sociology final

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outsourcing

"contracting out" or transferring to another country the labor that a company might otherwise have employed its own staff to perform; typically done for financial reasons

assimilation

a pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous

intersex

a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female

intrinsic religiosity

a person's inner religious life or personal relationship to the divine

extrinsic religiosity

a person's public display of commitment to a religious faith

democracy

a political system in which all citizens have the right to participate

relative deprivation

a relative measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society

power elite

a relatively small group of people in the top ranks of economic, politics, and military institutions who make many of the important decisions in american society

racism

a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic

rape culture

a set of beliefs, norms, and values that normalizes sexual violence against women

status inconsistency

a situation in which an individual holds differing levels of status in terms of wealth, power, prestige, or other elements of socioeconomic status

Social Dilemma

a situation in which behavior that is rational for the individual can, when practiced by many people, lead to collective disaster

Family

a social group whose members are bound by legal, biological, or emotional ties, or a combination of all three

open system

a social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another

closed system

a social system with very little opportunity to move from one class to another

ethnicity

a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor

race

a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people

Conflict theory (ch.11)

a stratified labor market creates intergroup conflict in which wealthier capitalists may exploit less powerful workers

meritocracy

a system in which rewards are distributed based on merit

gender binary

a system of classification with only two distinct and opposite gender categories

authoritarianism

a system of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include representation of ordinary citizens

Communism

a system of government that eliminates private property; the most extreme form of socialism, because all citizens work for the government and there are no class distinctions

Polygyny

a system of marriage that allows men to have multiple wives

Polygamy

a system of marriage that allows people to have more than one spouse at a time

Polyandry

a system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands

Polyamory

a system of multiple-person partnership

pluralist model

a system of political power in which a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and the mechanisms of power

feudal system

a system of social stratification based on a hereditary nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced laborers called serfs

social class

a system of stratification practiced primarily in capitalist societies, ranks groups of people according to their wealth, property, power, and prestige

Crowd

a temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact

evangelical

a term describing conservative christians who emphasize converting other to their faith

monotheistic

a term describing religions that worship a single divine figure

unchurched

a term describing who consider themselves spiritual but not religious and who often adopt aspects of various traditions

Modernity

a term that characterizes industrialized societies, including the decline of tradition, an increase in individualism, and a belief in progress, technology, and science

Postmodernity

a term that characterizes postindustrial societies, including a focus on the production and management of information and skepticism of science and technology

Emergent norm theory

a theory of collective behavior that assumes individual members of a crowd make their own decisions about behavior and that norms are created through others' acceptance or rejection of these behaviors

Technological determinism

a theory of social change that assumes changes in technology drive changes in society, rather than vice versa

Mass Society Theory

a theory of social movements that assumes people join not because of the movements' ideals but to satisfy a psychological need to belong to something larger than themselves

Relative Deprivation Theory

a theory of social movements that focuses on the actions of oppressed groups seeking rights or opportunities already enjoyed by others in the society

Resource Mobilization Theory

a theory of social movements that focuses on the practical constraints that help or hinder social movements' action

Public Goods Dilemma

a type of social dilemma in which individuals incur the cost to contribute to a collective resource, though they may never benefit from that resource

Tragedy of the commons

a type of social dilemma in which many individuals' overexploitation of a public resource depletes or degrades that common resource

sweatshop

a workplace where workers are subject to extreme exploitation, including below-standard wages, long hours, and poor working conditions that may pose health or safety hazards

union

an association of workers who bargain collectively for increased wages and benefits and better working conditions

Socialism

an economic system based on the collective ownership of the means of production, collective distribution of goods and services, and government regulation

Capitalism

an economic system based on the laws of free market competition, privatization of the means of production for profit

situational ethnicity

an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation

symbolic ethnicity

an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly affect everyday life

race consciousness

an ideology that acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that shapes our individual and social experiences

color-blind racism

an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment

simulacrum

an image or media representation that does not reflect reality in any meaningful way but is treated as real

gender expression

an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender

gender identity

an individual's self-definition or sense of gender

sex

an individuals membership in one of two categories -male or female- based on biological factors

misogyny

an ingrained prejudice against women; dislike, contempt, or hatred of women

absolute deprivation

an objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care

men's rights movement

an offshoot of male liberation whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men

pro-feminist men's movement

an offshoot of male liberation whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women

lower-middle class

another way of saying working-class

online education

any educational course or program in which the teacher and the student meet via the internet, rather than meeting physically in a classroom

religion

any institutionalized system of shared beliefs and rituals that identify a relationship between the sacred and the profane

Domestic abuse

any physical, verbal, financial, sexual, or psychological behaviors abusers use to gain and maintain power over their victims

Social Movement

any social groups with leadership, organization, and an ideological commitment to promote or resist social change

just-world hypothesis

argues that people have a deep need to see the world as orderly, predictable, and fair, which creature a tendency to view victims of social injustice as deserving of their fates

everyday class consciousness

awareness of one's own social status and that of others

caste system

based on heredity, whereby whole groups of people are born into certain strata; creates a highly stratified society where there is little or no chance of a person changing her position within the hierarchy, no matter what she may achieve individually

Collective behavior

behavior that follows from the formation of a group or crowd of people who take action together toward a shared goal

feminism

belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief

heterosexism

belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals

cisgenderism

belief the superiority of cisgender persons and identities

primary sex characteristics

biological factors, such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs, that distinguish males from females

structural mobility

changes in the social status of large numbers of people as a result of structural changes in society

culture of poverty

entrenched attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their lot

microaggressions

everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to member of certain social groups

microaggressions

everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain people groups

Symbolic interactionism (ch.12)

family is a social construction that is created, changed, and maintained through ongoing interaction

homophobia

fear of or discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people

transphobia

fear of or discrimination toward transgender or other gender-nonconforming people

federal poverty line

federal index that defines "official" poverty in the united states based on household income; updated annually

same-sex marriage

federally recognized marriage between members of the same sex; made legal in the united states in 2015

symbolic interactionism (ch. 9)

gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives

structural functionalism (ch. 8)

groups have a tendency toward ethnocentrism, which binds people together but also makes them act unfavorable toward those outside the group

opinion leaders

high-profile individuals whose interpretation of events influences the public

early college high schools

institutions in which students earn a high school diploma and two years of credit toward a bachelor's degree

Fads

interests or practices followed enthusiastically for a relatively short period of time

secular

nonreligious; a secular society separates church and states and does not endorse any religion

Contagion theory

one of the earliest theories of collective action; suggests that individuals who join a crowd can become "infected" by mob mentality and lose the ability to reason

special interest groups

organizations that raise and spend money to influence elected officials and or public opinion

political action committees (PACS)

organizations that raise money to support the interests of a select group or organization

cultural capital

the tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural assets that help us gain advantages in society

social reproduction

the tendency of social classes to remain relatively stable as class status is passed down from one generation to the next

heterogamy

the tendency to choose romantic partners who are dissimilar in terms of class, race, education, religion, and other social membership

Homogamy

the tendency to choose romantic partners who are similar to us in terms of class, race, education, religion, and other social group membership

homogamy

the tendency to choose romantic partners who are similar to us in terms of class, race, education, religion, and other social group membership

Propinquity

the tendency to partner with people who live close by

Cultural Lag

the time between changes in material culture or technology and the resulting changes in the broader culture's relevant norms, values, meanings, and laws

Social Change

the transformation of a culture over time

wealth gap

the unequal distribution of assets across a population

second shift

the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they finish their day's paid labor

Second shift:

the unpaid housework and childcare often expected of women after they finish their day's paid labor

Fashion

the widespread custom or style of behavior and appearance at a particular time or in a particular place

embodied identity

those elements of identity that are generated through others' perceptions of our physical traits

essentialists

those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed

constructionists

those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a binary system is just one possibility among many

contingent workforce

those who work in positions that are temporary or freelance or who work as independent contractors

Regardless of age, race, or gender, people with more education are more likely to have health insurance.

true

Identify the true and false statements about the federal poverty line.

true: -The federal poverty line is an absolute measure. -The percentage of people living below the federal poverty line has never dipped below 10%. false: -The federal poverty line for an individual is $16,240. -All families above the federal poverty line can afford basic necessities.

community college

two-year institution that provides students with general education and facilities transfer to a four-year university

Symbolic Interactionism (ch. 16)

social change involves changes in the meanings of things as well as changes in laws, culture, and social behavior

Conflict theory (ch. 16)

social change is the inevitable result of social inequality and conflict between groups over power and resources

working class

social class consisting of mostly blue collar or service industry workers who are less likely to have a college degree; they constitute about 30% of the U.S population

postmodernism (ch.7)

social class is passed down from one generation to the next through cultural capital

conflict theory

social classes are highly stratified and continue to grow further apart

minority group

social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups though they are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups

Virtual Communities

social groups whose interactions are mediated through information technologies, particularly the internet

symbolic interactionism (ch. 10)

social institutions are created through individual participation

structural functionalism (ch. 10)

social institutions provide critical functions and help to maintain order

conflict theory (ch.10)

social institutions represent the interests of those in power and this create and maintain inequalities

queer theory

social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance off difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories

Structural Functionalism (ch. 16)

sometimes social change is necessary to maintain equilibrium and order in society

structural functionalism (ch.7)

stratification is necessary for society to function

disenfranchised

stripped of voting rights, either temporarily or permanently

If researchers find that the Great Recession of 2008 led to large numbers of middle-class people experiencing downward mobility to the lower-middle class, it would be an example of what?

structural mobility

social institutions

systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals

Progressive

term describing efforts to promote forward-thinking social change

Regressive

term describing resistance to particular social changes, efforts to maintain the status quo, or attempts to reestablish an earlier form of social order

cisgender

term used when gender identity and or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth

gender nonconforming

term used when gender identity and or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles

transgender

term used when gender identity and or expression is different from the sex assigned at birth

power

the ability to impose one's will on others

cultural appropriation

the adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant group's gain

heteronormativity

the belief that heterosexuality us and should be the norm

sexism

the belief that one sex, usually male, is superior to the other

white nationalism

the belief that the nation should be built around a white identity that is reflected in religion, politics, economics, and culture

Incest

sexual contract between family members; a form of child abuse when it occurs between a child and a caregiv

sexuality

the character or quality of being sexual

reverse racism

the claim by whites that they suffer discrimination based upon their race an, therefore, experience social disadvantages

Globalization

the cultural and economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade and exchange in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries

globalization

the cultural and economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade and exchange in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century

genocide

the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group

Cultural Diffusion

the dissemination of material and symbolic culture from one group to another

first wave

the earliest period of feminist activism, from the mid-nineteenth century until american women won the right to vote in 1920

internal colonialism

the economic and political subjugation of the minority group by the dominant group within a nation

feminization of poverty

the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, cause in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care

homeschooling

the education of children by their parents, at home

Expressive tasks

the emotional work necessary to support family members

Structural functionalism (ch.12)

the family is responsible for the reproduction of society as it produces and socializes children

population transfer

the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied

government

the formal, organized agency that exercises power and control in modern society, especially through the creation and enforcement of laws

residential segregation

the geographical separation of the poor from the rest of the areas population

sacred

the holy, divine, or supernatural

Cultural Imperialism

the imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through media and consumer products rather than by military force

sexual identity

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender

sexual orientation

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender

asexuality

the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; no interest in or desire for sex

Adoption

the legal process of acquiring parental responsibilities for a child other than one's biological offspring

gender role socialization

the lifelong process of learning to masculine or feminine primarily through agents of socialization

slavery

the most extreme form of social stratification, relegates people to the status of property, mainly for the purpose of providing labor for the slave owner

third wave

the most recent period of feminist activism, focusing on issues of diversity, globalization, and the variety of identities women can possess

vertical social mobility

the movement between different class statuses, often called either upward mobility or downward mobility

horizontal social mobility

the movement of individuals or groups within a particular social class, most often a result of changing occupations

social mobility

the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchical system of social classes

suffrage movement

the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women

profane

the ordinary, mundane, or everyday

second wave

the period of feminist activism during the 1960s and 1970s, often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education

Custody

the physical and legal responsibility of caring for children; assigned by a court for divorced or unmarried parents

segregation

the physical and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity

gender

the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members

tracking

the placement of students in educational "tracks" or programs study that determine the types of classes they take

under class

the poorest group, comprising the homeless and chronically unemployed who may depend on public or private assistance; they constitute about 12% of the U.S population

expressive role

the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing

instrumental role

the position of the family member who provides material support: often an authority figure

Instrumental tasks

the practical tasks necessary to maintain family life

fundamentalism

the practice of emphasizing literacy interpretation of texts and a "return"to a time of great religious purity; represented by the most conservative group within any religion

Monogamy

the practice of marrying (or being in a relationship with) one person at a time

education

the process by which a society transmits its knowledge, values, and expectations to its members so they can function effectively

Cultural Leveling

the process by which cultures that were once unique and distinct become increasingly similar

racial assimilation

the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage

cultural assimilation

the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture

social learning

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction

Antimiscegenation

the prohibition of interracial marriage, cogabitation, or sexual interaction

Industrial revolution

the rapid transformation of social life resulting from the technological and economic developments that began with the assembly line, steam power, and urbanization

Information revolution

the recent social revolution made possible by the development of the microchip in the 1970s, which brought about vast improvements in the ability to manage information

religiosity

the regular practice of religious beliefs, often measured in terms of frequency of attendance at worship services and the importance of religious beliefs to an individual

disenfranchisement

the removal of the rights of citizenship through economic, political, or legal means

Agricultural revolution

the social and economic changes, including population increases, that followed from the domestication of plants and animals and the gradually increasing efficiency of food production

prestige

the social honor people are given because of their membership in well-regarded social groups

critical race theory

the study of the relationship among race, racism, and power

Which terms represent measurements of intragenerational mobility?

Correct Terms: -horizontal social mobility -vertical social mobility incorrect terms: -structural mobility -lateral social mobility

Global Village

Marshall McLuhan's term describing the way that new communication technologies override barriers of space and time, joining together people all over the globe

Which of the following are types of slavery occurring in the world today?

Slavery Occurring Today: -human trafficking -sex slavery -serfdom Slavery Not Occurring Today: -slavery as punishment for a crime

men's liberation

a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity

liberation theology

a movement within the catholic church to understand christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, with a focus on fighting injustice

double consciousness

W.E.B Dubois' tern for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the united states

Cycle of violence

a common behavior pattern in abusive relationships; the cycle begins happily, then the relationship grows tense, and the tension explodes in abuse, followed by a period of contrition that allows the cycle to repeat

intersectionality

a concept that acknowledges that multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live

pluralism

a cultural patten of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within society

white collar

a description characterizing lower-level professional and management workers and some highly skilled laborers in technical jobs

Neglect

a form of child abuse in which the caregiver fails to provide adequate nutrition, suffiecient clothing or shelter, or hygenic and safe living conditions

Marriage

a formally recognized bond between two spouses, establishing contractual rights and obligations between them

monarchy

a government ruled by a king or queen, with succession of rulers kept within the family

Nuclear family

a heterosexual couple with one or more children living in a single household

unschooling

a homeschooling alternative that rejects the standard curriculum in favor of student-driven types of learning

Extended family

a large group of relatives, usually including at least three generations living either in one household or in close proximity

apartheid

a legal separation of racial and ethnic groups that was enforced between 1948 and 1991 in South Africa

simplicity movement

a loosely knit movement that opposes consumerism and encourages people to work less, earn less, an spend less, in accordance with non materialistic values

wealth

a measure of net worth that includes income, property, and other assets

Fictive kin

close relations with people considered "like family" but who are not related to us by blood or marriage

upper-middle class

comprises about 14% of the population. This group tends to be well-educated (with college or postgraduate degrees) and highly skilled

Conflict theory (ch. 12)

conflict within the family is about the competition for scarce resources: time, energy, and leisure; exploitation occurs through a sexual rather than a class-based division of labor

Structural functionalism (ch. 11)

different types of work, even ones with low prestige and pay, are necessary to the economy and help maintain social order

individual discrimination

discrimination carried out by one person against another

institutional discrimination

discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it

Mass behavior

large groups of people engaging in similar behavior without necessarily being in the same place

authority

legitimate right to wield power

patriarchy

literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society

Cohabitation

living together as a romantic couple without being married

conflict theory (ch. 8)

majority groups use racism and ethnocentrism to protect their interests

middle class

makes up about 30% of the population

upper class

makes up just 1% percent of the U.S population, and its total net worth is greater than that of the entire other 99%

Exogamy

marriage to someone from a different social group

Endogamy

marriage to someone within one's social group

social stratification

members of a given society are categorized and divided into groups, which are then placed in a social hierarchy

functionalism (ch. 9)

men and women should remain in traditional social roles to keep society stable

conflict theory (ch. 9)

men have control over most of society's resources and privileges and will continue to maintain their dominant status through the exploitation of women

politics

methods and tactics intended to influence government policy, policy-related attitudes and activities

intergenerational mobility

movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next

school vouchers

payments from the government to parents whose children attend failing public schools; the money helps parents pay private school tuition

secondary sex characteristics

physical differences between males and females, including facial and body hair, musculature, and bone structure, that are unrelated to reproduction

oligarchy

political rule by a small group of people, usually members of a wealthy or otherwise dominant class

working poor

poorly educated manual and service workers who may work full-time but remain near or below the poverty line; they constitute about 13% of the U.S population

passing

presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong

dual enrollment

programs that allow high school students to simultaneously enroll in college classes, earning credit for both high school and college degrees

charter schools

public schools run by private entities to give parents greater control over their children's education

symbolic Interactionism (ch. 8)

race and ethnicity are created symbolically in everyday interactions

Gerrymandering

redrawing the boundary lines of state voting districts in order to advantage one political party over another

Kin

relatives or relations, usually those related by common descent

miscegenation

romantic sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races

Match each type of work to the appropriate description. There may be more than one match for each type of work.

underemployment: -Workers in the lower-middle and lower class often find themselves engaged in this. -includes individuals whose work doesn't make full use of their skills creative class: -includes writers and artists -often comprised of individuals in the upper-middle class precarious work: -includes contract labor, temporary work, or part-time work -Workers in the lower-middle and lower class often find themselves engaged in this.

privilege

unearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups

digital divide

unequal access to computer and internet technology, both globally and within the United States

discrimination

unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice

Most individuals from which social class category generally depend on income from salaried work but often are financially stable?

upper-middle class

hidden curriculum

values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling

Resistance strategies

ways that workers express discontent with their working conditions and try to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor

Symbolic interactionism (ch.11)

we are intensely identified with our work, both by ourselves and by others

symbolic interactionism (ch.7)

we judge people's social class constantly during everyday interactions

weberian theory

wealth, power, and prestige are interrelated, but one can also be converted into another

anti racist allies

whites and others working toward the goal of ending racial injustice

socioeconomic status

word used by sociologists to refer to social class

Service work

work that involves providing a service to businesses or individual clients, customers, or consumers rather than manufacturing goods

Knowledge work

work that primarily deals with information; producing value in the economy through ideas, judgements, analyses, designs, or innovations

Telecommuting

working from home while staying connected to the office through communications technology


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