sociology final

same-sex couple households account for _______ percent of U.S. households

1

How does comparing the gross domestic products (GDPs) of countries worldwide help identify global inequality?

A country's GDP is an indicator of the country's productivity and performance, which means that comparing GDP rates establishes a country's economic health as compared to other countries.

Which of the following is not an example of a secondary group to which a person might belong?

A group of friends who have known each other for 20 years and who socialize daily.

the Age Discrimination in Employment Act counteracts which theory?

Age stratification

Which of the following statements describes the role of age-related transition points in social development?

As people age, they encounter age-related transition points that require socialization into new roles. Some examples of these points include going to school, entering the workforce, and entering retirement.

an example of high culture is _________, whereas an example of popular culture would be ________.

Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners

who wrote the book "On Death and Dying" outlining the five stages of grief?

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism?

Herbert Blumer

Which of the following is not an example of anticipatory socialization?

Identical twin girls who are raised in separate households use the same mannerisms and gestures in adulthood.

many Arab Americans face _________ especially after 9/11

Islamaphobia

Which of the following statements about the importance of socialization to society is true?

It is through teaching culture to new members that society perpetuates itself because if new generations don't learn a society's ways, that society ceases to exist.

which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle

Karl Marx

who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle?

Karl Marx

which person or organization defined the concept of value neutrality?

Max Weber

Which of the following is true regarding centenarians?

Most centenarians are women.

which of the following organizations is not an example of a social movement?

National Football League

Which statement represents stratification from the functionalist perspective?

Neurosurgeons earn more money than sanitation workers because they are more highly educated and they provide lifesaving treatment to people who need surgery.

The United States has the highest rate of obesity in the world and research shows that high income countries tend to have high obesity rates. How might a social epidemiologist explain this?

People in high-income countries tend to live a sedentary lifestyle which leads to obesity.

the notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by:

Sapir-Whorf

Which of the following statements about the nature v. nurture debate is not true?

Some experts argue that who we are is a function of nature, which refers to the role that our social environment plays in self-development.

which of the following expresses the significance of symbols to a culture?

Symbols help people understand the world by providing clues to understanding experiences, which are conveyed by recognizable meanings that are shared by societies.

which federal act or program was designed to allow more Hispanic American immigration, not block it?

The Bracero Program

what group created the Millennium Development Goals?

The World Health Organization

How would the medicalization of society influence the treatment of someone who feels sad after the loss of a loved one?

The individual would be treated as having a medical disease and would be treated with anti-depressants rather than counseling.

which of the following is an example of pop culture?

a New York Mets game

the racial term "african american" can refer to

a black person living in the united states; people whose ancestors came to the united states through the slave trade; a white person who originated in Africa and now lives in the united states

which statement illustrates low status consistency?

a college dropout launches an online company that earns millions its first year

According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur where?

a community where neighbors don't know each other very well.

chronic fatigue syndrome is an example of _____.

a contested illness

Define crowd

a fairly large number of people who share close proximity

Define extended family

a family structure that includes relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

To study the effects of fast food on lifestyle, heath, and culture, from which group would a researcher ethically be unable to accept funding?

a fast-food restaurant

Define Head Start program

a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status

which of the following is not an appropriate group for democratic leadership?

a fire station

Define shaken-baby syndrome

a group of medical symptoms such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant's head

which of the following is an example of collective behavior?

a group of people interested in hearing an author speak

Define laissez-faire leader

a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions

which of the following is not an example of an in-group?

a high school

structural mobility occurs when

a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes

which would a quantitative sociologist use to gather data?

a large survey

Define instrumental leader

a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks

sociologists associate sexuality with _________.

a person's capacity for sexual feelings

Define emergent norm theory

a perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior

define theory:

a proposed explanation about social interactions or society

Define social movement

a purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal

According to C. Wright Mills, which of the following people is most likely to be a member of the power elite?

a senator

define racism

a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the superior treatment of one racial group and the inferior treatment of another

according to the study cited by the U.S. Census Bureau, children who live with married parents grow up with more advantages than children who live with:

a single parent

Define power elite

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources

define social gerontology

a specialized field of science that seeks to understand the sociological aspects of aging

which is not an example of a normative organization

a study hall

A nation's flag is:

a symbol

define language:

a symbolic system of communication

Define matrilocal residence

a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with (or near) his wife's family

Define scapegoat theory

a theory that suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group

Define exchange theory

a theory which suggests that we experience an increased dependence as we age and must increasingly submit to the will of others, because we have fewer ways of compelling others to submit to us

Define disengagement theory

a theory which suggests that withdrawing from society and social relationships is a natural part of growing old

in Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming?

a very small group of witnesses; the presence of an ally; the ability to keep one's answer private

Define deviance

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

which of the following is not an example in which the use of sociological research played a role in establishing the described outcome?

a woman diagnosed with cancer joined a clinical trial to test a new drug being developed by a pharmaceutical company and her cancer went into complete remission

According to emergent-norm theory, crowds are:

able to develop their own definition of the situation

according to national surveys' most U.S. parents support which type of sex education program in school?

abstinence plus sexual safety

the 1972 case "Mills v. Board of education of the District of Columbia" set a precedent for __________.

access to education

sidewalk ramps and Braille signs re examples of __________.

accommodations required by the Americans with Disabilities Act; forms of accessibility for people with disabilites

An older woman retires and completely changes her life. She is no longer raising children or working. However, she going the YMCA to swim every day. She serves on the Friends of the Library board. She is part of a neighborhood group that plays Bunco on saturday nights. Her situation most closely illustrates the ________ theory.

activity

which statement represents stratification from the perspective of symbolic interactionism

after work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating is a truck stop than a french restaurant

define secondary aging

aging that occurs due to controllable factors like exercise and diet

according to the symbolic interactionist perspective,we "do" gender:

all of the time, in everything we do

during the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and other black protestors spoke out against segregation by refusing to sit at the back of the bus. This is an example of ___________.

an act of deviance

Define No Child Left Behind Act

an act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding

the protesters at the Egypt uprising rally were:

an acting crowd

Define social order

an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives

which of the following scenarios is an example of intergenerational mobility?

an executive belongs to a different lass than her parents

define culture shock:

an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life

which one of the following is not a way people are socialized by religion?

an individual's personal internal experience of a divine being clads to their faith

define Queer Theory

an interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that identifies Western society's rigid splitting of gender into male and female roles and questions its appropriateness

what are the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders in the United States?

anxiety disorders

which subordinate group is often referred to as the "model minority"

asian americans

research suggests that people generally feel that their current family is ________ than the family they grew up with.

at least as close

Define hate crimes

attacks based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics

which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down?

authoritarian

According to the concept of the power elite, why would a celebrity such as Charlie Sheen commit a crime?

because his fame protects him from retribution

why do people join utilitarian organizations?

because they receive a tangible benefit from joining

which factor most increases the risk of an elderly person suffering mistreatment?

being frail to the point of dependency on care

ethnicity describes shared:

beliefs; language; religion

what is discrimination?

biased actions against an individual or group

which of the following statements is not true?

blacks have lower cancer rates than whites

which of the following is an example of a numerical majority being treated as a subordinate group?

blacks under apartheid in South Africa

from a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person's socialization

blood type

which statement proves the best operational definition of "childhood obesity"

body weight at least 20 percent higher than a healthy weight for a child of that height

which materials are considered secondary data?

books and articles written by other authors about their studies

if elderly people suffer abuse, it is most often perpetrated by _________.

caregivers

what occurs in Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional level?

children begin to consider what society considers moral and immoral

which of these systems allows for the most social mobility?

class

the behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as

class traits

which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucracies?

coercion to join

veterans are two to four times more likely to ________as people who did not serve in the military

commit suicide

The class, race, and gender inequalities in our healthcare system support the _____________ perspective.

conflict

the class, race, and gender inequalities in our healthcare system support the ________ perspective.

conflict

A study shows that blue-collar crimes are punished more harshly than white-collar crimes. Which perspective on the role of deviance in society does this study support?

conflict theory

a sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the U.S. eduction system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using?

conflict theory

the "American Dream"-- the notion that anybody can be successful and rich if they work hard enough-- is most commonly associated with which sociological theory?

conflict theory

which theory of education focuses on the ways in which education maintains the status quo?

conflict theory

Juan's classmates at school are one of his reference groups. After the winter break during his freshman year of high school, many of Juan's classmates return to school wearing Apple watches. Juan decides that he wants to purchase an Apple Watch. Which principle does this scenario exemplify?

conformity

compared to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are considered__________.

conservative

in the United States, life expectancy rates in recent decades have ________.

continued to gradually rise

The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture?

counterculture

which of the following is not a manifest function of education?

courtship

your eighty-three year old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send emails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every email to respond point by point, but has never emailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of:

cultural lag

learning from classmates that most students buy lunch on fridays is an example of _________.

cultural transmission

the terms ________ and ________ are often used interchangeably but have nuances that differentiate them

culture and society

Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in italy. when they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of

culture shock

Harry grew up in the suburbs of California and does not want to go to Pakistan because he thinks all Muslims are dangerous. This is an example of

cultures of prejudice

which of the following is correct regarding the explanation for transgenderism?

currently, there is no definitive explanation for transgenderism

thanatology is the study of

death and dying

the removal of homosexuality from the DSM is an example of _______________.

demedicalization

unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were ________ higher-level job positions

denied the opportunity to obtain

which of the following best describes how deviance is defined?

deviance is socially defined

That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the world is an example of

diffusion

the major difference between invention and discovery is:

discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way

Mary did not hire Anna because she thought a man would be better at the job. This is an example of _______.

discrimination

an older man retires from his jobs tops golfing and cancels his newspaper subscription. After his wife dies, he lives alone, loses touch with his children, and stops seeing old friends. His situation most closely illustrates the ______ theory.

disengagement

when Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers:

do not feel connected to their work

Thea spends one hour every morning straightening her hair and putting on her makeup before going to school and socializing with her friends. According to sociologists, these behaviors by Thea are examples of ________.

doing gender

scapegoat theory shows that:

dominant groups blame subordinate groups for their problems

two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _______.

dyad; triad

based on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would:

earn a pay raise for doing excellent work

which was a topic of study in early sociology

economics

which of the following is an example of corporate crime?

embezzlement

the main difference between ethnography and other types of participant observation is:

ethnography isn't based on hypothesis testing

why is choosing a random sample an effective way to select participants?

everyone has the same chance of being a part of the study

define empirical evidence:

evidence that comes from direct experience, scientifically gathered data, or experimentation

only women are affected by gender stratification

false

functionalist theory sees education as serving the needs of

families; society; the individual

which of the following is typically the earliest agent of socializationg

family

which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States?

first-generation college student

why did most white ethnic Americans come to the United States?

for a better life; to escape oppression

to which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance?

functionalism

what theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts?

functionalism

which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability?

functionalism

the terms "masculine" and "feminine" refer to a person's _________.

gender

the term _______ refers to society's concept of how men and women are expected to act and how they should behave

gender role

which intergroup relation displays the least tolerance?

genocide

Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who

get rick while workers stay poor

some jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to:

globalization

today in the United States, the poverty rate of the elderly is __________.

gone up and down due to global issues such as military conflicts

Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was:

harmful

in general, children in _______ households benefit from divorce

high-conflict

core nations are also known as ______.

high-income nations

sociologists tend to define family in terms of

how a given society sanctions the relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, or adoption

socialization, as a sociological term, describes:

how people learn societal norms, beliefs, and values

what does a Functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupy Wall Street Movement?

how the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension

seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to

identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure

C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological ______ to study how society affects individuals

imagination

which statement illustrates value neutrality?

in 2003, states like Arkansas adopted laws requiring elementary schools to remove soft drink vending machines from schools

define qualitative sociology:

in depth interviews, focus groups, and or analysis of content sources as the source of its data

research indicates that individuals are aware of their sexual orientation ___________.

in early adolescence

the median age of first marriage has _______ in the last fifty years.

increased for both men and women

what are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies?

increased productivity; increased efficiency; and equal treatment for all

what is the primary driver of modernization theory?

industrialization

which of the following is not an age-related transition point when Americans must be socialized to new roles?

infancy

a student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used ______ to maintain social control.

informal negative sanctions

one day, you decide to wear pajamas to the grocery store. While you shop, you notice people giving you strange looks and whispering to others. In this case, the grocery store patrons are demonstrating __________.

informal sanctions

a sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who:

interact

Studying sociology helps people analyze data because they can learn:

interview techniques, to apply statistics, to generate theoires

which of the following is the best explanation of racism as a social fact?

it does not need the actions of individuals to continue

which of the following is a criticism of the family life cycle model?

it is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages

which best describes the results of a case study?

its results are not generally applicable

which of these is an example of a total institution?

jail

what is the one defining feature of a minority group?

lack of power

which of the following is a manifest function of schools?

learning to read and write

in most countries, elderly women _______ than elderly men.

live a few years longer

Julie is an administrative assistant. She lives in a nice apartment in a safe neighborhood, but she lives paycheck to paycheck and can't seem to find the money to start an emergency savings account, which she knows she really needs to do. To which of the following social classes does Julie most likely belong?

lower middle class

America's baby boomer generation has contributed to all of the following except:

medicaid being in danger of going bankrupt

the process by which aspects of life that were considered bad or deviant are redefined as sickness and needing medical attention to remedy is called?

medicalization

which public healthcare system offers insurance primarily to people over sixty-five years old?

medicare

amalgamation is represented by the ______ metaphor.

melting pot

which assertion about aging in men would be made by a sociologist following the functionalist perspective?

men who remain active after retirement play supportive community roles

in the United States, most people define themselves as

middle class

china is undergoing a shift in industry, increasing labor specialization and the amount of differentiation present in the social structure. This exemplifies:

modernization

Beger describes sociologists as concerned with:

monumental moments in people's lives and common everyday life events.

children of divorced parents are ______ to divorce in their own marriage than children of parents who stayed married.

more likely

Children of divorced parents are ________ to divorce because _____________.

more likely, divorce is thought to have a cyclical pattern

the biggest difference between mores and folkways is that

mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture

Define reform movements

movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure

Define resistance movements

movements that seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure

which of the following is true of intimate partner violence (IPV)

nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol

which type of child abuse is most prevalent in the United States?

neglect

the American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom?

nonmaterial culture

using secondary data is considered an unobtrusive or _____ research method

nonreactive

Behavioral guidelines are generally synchronous with social ideals. Another way of saying this is that ______ are usually reflective of _________.

norms; values

occupational prestige means that jobs are:

not equally valued

many deaths in high-income nations are linked to _________.

obesity

Jennifer is on the starting line-up for her high school basketball team, the Jackson Panthers. While attending a movie on Friday night with some friends, she is heckled, followed around, and teased by members of a rival basketball team, the Anderson Cougars. For Jennifer, what type of group does the Anderson Cougars team represent?

out-group

in Erik Erikson's developmental stages of life, with which challenge must older people struggle?

overcoming despair to achieve integrity

what research method did John S. Lynd and Helen Merell Lynd mainly use in their "Middletown" study?

participant observation

which of the following is the best research method to allow researchers to experience the subcultures that have developed in a specific prison from an insider's perspective?

participant observation

which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist?

participant observation

a child who associates his line of descent with his father's side only is part of a _______ society.

patrilineal

which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children?

peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles

define supercentenarian

people 110 of age or older

what factor makes caste systems closed?

people cannot change their social standings

Define conventional crowds

people who come together for a regularly scheduled event

define society:

people who live in a definable community and who share a culture

Define category

people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way

Define underinsured

people who spend at least 10 percent of their income on healthcare costs that are not covered by insurance

public schools must guarantee that ________.

per-student spending is equitable

conflict theorists see sorting as a way to ______.

perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status

what intergroup relationship is represented by the "salad bowl" metaphor?

pluralism

according to the World Health Organization, what was the most frequent cause of death for children under five in low-income countries?

pneumonia and diarrheal disease

a woman being married to two men would be an example of:

polyandry

when sociologists think about technology as an agent of social change, which of the following is not an example?

population growth

In which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development do people recognize that what is legal and what is moral are not always the same thing?

postconventional

a boy throwing rocks during a demonstration might be an example of _________.

precipitating factors

core nations that work to propel peripheral nations toward modernization need to be aware of:

preserving peripheral nation cultural identity; preparing for pitfalls that come with modernization; avoiding hegemonistic assumptions about modernization

a student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in 5 minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds down the road, where she is pulled over by a police officer. The student explains that she is running late, and the officer lets her off with a warning. The student's actions are an example of _________.

primary deviance

________ deviance is a violation of norms that ______ result in a person being labeled a deviant.

primary; does not

if a movement claims that the best way to reverse climate change is to reduce carbon emissions by outlawing privately owned cares, "outlawing cars" is the

prognostic framing

the main reason a set of ethical standards is established by the American Sociological Association is to ___________.

protect human subjects from bein g harmed or exploited by researchers

what is one way to distinguish between psychology and sociology?

psychology focuses on the mind, while sociology focuses on society; psychologists are interested in mental health, while sociologists are interested in societal functions; psychologists look inwards to understand behavior while sociologists look outward

which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification?

pyramid

Which research approach is best suited to the scientific method?

questionnaire

stereotypes can be based on:

race, ethnicity, gender

"Plessy v. Ferguson" set the precedent that _________.

racial segregation in schools was allowed

social stratification is a system that:

ranks society members into categories

which of the following situations best describes crime trends in the United States?

rates of violent and nonviolent crimes are decreasing

what is a group whose values, norms, and belief's come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior?

reference group

a parent who is worrying over her teenager's dangerous and self-destructive behavior and low self-esteem may wish to looks at her child's

reference group; in-group; and out-group

When a high school students gets teased by her basketball team for receiving an academic awards, she is dealing with competing _________.

reference groups

informal education ___________

refers to the learning of cultural norms

cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society:

regulates behavior

In research, reliability refers to how likely the results are to be _____ if a study is reproduced.

replicated

what does the individual mandate provision of the 2010 U.S. healthcare reform do?

requires everyone to have insurance of pay a penalty

if we divide social movements according to their positions among all social movements in a society, we are using the _______ theory to understand social movements

resource mobilization

what are the major factors that affect education systems throughout the world?

resources and money

A large number of South Asians live and work in the Arab countries. They usually work as construction workers or taxi drivers and other similar professions. They are not given citizenship in Arab countries and live separately from their Arab neighbors. This is an example of

segregation

what doctrine justified legal segregation in the south?

separate but equal

the basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification:

serves a purpose in society

the measure that compares the number of men to women in a population is_________.

sex ratio

how did nearly complete isolation as a child affect Danielle's verbal abilities?

she could not communicate at all

couples who cohabitate before marriage are _________ couples who did not coahbitate before marriage to be married at least ten years.

slightly less likely than

the Harlows' study on rhesus monkeys showed that:

social comfort is more important than food

The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform ______, otherwise known as a way to encourage social conformity.

social control

while PETA is a social movement organization, taken together, the animal rights social movement organizations PETA, ALF, and Greenpeace are a _________.

social movement industry

societies practice social control to maintain ___________.

social order

because she plans on achieving success in marketing, Tammie is taking courses on managing social media. This is an example of __________.

social placement

allowing a student to move to the next grade regardless of whether or not they have met the requirements for that grade is called________

social promotion

Chris Langan's story illustrates that:

socialization can be more important than intelligence

Great Britain's healthcare system is an example of ___________.

socialized medicine

Define social construction of sexuality

socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior which shape how people see and experience sexuality

who determines which illnesses are stigmatized?

society

key predictors for student success include ________.

socioeconomic status and family background

examining how social media has influenced the way people communicate and interact with each other is an example of the study of :

sociology

what term describes the separation of students based on merit?

sorting

which action reflects ageism?

speaking slowly and loudly when talking to someone over age sixty-five years old

define operational definitions:

specific explanations of abstract concepts that a research plans to study

current divorce rates are:

steadily declining

Define stereotype interchangeability

stereotypes that don't change and that get recycled for application to a new subordinate group

Speedy Gonzalez is an example of:

stereotyping

the hight unemployment rate among the disabled may be a result of ________.

stigmatization

modern- day hipsters are an example of:

subculture

what western country is though to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex?

sweden

The Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011 grew to be an international movement. Supporters believe that the economic disparity between the highest economic class and the mid to lower economic classes is growing at an exponentially alarming rate. A sociologist that studies that movement by examining the interactions between members at Occupy camps would most likely use what theoretical approach?

symbolic interactionism

which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level?

symbolic interactionism

which theory of education focuses on the labels acquired through the educational process

symbolic interactionism

The Lee family owned a local bakery for four generations in a small town in Colorado. In recent years, a large grocery store chain has expanded its bakery offerings, and a big box store, which also offers many baked goods, has opened a new store on the other side of town. The Lee family has seen such a decrease in business that they have decided to close their business. What phenomenon does this describe?

the McDonaldization of society

What is the disadvantage of the National Crime Victimization Survey?

the NCVS may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones.

which program is an example of socialized medicine?

the United States' Veteran Health Administration

Define legitimation

the act of a physician certifying that an illness is genuine

Define conspicuous consumption

the act of buying and using products to make a statement about social standing

Define bigamy

the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person

Define senescence

the aging process, including biological, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual changes

the GNI PPP figure represents:

the average annual income of a country's citizens

social movements are:

the collective action of individuals working together in an attempt to establish new norms beliefs, or values

define generalized other:

the common behavioral expectations of generalized

Define status consistency

the consistency of an individual's rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation

children in peripheral nations have little to no daily access to computers and the internet, while children in core nations are constantly exposed to this technology. This is an example of:

the digital divide

who is more likely to be an expressive leader?

the director of a summer cap for chronically ill children

Define credentialism

the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications

in addition to social movements, social change is also caused by technology, social institutions, population and ___________.

the environment

define universal access

the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system

what is the largest difference between the functionalist and conflict perspectives and the interactionist perspective?

the first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects

Define culture lag in your own words.

the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture's acceptance of it

Define nonmaterial culture

the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society

the "graying of the United States" refers to _______.

the increasing percentage of the population over sixty-five years old.

define formal education

the learning of academic facts and concepts

Define standard of living

the level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle

define life expectancy

the number of years a newborn is expected to live

A convicted sexual offender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexual crimes. How would labeling theory explain this?

the offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status.

define generalized others:

the organized and generalized attitude of a social group

define function:

the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to structural continuity

Define doing gender

the performance within social interactions based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves

what did Carol Gilligan believe earlier researchers into morality had overlooked?

the perspective of females

Define ethnocentrism in your own words.

the practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one's own culture

define resocialization

the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place

define socialization:

the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society's beliefs, and to be aware of societal values

Define impersonality

the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation

why do sociologists need to be careful when drawing conclusions from twin studies?

the sample sizes are often small

Which of the following is not part of the rights and responsibilities of a sick person under the functionalist perspective?

the sick person can take as long as she wants to get better

the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is an example of

the social construction of health

Define model minority

the stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment

which best describes sociology as a subject?

the study of society and social interaction

what is social epidemiology?

the study of the causes and distribution of diseases

Define corrections system

the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses

Define medical sociology

the systematic study of how humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and healthcare for both the sick and the healthy

Define culture of prejudice

the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture

Define bilateral descent

the tracing of kinship through both parents' ancestral lines

Define class traits

the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class (also called class markers)

for individual people of a certain culture, the life course is ____________.

the typical sequence of events in their lives

Define racial profiling

the use by law enforcement of race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someone

define anti positivism:

the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values

Define anticipatory socialization

the way we prepare for future life roles

in a study, a group of 10 year old boys are fed doughnuts every morning for a week and then weighed to see how much weight they gained. Which factor is the dependent variable?

the weight gained

A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to

theatrical roles

weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by

their culture

what is a disadvantage of the McDonaldization of society?

there is less variety of goods

what is an advantage of the McDonaldization of society?

there is more worldwide availability of goods

what factor makes class systems open?

they allow for movement between classes

which of the following is true regarding U.S. socialization of recent high school graduates?

they are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation

what makes Native Americans unique as a subordinate group in the United States?

they are the only group that did not come here as immigrants

what role do secondary groups play in society?

they are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs

what do nations that are top-ranked in science and math have in common?

they recruit top teachers

conflict theorists see IQ tests as being biased. Why?

they reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upper-class culture

what is the approximate median age of the United States?

thirty-seven

what term describes the assignment of students to specific education programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability?

tracking

when the League of Women Voters successfully achieved its goal of women being allowed to vote, they had to undergo frame _______, a means of completely changing their goals to ensure continuing relevance.

transformation

rewarding students for meeting deadlines and respecting authority figures is an example of__________.

transmission of moral education

a person who is biological female but identifies with the male gender and has undergone surgery to alter her body is considered _____________.

transsexual

the majority of U.S. children live in

two-parent households

one of the reasons the study of sociology is important is to ________________.

understand how behavior patterns are influenced by social factors

most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of:

universalism

a measurement is considered ______ if it actually measures what it is intended to measure, according to the topic of study.

valid

David conducts a public opinion survey on abortion rights, the conclusion of which does not support the viewpoint of the organization for whom he completed the research. He decides not to publish the results, hoping that he will be able to continue to do research for the client in the future. What principle has David violated?

value neutrality

the practice of remaining impartial in a research study is also know as __________.

value neutrality

sociological studies test relationships in which change in one ____ causes change in another

variable

define independent variables:

variables that casuse changes in dependent variables

spousal abuse is an example of a _______.

violent crime

Shaw and McKay found that crime is linked primarily to _________.

wealth

why are wealthy parents more likely than poor parents to socialize their children toward creativity and problem solving?

wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment

what method did researchers John Mihelich and John Papineau use to study Parrotheads?

web ethnography

sociologists using conflict perspective might study what?

what motivated inequitably treated people to join a movement

The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to

whether sociological studies can predict or improve society

as a Caucasian in the United States, being reasonably sure that you will be dealing with authority figures of the same race as you is a result of:

white privilege

how do schools prepare children to one day enter the workforce

with a standard curriculum; through hidden curriculum; by socializing them in teamwork

which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype?

women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded

The belief that one's culture is inferior to another culture is called

xenocentrism

A culture that values ________ above all else leads to a negative perception of growing old.

youthfulness and beauty