sociology final
outsourcing
"contracting out" or transferring to another country the labor that a company might otherwise have employed its own staff to perform; typically done for financial reasons
assimilation
a pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous
intersex
a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female
intrinsic religiosity
a person's inner religious life or personal relationship to the divine
extrinsic religiosity
a person's public display of commitment to a religious faith
democracy
a political system in which all citizens have the right to participate
relative deprivation
a relative measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society
power elite
a relatively small group of people in the top ranks of economic, politics, and military institutions who make many of the important decisions in american society
racism
a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic
rape culture
a set of beliefs, norms, and values that normalizes sexual violence against women
status inconsistency
a situation in which an individual holds differing levels of status in terms of wealth, power, prestige, or other elements of socioeconomic status
Social Dilemma
a situation in which behavior that is rational for the individual can, when practiced by many people, lead to collective disaster
Family
a social group whose members are bound by legal, biological, or emotional ties, or a combination of all three
open system
a social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another
closed system
a social system with very little opportunity to move from one class to another
ethnicity
a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor
race
a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
Conflict theory (ch.11)
a stratified labor market creates intergroup conflict in which wealthier capitalists may exploit less powerful workers
meritocracy
a system in which rewards are distributed based on merit
gender binary
a system of classification with only two distinct and opposite gender categories
authoritarianism
a system of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include representation of ordinary citizens
Communism
a system of government that eliminates private property; the most extreme form of socialism, because all citizens work for the government and there are no class distinctions
Polygyny
a system of marriage that allows men to have multiple wives
Polygamy
a system of marriage that allows people to have more than one spouse at a time
Polyandry
a system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands
Polyamory
a system of multiple-person partnership
pluralist model
a system of political power in which a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and the mechanisms of power
feudal system
a system of social stratification based on a hereditary nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced laborers called serfs
social class
a system of stratification practiced primarily in capitalist societies, ranks groups of people according to their wealth, property, power, and prestige
Crowd
a temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact
evangelical
a term describing conservative christians who emphasize converting other to their faith
monotheistic
a term describing religions that worship a single divine figure
unchurched
a term describing who consider themselves spiritual but not religious and who often adopt aspects of various traditions
Modernity
a term that characterizes industrialized societies, including the decline of tradition, an increase in individualism, and a belief in progress, technology, and science
Postmodernity
a term that characterizes postindustrial societies, including a focus on the production and management of information and skepticism of science and technology
Emergent norm theory
a theory of collective behavior that assumes individual members of a crowd make their own decisions about behavior and that norms are created through others' acceptance or rejection of these behaviors
Technological determinism
a theory of social change that assumes changes in technology drive changes in society, rather than vice versa
Mass Society Theory
a theory of social movements that assumes people join not because of the movements' ideals but to satisfy a psychological need to belong to something larger than themselves
Relative Deprivation Theory
a theory of social movements that focuses on the actions of oppressed groups seeking rights or opportunities already enjoyed by others in the society
Resource Mobilization Theory
a theory of social movements that focuses on the practical constraints that help or hinder social movements' action
Public Goods Dilemma
a type of social dilemma in which individuals incur the cost to contribute to a collective resource, though they may never benefit from that resource
Tragedy of the commons
a type of social dilemma in which many individuals' overexploitation of a public resource depletes or degrades that common resource
sweatshop
a workplace where workers are subject to extreme exploitation, including below-standard wages, long hours, and poor working conditions that may pose health or safety hazards
union
an association of workers who bargain collectively for increased wages and benefits and better working conditions
Socialism
an economic system based on the collective ownership of the means of production, collective distribution of goods and services, and government regulation
Capitalism
an economic system based on the laws of free market competition, privatization of the means of production for profit
situational ethnicity
an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation
symbolic ethnicity
an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly affect everyday life
race consciousness
an ideology that acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that shapes our individual and social experiences
color-blind racism
an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment
simulacrum
an image or media representation that does not reflect reality in any meaningful way but is treated as real
gender expression
an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender
gender identity
an individual's self-definition or sense of gender
sex
an individuals membership in one of two categories -male or female- based on biological factors
misogyny
an ingrained prejudice against women; dislike, contempt, or hatred of women
absolute deprivation
an objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care
men's rights movement
an offshoot of male liberation whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men
pro-feminist men's movement
an offshoot of male liberation whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women
lower-middle class
another way of saying working-class
online education
any educational course or program in which the teacher and the student meet via the internet, rather than meeting physically in a classroom
religion
any institutionalized system of shared beliefs and rituals that identify a relationship between the sacred and the profane
Domestic abuse
any physical, verbal, financial, sexual, or psychological behaviors abusers use to gain and maintain power over their victims
Social Movement
any social groups with leadership, organization, and an ideological commitment to promote or resist social change
just-world hypothesis
argues that people have a deep need to see the world as orderly, predictable, and fair, which creature a tendency to view victims of social injustice as deserving of their fates
everyday class consciousness
awareness of one's own social status and that of others
caste system
based on heredity, whereby whole groups of people are born into certain strata; creates a highly stratified society where there is little or no chance of a person changing her position within the hierarchy, no matter what she may achieve individually
Collective behavior
behavior that follows from the formation of a group or crowd of people who take action together toward a shared goal
feminism
belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief
heterosexism
belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals
cisgenderism
belief the superiority of cisgender persons and identities
primary sex characteristics
biological factors, such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs, that distinguish males from females
structural mobility
changes in the social status of large numbers of people as a result of structural changes in society
culture of poverty
entrenched attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their lot
microaggressions
everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to member of certain social groups
microaggressions
everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain people groups
Symbolic interactionism (ch.12)
family is a social construction that is created, changed, and maintained through ongoing interaction
homophobia
fear of or discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people
transphobia
fear of or discrimination toward transgender or other gender-nonconforming people
federal poverty line
federal index that defines "official" poverty in the united states based on household income; updated annually
same-sex marriage
federally recognized marriage between members of the same sex; made legal in the united states in 2015
symbolic interactionism (ch. 9)
gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives
structural functionalism (ch. 8)
groups have a tendency toward ethnocentrism, which binds people together but also makes them act unfavorable toward those outside the group
opinion leaders
high-profile individuals whose interpretation of events influences the public
early college high schools
institutions in which students earn a high school diploma and two years of credit toward a bachelor's degree
Fads
interests or practices followed enthusiastically for a relatively short period of time
secular
nonreligious; a secular society separates church and states and does not endorse any religion
Contagion theory
one of the earliest theories of collective action; suggests that individuals who join a crowd can become "infected" by mob mentality and lose the ability to reason
special interest groups
organizations that raise and spend money to influence elected officials and or public opinion
political action committees (PACS)
organizations that raise money to support the interests of a select group or organization
cultural capital
the tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural assets that help us gain advantages in society
social reproduction
the tendency of social classes to remain relatively stable as class status is passed down from one generation to the next
heterogamy
the tendency to choose romantic partners who are dissimilar in terms of class, race, education, religion, and other social membership
Homogamy
the tendency to choose romantic partners who are similar to us in terms of class, race, education, religion, and other social group membership
homogamy
the tendency to choose romantic partners who are similar to us in terms of class, race, education, religion, and other social group membership
Propinquity
the tendency to partner with people who live close by
Cultural Lag
the time between changes in material culture or technology and the resulting changes in the broader culture's relevant norms, values, meanings, and laws
Social Change
the transformation of a culture over time
wealth gap
the unequal distribution of assets across a population
second shift
the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they finish their day's paid labor
Second shift:
the unpaid housework and childcare often expected of women after they finish their day's paid labor
Fashion
the widespread custom or style of behavior and appearance at a particular time or in a particular place
embodied identity
those elements of identity that are generated through others' perceptions of our physical traits
essentialists
those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed
constructionists
those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a binary system is just one possibility among many
contingent workforce
those who work in positions that are temporary or freelance or who work as independent contractors
Regardless of age, race, or gender, people with more education are more likely to have health insurance.
true
Identify the true and false statements about the federal poverty line.
true: -The federal poverty line is an absolute measure. -The percentage of people living below the federal poverty line has never dipped below 10%. false: -The federal poverty line for an individual is $16,240. -All families above the federal poverty line can afford basic necessities.
community college
two-year institution that provides students with general education and facilities transfer to a four-year university
Symbolic Interactionism (ch. 16)
social change involves changes in the meanings of things as well as changes in laws, culture, and social behavior
Conflict theory (ch. 16)
social change is the inevitable result of social inequality and conflict between groups over power and resources
working class
social class consisting of mostly blue collar or service industry workers who are less likely to have a college degree; they constitute about 30% of the U.S population
postmodernism (ch.7)
social class is passed down from one generation to the next through cultural capital
conflict theory
social classes are highly stratified and continue to grow further apart
minority group
social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups though they are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups
Virtual Communities
social groups whose interactions are mediated through information technologies, particularly the internet
symbolic interactionism (ch. 10)
social institutions are created through individual participation
structural functionalism (ch. 10)
social institutions provide critical functions and help to maintain order
conflict theory (ch.10)
social institutions represent the interests of those in power and this create and maintain inequalities
queer theory
social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance off difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories
Structural Functionalism (ch. 16)
sometimes social change is necessary to maintain equilibrium and order in society
structural functionalism (ch.7)
stratification is necessary for society to function
disenfranchised
stripped of voting rights, either temporarily or permanently
If researchers find that the Great Recession of 2008 led to large numbers of middle-class people experiencing downward mobility to the lower-middle class, it would be an example of what?
structural mobility
social institutions
systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals
Progressive
term describing efforts to promote forward-thinking social change
Regressive
term describing resistance to particular social changes, efforts to maintain the status quo, or attempts to reestablish an earlier form of social order
cisgender
term used when gender identity and or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth
gender nonconforming
term used when gender identity and or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles
transgender
term used when gender identity and or expression is different from the sex assigned at birth
power
the ability to impose one's will on others
cultural appropriation
the adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant group's gain
heteronormativity
the belief that heterosexuality us and should be the norm
sexism
the belief that one sex, usually male, is superior to the other
white nationalism
the belief that the nation should be built around a white identity that is reflected in religion, politics, economics, and culture
Incest
sexual contract between family members; a form of child abuse when it occurs between a child and a caregiv
sexuality
the character or quality of being sexual
reverse racism
the claim by whites that they suffer discrimination based upon their race an, therefore, experience social disadvantages
Globalization
the cultural and economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade and exchange in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries
globalization
the cultural and economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade and exchange in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century
genocide
the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group
Cultural Diffusion
the dissemination of material and symbolic culture from one group to another
first wave
the earliest period of feminist activism, from the mid-nineteenth century until american women won the right to vote in 1920
internal colonialism
the economic and political subjugation of the minority group by the dominant group within a nation
feminization of poverty
the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, cause in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care
homeschooling
the education of children by their parents, at home
Expressive tasks
the emotional work necessary to support family members
Structural functionalism (ch.12)
the family is responsible for the reproduction of society as it produces and socializes children
population transfer
the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied
government
the formal, organized agency that exercises power and control in modern society, especially through the creation and enforcement of laws
residential segregation
the geographical separation of the poor from the rest of the areas population
sacred
the holy, divine, or supernatural
Cultural Imperialism
the imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through media and consumer products rather than by military force
sexual identity
the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender
sexual orientation
the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender
asexuality
the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; no interest in or desire for sex
Adoption
the legal process of acquiring parental responsibilities for a child other than one's biological offspring
gender role socialization
the lifelong process of learning to masculine or feminine primarily through agents of socialization
slavery
the most extreme form of social stratification, relegates people to the status of property, mainly for the purpose of providing labor for the slave owner
third wave
the most recent period of feminist activism, focusing on issues of diversity, globalization, and the variety of identities women can possess
vertical social mobility
the movement between different class statuses, often called either upward mobility or downward mobility
horizontal social mobility
the movement of individuals or groups within a particular social class, most often a result of changing occupations
social mobility
the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchical system of social classes
suffrage movement
the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women
profane
the ordinary, mundane, or everyday
second wave
the period of feminist activism during the 1960s and 1970s, often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education
Custody
the physical and legal responsibility of caring for children; assigned by a court for divorced or unmarried parents
segregation
the physical and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity
gender
the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members
tracking
the placement of students in educational "tracks" or programs study that determine the types of classes they take
under class
the poorest group, comprising the homeless and chronically unemployed who may depend on public or private assistance; they constitute about 12% of the U.S population
expressive role
the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing
instrumental role
the position of the family member who provides material support: often an authority figure
Instrumental tasks
the practical tasks necessary to maintain family life
fundamentalism
the practice of emphasizing literacy interpretation of texts and a "return"to a time of great religious purity; represented by the most conservative group within any religion
Monogamy
the practice of marrying (or being in a relationship with) one person at a time
education
the process by which a society transmits its knowledge, values, and expectations to its members so they can function effectively
Cultural Leveling
the process by which cultures that were once unique and distinct become increasingly similar
racial assimilation
the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage
cultural assimilation
the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture
social learning
the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction
Antimiscegenation
the prohibition of interracial marriage, cogabitation, or sexual interaction
Industrial revolution
the rapid transformation of social life resulting from the technological and economic developments that began with the assembly line, steam power, and urbanization
Information revolution
the recent social revolution made possible by the development of the microchip in the 1970s, which brought about vast improvements in the ability to manage information
religiosity
the regular practice of religious beliefs, often measured in terms of frequency of attendance at worship services and the importance of religious beliefs to an individual
disenfranchisement
the removal of the rights of citizenship through economic, political, or legal means
Agricultural revolution
the social and economic changes, including population increases, that followed from the domestication of plants and animals and the gradually increasing efficiency of food production
prestige
the social honor people are given because of their membership in well-regarded social groups
critical race theory
the study of the relationship among race, racism, and power
Which terms represent measurements of intragenerational mobility?
Correct Terms: -horizontal social mobility -vertical social mobility incorrect terms: -structural mobility -lateral social mobility
Global Village
Marshall McLuhan's term describing the way that new communication technologies override barriers of space and time, joining together people all over the globe
Which of the following are types of slavery occurring in the world today?
Slavery Occurring Today: -human trafficking -sex slavery -serfdom Slavery Not Occurring Today: -slavery as punishment for a crime
men's liberation
a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity
liberation theology
a movement within the catholic church to understand christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, with a focus on fighting injustice
double consciousness
W.E.B Dubois' tern for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the united states
Cycle of violence
a common behavior pattern in abusive relationships; the cycle begins happily, then the relationship grows tense, and the tension explodes in abuse, followed by a period of contrition that allows the cycle to repeat
intersectionality
a concept that acknowledges that multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live
pluralism
a cultural patten of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within society
white collar
a description characterizing lower-level professional and management workers and some highly skilled laborers in technical jobs
Neglect
a form of child abuse in which the caregiver fails to provide adequate nutrition, suffiecient clothing or shelter, or hygenic and safe living conditions
Marriage
a formally recognized bond between two spouses, establishing contractual rights and obligations between them
monarchy
a government ruled by a king or queen, with succession of rulers kept within the family
Nuclear family
a heterosexual couple with one or more children living in a single household
unschooling
a homeschooling alternative that rejects the standard curriculum in favor of student-driven types of learning
Extended family
a large group of relatives, usually including at least three generations living either in one household or in close proximity
apartheid
a legal separation of racial and ethnic groups that was enforced between 1948 and 1991 in South Africa
simplicity movement
a loosely knit movement that opposes consumerism and encourages people to work less, earn less, an spend less, in accordance with non materialistic values
wealth
a measure of net worth that includes income, property, and other assets
Fictive kin
close relations with people considered "like family" but who are not related to us by blood or marriage
upper-middle class
comprises about 14% of the population. This group tends to be well-educated (with college or postgraduate degrees) and highly skilled
Conflict theory (ch. 12)
conflict within the family is about the competition for scarce resources: time, energy, and leisure; exploitation occurs through a sexual rather than a class-based division of labor
Structural functionalism (ch. 11)
different types of work, even ones with low prestige and pay, are necessary to the economy and help maintain social order
individual discrimination
discrimination carried out by one person against another
institutional discrimination
discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it
Mass behavior
large groups of people engaging in similar behavior without necessarily being in the same place
authority
legitimate right to wield power
patriarchy
literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society
Cohabitation
living together as a romantic couple without being married
conflict theory (ch. 8)
majority groups use racism and ethnocentrism to protect their interests
middle class
makes up about 30% of the population
upper class
makes up just 1% percent of the U.S population, and its total net worth is greater than that of the entire other 99%
Exogamy
marriage to someone from a different social group
Endogamy
marriage to someone within one's social group
social stratification
members of a given society are categorized and divided into groups, which are then placed in a social hierarchy
functionalism (ch. 9)
men and women should remain in traditional social roles to keep society stable
conflict theory (ch. 9)
men have control over most of society's resources and privileges and will continue to maintain their dominant status through the exploitation of women
politics
methods and tactics intended to influence government policy, policy-related attitudes and activities
intergenerational mobility
movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next
school vouchers
payments from the government to parents whose children attend failing public schools; the money helps parents pay private school tuition
secondary sex characteristics
physical differences between males and females, including facial and body hair, musculature, and bone structure, that are unrelated to reproduction
oligarchy
political rule by a small group of people, usually members of a wealthy or otherwise dominant class
working poor
poorly educated manual and service workers who may work full-time but remain near or below the poverty line; they constitute about 13% of the U.S population
passing
presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong
dual enrollment
programs that allow high school students to simultaneously enroll in college classes, earning credit for both high school and college degrees
charter schools
public schools run by private entities to give parents greater control over their children's education
symbolic Interactionism (ch. 8)
race and ethnicity are created symbolically in everyday interactions
Gerrymandering
redrawing the boundary lines of state voting districts in order to advantage one political party over another
Kin
relatives or relations, usually those related by common descent
miscegenation
romantic sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races
Match each type of work to the appropriate description. There may be more than one match for each type of work.
underemployment: -Workers in the lower-middle and lower class often find themselves engaged in this. -includes individuals whose work doesn't make full use of their skills creative class: -includes writers and artists -often comprised of individuals in the upper-middle class precarious work: -includes contract labor, temporary work, or part-time work -Workers in the lower-middle and lower class often find themselves engaged in this.
privilege
unearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups
digital divide
unequal access to computer and internet technology, both globally and within the United States
discrimination
unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice
Most individuals from which social class category generally depend on income from salaried work but often are financially stable?
upper-middle class
hidden curriculum
values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling
Resistance strategies
ways that workers express discontent with their working conditions and try to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor
Symbolic interactionism (ch.11)
we are intensely identified with our work, both by ourselves and by others
symbolic interactionism (ch.7)
we judge people's social class constantly during everyday interactions
weberian theory
wealth, power, and prestige are interrelated, but one can also be converted into another
anti racist allies
whites and others working toward the goal of ending racial injustice
socioeconomic status
word used by sociologists to refer to social class
Service work
work that involves providing a service to businesses or individual clients, customers, or consumers rather than manufacturing goods
Knowledge work
work that primarily deals with information; producing value in the economy through ideas, judgements, analyses, designs, or innovations
Telecommuting
working from home while staying connected to the office through communications technology
