Sociology Exam 4

Research presents evidence that homosexual and bisexual individuals are treated differently than heterosexual individuals in schools, the workplace, and the military, and experience frequent discrimination. Which of the following is an example of progress toward removing a systematic discriminatory practice?

"Don't ask, don't tell" in armed forces

________ are focused on self-improvement and limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behavior. T

Alternate Movements

________ is non-institutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage.

Collective behavior

The ________ focuses on how race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity.

Interactionalist Theory

Which theory suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes when we examine the advantages and disadvantages of race?

Intersection Theory

________ seek to completely change every aspect of society. Examples include the Civil Rights Movement or political movements, such as a push for communism.

Revolutionary movements

People standing in line at the post office would represent which type of crowd?

casual

The belief that one skin tone is superior to another skin tone within a racial group is known as

colorism or shadism

A theory of collective action claiming that collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others is ________ theory.

contagion theory

Of the three primary forms of collective behavior, ________ is a large group of people in close proximity.

crowd

Belief that men have, or have the right to, more sexual urges than women creates a ________.

double standard

The ________ emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior.

emergent norm theory

________ is a type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues. It uses the conflict approach to examine the maintenance of gender roles and inequalities.

feminist theory

Alfred Kinsey was among the first to conceptualize sexuality as

fluid and subject to change over time

Some of the most common occupations in the United States are almost completely segregated by

gender

________ is a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender.

gender identity

The term ________ is based on evidence that women and men are paid differently for similar work in the labor force, counting all full-time workers.

gender pay gap

The term________ refers to society's concept of how men and women are expected to look and how they should behave. These are based on norms, or standards, created by society.

gender role

Even in levels as low as kindergarten, schools subtly convey messages to girls indicating that they are less intelligent or less important than boys. For example, in a study of teacher responses to male and female students, data indicated that teachers praised male students far more than female students. Teachers interrupted girls more often and gave boys more opportunities to expand on their ideas. This is an example of

gender socialization

According to the American Psychological Association, individuals usually become aware of their sexual orientation

middle school

Successful social movements use three kinds of frames to further their goals, diagnostic, prognostic, and ________.

motivational

Male dominated jobs ________ although they require the same level of skills and training.

pay more than female oriented jobs

The increase in our senior population as baby boomers begin to retire, which will in turn change the way many of our social institutions are organized, reflects ________ that impacts all other aspects of society.

population trend

In ________ societies, tradition was important because the customs that were passed down through the generations helped guide everyday life.

premodern

________ are "meaning seeking," and their goal is to provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals.

redemptive movements

A person's ________ is their physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex, such as male or female.

sexual orientation

________ is viewed as a person's capacity for sexual feelings.

sexuality

________ are purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal.

social movements

Gender is something we do or perform, not something we are. In other words, both gender and sexuality are ________.

socially constructed

________ stress the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability

structural functionalists

The digital divide refers to ________.

those who have and people who don;t have access to technology

Individuals who identify with the role that is the different from their biological sex are called

transgender

The phrase "boys will be boys" is often used to justify behavior such as pushing, shoving, or other forms of aggression from young boys. The phrase implies that such behavior is

unchangeable and natural