, and governmentality and biopower.

recidivism

the act of repeating an offense

labeling theory

the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

the idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language

Primary vs. Secondary deviance

• Primary deviance: behavior committed before a person is caught and labeled an offender • Secondary deviance: results from being caught and labeled