Sociology Exam 2
Multiculturalism
A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions
Groupthink
A situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts
Subculture vs. Counterculture
A subculture is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture A counterculture is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles.
Naomi Wolf
Argued that the media contribute to the "Beauty Myth." Wolf argued that women were under assault by the "beauty myth" in five areas: work, religion, sex, violence, and hunger. Ultimately, Wolf argues for a relaxation of normative standards of beauty.
conflict view of culture
Conflict perspectives assume that social life is a continuous struggle in which members of powerful groups seek to control scarce resources. Values and norms help create and sustain the privileged position of the powerful in society while excluding others
Conflict views deviance as?
Conflict theory looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance.
How does conflict theory view Deviance?
Critical of the norms and values of the dominant culture Claims people with power define deviance Interested in how unequal conditions contribute to deviance Concerned with differential justice
Cultural diffusion vs. cultural leveling
Cultural diffusion is when pieces of the culture are spread. Cultural leveling is the process of the cultures becoming more similar to each other.
According to Émile Durkheim, which of the following are functions that deviance performs?
Deviance can promote social cohesion. Deviance can help clarify moral boundaries.
material vs. non-material culture
Material Culture - the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people. Non-material Culture - the beliefs, practices, aesthics, and values of a group of people
Social class and health, race and health, gender and health. What is the connection?
Higher social class: Better healthcare Race: White people get better care Gender: Men get better care
Ideal vs. Real Culture
Ideal culture includes the values and norms that a culture claims to have, while real culture includes the values and norms that are actually followed by a culture.
Ideology/ Dominant ideology
Ideology: Values and beliefs people use to make sense of the world Dominant ideology: Those in power shape ideology though institutional control Reinforced by: institutional control & serving their interests
conflict theory views on health
In this view, people with money and power—the dominant group—are the ones who make decisions about how the healthcare system will be run.
strain theory
Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) is an example of what stigma-related concept?
In- Group Orientation
Folkways vs. Mores vs. Laws
Laws are norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials. Folkways and mores emerge slowly and are often unconsciously created, while laws are consciously created and enforced. Mores are an important source for laws.
deviance avowal
process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates their own labeling process
expressive tasks
refer to the emotional work necessary to support family members (such as remembering a relative's birthday or playing with the children).
instrumental tasks
refer to the practical physical tasks necessary to maintain family life (washing dishes and cutting grass).
Deviance rebellion
renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and instead works toward their own goals using new means
Deviance: Retreatism
renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and lives outside the conventional norms altogether
Sanctions
restrictions intended to enforce international law
medicalization of deviance
the process that changes "bad" behavior into "sick" behavior
Deprofessionalization
the process whereby a profession's power and autonomy, as well as high status and great wealth, have declined, at least relative to the exalted position the profession once held
Deviance
the recognized violation of cultural norms
Jack Katz' Seductions of Crime
the situational inducements or immediate benefits that draw offenders into law violations
Food insecurity
the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food
differential association theory
theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to
tribal stigma
type of stigma, includes all who are discredited because they are members of a socially disapproved category/group ex: race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation
Spoiled identity/Stigma (goffman)
a person being attributed with a negative or stigmatizing characteristic by the generalized other.
Civil Forfeiture
a procedure in which law enforcement officers take assets from people who are suspected of illegal activity, but have not been charged with a crime
Stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
structural functionalism view of culture
a system in which all parts work—or function—together to create society as a whole.
Polyamory
a system of multiple-person partnership
Moral Panic (deviance)
a widespread, but disproportionate, reaction to a form of deviance
Deviance innovation
accepts society's approved goals but rejects the means to achieve those goals
positive deviance
actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic
in-group orientation
among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity
Deviance: Ritualism
gives up on achieving society's approved goals but accepts the means to achieve those goals
W.I. Thomas Theorem
if people define situations as real, then they are real in their consequences
Consequential Strangers
people who are not in a person's closest friendship circle but nonetheless have an impact
culture shock
personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
three main types of stigma
physical, moral, tribal
social construction of reality
the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction
sandwich generation
Group of people who are caring for both their parents and their children.
Race and Health
- overall, whites tend to have better health than blacks Hispanics, but this is closely tied to relationship between social class and health
Rationale for punishment/incarceration: retribution, rehabilitiation, deterrence, and incapacitation
-Incapacitation prevents crime by removing a defendant from society. -Rehabilitation prevents crime by altering a defendant's behavior. -Retribution prevents crime by giving victims or society a feeling of avengement. -Restitution prevents crime by punishing the defendant financially.
When did imprisonment take off in the U.S.?
1991
deviance conformist
A conformer to society
Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural relativism
Ethnocentrism- the principle of using one's own culture as a means or standard by which to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than one's own are abnormal or inferior Cultural relativism- the principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging or evaluating according to one's own culture
Elements of culture include
Food, housing, clothing, language, customs, and values
How does structural functionalism view Deviance?
For the structural functionalist, deviance serves two primary roles in creating social stability. First, systems of recognizing and punishing deviance create norms and tell members of a given society how to behave by laying out patterns of acceptable and unacceptable behavior
Multiculturalism vs. Assimilation
Multiculturalism refers to communities or societies containing multiple cultures. From a sociology perspective, multiculturalism encourages, respects, and celebrates cultural differences. Assimilation is like a melting pot. Melting pot describes the melting together of different elements of culture into one homogenous culture.
Symbolic View of Culture
People create, maintain, and modify culture as they go about their everyday activities. People continually negotiate their social realities. Values and norms are not independent realities that automatically determine our behavior. Instead, we reinterpret them in each social situation we encounter.
moral entrepreneurs
People who wage moral crusades to control criminal law so that it reflects their own personal values.
How does symbolic interactionism view Deviance?
Symbolic interactionists argue that deviance is "relative." That is, what might be considered deviant in one group (or society) might not be considered by another.
Ulrich Beck
Risk society; decisions we make now will have an impact on future generations. Ulrich Beck is most known for his belief that we are in a period of second modernity. Beck argued that advancements in science and technology have accelerated modernization and globalization, processes which have created more societal risks alongside their positive impacts on the world.
formal social control
Social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers
structural functionalism theory views on health
Structural functionalism holds that a society is essentially like a living organism. That is, a society is made up of various parts that are all necessary to the overall functioning of that society.
Symbolic views deviance as?
Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical approach that can be used to explain how societies and/or social groups come to view behaviors as deviant or conventional.
symbolic interactionism theory views on health
Symbolic interactionism is particularly useful for understanding dynamics regarding health and sickness and the impact of health crises on individuals (and even greater communities) since its focus is on the meanings individuals apply to self and others as they navigate the experiences of their lives
cultural imperialism
The dominance of one culture over another.
human trafficking
The illegal trade of human beings, a modern-day form of slavery, for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or involuntary military combat.
Purposes of Corporal Punishment in the U.S.?
The immediate aims of such punishment are usually to halt the offense, prevent its recurrence and set an example for others.
Moral Panic
The reaction by a group of people based on exaggerated or false perceptions about crime and criminal behavior
self-fulfilling prophecies
The stress and lowered expectations regarding a situation contribute to making beliefs into reality
Hate crimes
attacks based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics
Culture wars--what are some examples happening now and which social institution impacts these the most?
battles over bathroom bills. it affects conflict theory
Functionalists view deviance as?
believe that deviance plays an important role in society and can be used to challenge people's views
Solomon Asch Line Experiment
conformity test. People picked the wrong line because everyone was doing it. Normative influence
Norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
Meidung and Rumspringa- Amish community
rumspringa is when a certain amount of misbehavior is unsurprising and is not severely condemned (for instance, by Meidung)
informal social control
social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule
Michel Foucault
study of surveillance and power. Michel Foucault's main ideas cover discourses, power/knowledge, sovereign and disciplinary power, the Panopticon and surveillance, and governmentality and biopower.
recidivism
the act of repeating an offense
labeling theory
the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
the idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language
Primary vs. Secondary deviance
• Primary deviance: behavior committed before a person is caught and labeled an offender • Secondary deviance: results from being caught and labeled