sociology final
same-sex couple households account for _______ percent of U.S. households
1
How does comparing the gross domestic products (GDPs) of countries worldwide help identify global inequality?
A country's GDP is an indicator of the country's productivity and performance, which means that comparing GDP rates establishes a country's economic health as compared to other countries.
Which of the following is not an example of a secondary group to which a person might belong?
A group of friends who have known each other for 20 years and who socialize daily.
the Age Discrimination in Employment Act counteracts which theory?
Age stratification
Which of the following statements describes the role of age-related transition points in social development?
As people age, they encounter age-related transition points that require socialization into new roles. Some examples of these points include going to school, entering the workforce, and entering retirement.
an example of high culture is _________, whereas an example of popular culture would be ________.
Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners
who wrote the book "On Death and Dying" outlining the five stages of grief?
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism?
Herbert Blumer
Which of the following is not an example of anticipatory socialization?
Identical twin girls who are raised in separate households use the same mannerisms and gestures in adulthood.
many Arab Americans face _________ especially after 9/11
Islamaphobia
Which of the following statements about the importance of socialization to society is true?
It is through teaching culture to new members that society perpetuates itself because if new generations don't learn a society's ways, that society ceases to exist.
which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle
Karl Marx
who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle?
Karl Marx
which person or organization defined the concept of value neutrality?
Max Weber
Which of the following is true regarding centenarians?
Most centenarians are women.
which of the following organizations is not an example of a social movement?
National Football League
Which statement represents stratification from the functionalist perspective?
Neurosurgeons earn more money than sanitation workers because they are more highly educated and they provide lifesaving treatment to people who need surgery.
The United States has the highest rate of obesity in the world and research shows that high income countries tend to have high obesity rates. How might a social epidemiologist explain this?
People in high-income countries tend to live a sedentary lifestyle which leads to obesity.
the notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by:
Sapir-Whorf
Which of the following statements about the nature v. nurture debate is not true?
Some experts argue that who we are is a function of nature, which refers to the role that our social environment plays in self-development.
which of the following expresses the significance of symbols to a culture?
Symbols help people understand the world by providing clues to understanding experiences, which are conveyed by recognizable meanings that are shared by societies.
which federal act or program was designed to allow more Hispanic American immigration, not block it?
The Bracero Program
what group created the Millennium Development Goals?
The World Health Organization
How would the medicalization of society influence the treatment of someone who feels sad after the loss of a loved one?
The individual would be treated as having a medical disease and would be treated with anti-depressants rather than counseling.
which of the following is an example of pop culture?
a New York Mets game
the racial term "african american" can refer to
a black person living in the united states; people whose ancestors came to the united states through the slave trade; a white person who originated in Africa and now lives in the united states
which statement illustrates low status consistency?
a college dropout launches an online company that earns millions its first year
According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur where?
a community where neighbors don't know each other very well.
chronic fatigue syndrome is an example of _____.
a contested illness
Define crowd
a fairly large number of people who share close proximity
Define extended family
a family structure that includes relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins
To study the effects of fast food on lifestyle, heath, and culture, from which group would a researcher ethically be unable to accept funding?
a fast-food restaurant
Define Head Start program
a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status
which of the following is not an appropriate group for democratic leadership?
a fire station
Define shaken-baby syndrome
a group of medical symptoms such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant's head
which of the following is an example of collective behavior?
a group of people interested in hearing an author speak
Define laissez-faire leader
a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions
which of the following is not an example of an in-group?
a high school
structural mobility occurs when
a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes
which would a quantitative sociologist use to gather data?
a large survey
Define instrumental leader
a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks
sociologists associate sexuality with _________.
a person's capacity for sexual feelings
Define emergent norm theory
a perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior
define theory:
a proposed explanation about social interactions or society
Define social movement
a purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal
According to C. Wright Mills, which of the following people is most likely to be a member of the power elite?
a senator
define racism
a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the superior treatment of one racial group and the inferior treatment of another
according to the study cited by the U.S. Census Bureau, children who live with married parents grow up with more advantages than children who live with:
a single parent
Define power elite
a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources
define social gerontology
a specialized field of science that seeks to understand the sociological aspects of aging
which is not an example of a normative organization
a study hall
A nation's flag is:
a symbol
define language:
a symbolic system of communication
Define matrilocal residence
a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with (or near) his wife's family
Define scapegoat theory
a theory that suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group
Define exchange theory
a theory which suggests that we experience an increased dependence as we age and must increasingly submit to the will of others, because we have fewer ways of compelling others to submit to us
Define disengagement theory
a theory which suggests that withdrawing from society and social relationships is a natural part of growing old
in Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming?
a very small group of witnesses; the presence of an ally; the ability to keep one's answer private
Define deviance
a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms
which of the following is not an example in which the use of sociological research played a role in establishing the described outcome?
a woman diagnosed with cancer joined a clinical trial to test a new drug being developed by a pharmaceutical company and her cancer went into complete remission
According to emergent-norm theory, crowds are:
able to develop their own definition of the situation
according to national surveys' most U.S. parents support which type of sex education program in school?
abstinence plus sexual safety
the 1972 case "Mills v. Board of education of the District of Columbia" set a precedent for __________.
access to education
sidewalk ramps and Braille signs re examples of __________.
accommodations required by the Americans with Disabilities Act; forms of accessibility for people with disabilites
An older woman retires and completely changes her life. She is no longer raising children or working. However, she going the YMCA to swim every day. She serves on the Friends of the Library board. She is part of a neighborhood group that plays Bunco on saturday nights. Her situation most closely illustrates the ________ theory.
activity
which statement represents stratification from the perspective of symbolic interactionism
after work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating is a truck stop than a french restaurant
define secondary aging
aging that occurs due to controllable factors like exercise and diet
according to the symbolic interactionist perspective,we "do" gender:
all of the time, in everything we do
during the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and other black protestors spoke out against segregation by refusing to sit at the back of the bus. This is an example of ___________.
an act of deviance
Define No Child Left Behind Act
an act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding
the protesters at the Egypt uprising rally were:
an acting crowd
Define social order
an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives
which of the following scenarios is an example of intergenerational mobility?
an executive belongs to a different lass than her parents
define culture shock:
an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life
which one of the following is not a way people are socialized by religion?
an individual's personal internal experience of a divine being clads to their faith
define Queer Theory
an interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that identifies Western society's rigid splitting of gender into male and female roles and questions its appropriateness
what are the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders in the United States?
anxiety disorders
which subordinate group is often referred to as the "model minority"
asian americans
research suggests that people generally feel that their current family is ________ than the family they grew up with.
at least as close
Define hate crimes
attacks based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics
which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down?
authoritarian
According to the concept of the power elite, why would a celebrity such as Charlie Sheen commit a crime?
because his fame protects him from retribution
why do people join utilitarian organizations?
because they receive a tangible benefit from joining
which factor most increases the risk of an elderly person suffering mistreatment?
being frail to the point of dependency on care
ethnicity describes shared:
beliefs; language; religion
what is discrimination?
biased actions against an individual or group
which of the following statements is not true?
blacks have lower cancer rates than whites
which of the following is an example of a numerical majority being treated as a subordinate group?
blacks under apartheid in South Africa
from a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person's socialization
blood type
which statement proves the best operational definition of "childhood obesity"
body weight at least 20 percent higher than a healthy weight for a child of that height
which materials are considered secondary data?
books and articles written by other authors about their studies
if elderly people suffer abuse, it is most often perpetrated by _________.
caregivers
what occurs in Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional level?
children begin to consider what society considers moral and immoral
which of these systems allows for the most social mobility?
class
the behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as
class traits
which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucracies?
coercion to join
veterans are two to four times more likely to ________as people who did not serve in the military
commit suicide
The class, race, and gender inequalities in our healthcare system support the _____________ perspective.
conflict
the class, race, and gender inequalities in our healthcare system support the ________ perspective.
conflict
A study shows that blue-collar crimes are punished more harshly than white-collar crimes. Which perspective on the role of deviance in society does this study support?
conflict theory
a sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the U.S. eduction system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using?
conflict theory
the "American Dream"-- the notion that anybody can be successful and rich if they work hard enough-- is most commonly associated with which sociological theory?
conflict theory
which theory of education focuses on the ways in which education maintains the status quo?
conflict theory
Juan's classmates at school are one of his reference groups. After the winter break during his freshman year of high school, many of Juan's classmates return to school wearing Apple watches. Juan decides that he wants to purchase an Apple Watch. Which principle does this scenario exemplify?
conformity
compared to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are considered__________.
conservative
in the United States, life expectancy rates in recent decades have ________.
continued to gradually rise
The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture?
counterculture
which of the following is not a manifest function of education?
courtship
your eighty-three year old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send emails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every email to respond point by point, but has never emailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of:
cultural lag
learning from classmates that most students buy lunch on fridays is an example of _________.
cultural transmission
the terms ________ and ________ are often used interchangeably but have nuances that differentiate them
culture and society
Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in italy. when they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of
culture shock
Harry grew up in the suburbs of California and does not want to go to Pakistan because he thinks all Muslims are dangerous. This is an example of
cultures of prejudice
which of the following is correct regarding the explanation for transgenderism?
currently, there is no definitive explanation for transgenderism
thanatology is the study of
death and dying
the removal of homosexuality from the DSM is an example of _______________.
demedicalization
unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were ________ higher-level job positions
denied the opportunity to obtain
which of the following best describes how deviance is defined?
deviance is socially defined
That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the world is an example of
diffusion
the major difference between invention and discovery is:
discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way
Mary did not hire Anna because she thought a man would be better at the job. This is an example of _______.
discrimination
an older man retires from his jobs tops golfing and cancels his newspaper subscription. After his wife dies, he lives alone, loses touch with his children, and stops seeing old friends. His situation most closely illustrates the ______ theory.
disengagement
when Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers:
do not feel connected to their work
Thea spends one hour every morning straightening her hair and putting on her makeup before going to school and socializing with her friends. According to sociologists, these behaviors by Thea are examples of ________.
doing gender
scapegoat theory shows that:
dominant groups blame subordinate groups for their problems
two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _______.
dyad; triad
based on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would:
earn a pay raise for doing excellent work
which was a topic of study in early sociology
economics
which of the following is an example of corporate crime?
embezzlement
the main difference between ethnography and other types of participant observation is:
ethnography isn't based on hypothesis testing
why is choosing a random sample an effective way to select participants?
everyone has the same chance of being a part of the study
define empirical evidence:
evidence that comes from direct experience, scientifically gathered data, or experimentation
only women are affected by gender stratification
false
functionalist theory sees education as serving the needs of
families; society; the individual
which of the following is typically the earliest agent of socializationg
family
which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States?
first-generation college student
why did most white ethnic Americans come to the United States?
for a better life; to escape oppression
to which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance?
functionalism
what theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts?
functionalism
which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability?
functionalism
the terms "masculine" and "feminine" refer to a person's _________.
gender
the term _______ refers to society's concept of how men and women are expected to act and how they should behave
gender role
which intergroup relation displays the least tolerance?
genocide
Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who
get rick while workers stay poor
some jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to:
globalization
today in the United States, the poverty rate of the elderly is __________.
gone up and down due to global issues such as military conflicts
Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was:
harmful
in general, children in _______ households benefit from divorce
high-conflict
core nations are also known as ______.
high-income nations
sociologists tend to define family in terms of
how a given society sanctions the relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, or adoption
socialization, as a sociological term, describes:
how people learn societal norms, beliefs, and values
what does a Functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupy Wall Street Movement?
how the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension
seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to
identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure
C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological ______ to study how society affects individuals
imagination
which statement illustrates value neutrality?
in 2003, states like Arkansas adopted laws requiring elementary schools to remove soft drink vending machines from schools
define qualitative sociology:
in depth interviews, focus groups, and or analysis of content sources as the source of its data
research indicates that individuals are aware of their sexual orientation ___________.
in early adolescence
the median age of first marriage has _______ in the last fifty years.
increased for both men and women
what are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies?
increased productivity; increased efficiency; and equal treatment for all
what is the primary driver of modernization theory?
industrialization
which of the following is not an age-related transition point when Americans must be socialized to new roles?
infancy
a student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used ______ to maintain social control.
informal negative sanctions
one day, you decide to wear pajamas to the grocery store. While you shop, you notice people giving you strange looks and whispering to others. In this case, the grocery store patrons are demonstrating __________.
informal sanctions
a sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who:
interact
Studying sociology helps people analyze data because they can learn:
interview techniques, to apply statistics, to generate theoires
which of the following is the best explanation of racism as a social fact?
it does not need the actions of individuals to continue
which of the following is a criticism of the family life cycle model?
it is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages
which best describes the results of a case study?
its results are not generally applicable
which of these is an example of a total institution?
jail
what is the one defining feature of a minority group?
lack of power
which of the following is a manifest function of schools?
learning to read and write
in most countries, elderly women _______ than elderly men.
live a few years longer
Julie is an administrative assistant. She lives in a nice apartment in a safe neighborhood, but she lives paycheck to paycheck and can't seem to find the money to start an emergency savings account, which she knows she really needs to do. To which of the following social classes does Julie most likely belong?
lower middle class
America's baby boomer generation has contributed to all of the following except:
medicaid being in danger of going bankrupt
the process by which aspects of life that were considered bad or deviant are redefined as sickness and needing medical attention to remedy is called?
medicalization
which public healthcare system offers insurance primarily to people over sixty-five years old?
medicare
amalgamation is represented by the ______ metaphor.
melting pot
which assertion about aging in men would be made by a sociologist following the functionalist perspective?
men who remain active after retirement play supportive community roles
in the United States, most people define themselves as
middle class
china is undergoing a shift in industry, increasing labor specialization and the amount of differentiation present in the social structure. This exemplifies:
modernization
Beger describes sociologists as concerned with:
monumental moments in people's lives and common everyday life events.
children of divorced parents are ______ to divorce in their own marriage than children of parents who stayed married.
more likely
Children of divorced parents are ________ to divorce because _____________.
more likely, divorce is thought to have a cyclical pattern
the biggest difference between mores and folkways is that
mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture
Define reform movements
movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure
Define resistance movements
movements that seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure
which of the following is true of intimate partner violence (IPV)
nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol
which type of child abuse is most prevalent in the United States?
neglect
the American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom?
nonmaterial culture
using secondary data is considered an unobtrusive or _____ research method
nonreactive
Behavioral guidelines are generally synchronous with social ideals. Another way of saying this is that ______ are usually reflective of _________.
norms; values
occupational prestige means that jobs are:
not equally valued
many deaths in high-income nations are linked to _________.
obesity
Jennifer is on the starting line-up for her high school basketball team, the Jackson Panthers. While attending a movie on Friday night with some friends, she is heckled, followed around, and teased by members of a rival basketball team, the Anderson Cougars. For Jennifer, what type of group does the Anderson Cougars team represent?
out-group
in Erik Erikson's developmental stages of life, with which challenge must older people struggle?
overcoming despair to achieve integrity
what research method did John S. Lynd and Helen Merell Lynd mainly use in their "Middletown" study?
participant observation
which of the following is the best research method to allow researchers to experience the subcultures that have developed in a specific prison from an insider's perspective?
participant observation
which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist?
participant observation
a child who associates his line of descent with his father's side only is part of a _______ society.
patrilineal
which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children?
peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles
define supercentenarian
people 110 of age or older
what factor makes caste systems closed?
people cannot change their social standings
Define conventional crowds
people who come together for a regularly scheduled event
define society:
people who live in a definable community and who share a culture
Define category
people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way
Define underinsured
people who spend at least 10 percent of their income on healthcare costs that are not covered by insurance
public schools must guarantee that ________.
per-student spending is equitable
conflict theorists see sorting as a way to ______.
perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status
what intergroup relationship is represented by the "salad bowl" metaphor?
pluralism
according to the World Health Organization, what was the most frequent cause of death for children under five in low-income countries?
pneumonia and diarrheal disease
a woman being married to two men would be an example of:
polyandry
when sociologists think about technology as an agent of social change, which of the following is not an example?
population growth
In which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development do people recognize that what is legal and what is moral are not always the same thing?
postconventional
a boy throwing rocks during a demonstration might be an example of _________.
precipitating factors
core nations that work to propel peripheral nations toward modernization need to be aware of:
preserving peripheral nation cultural identity; preparing for pitfalls that come with modernization; avoiding hegemonistic assumptions about modernization
a student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in 5 minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds down the road, where she is pulled over by a police officer. The student explains that she is running late, and the officer lets her off with a warning. The student's actions are an example of _________.
primary deviance
________ deviance is a violation of norms that ______ result in a person being labeled a deviant.
primary; does not
if a movement claims that the best way to reverse climate change is to reduce carbon emissions by outlawing privately owned cares, "outlawing cars" is the
prognostic framing
the main reason a set of ethical standards is established by the American Sociological Association is to ___________.
protect human subjects from bein g harmed or exploited by researchers
what is one way to distinguish between psychology and sociology?
psychology focuses on the mind, while sociology focuses on society; psychologists are interested in mental health, while sociologists are interested in societal functions; psychologists look inwards to understand behavior while sociologists look outward
which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification?
pyramid
Which research approach is best suited to the scientific method?
questionnaire
stereotypes can be based on:
race, ethnicity, gender
"Plessy v. Ferguson" set the precedent that _________.
racial segregation in schools was allowed
social stratification is a system that:
ranks society members into categories
which of the following situations best describes crime trends in the United States?
rates of violent and nonviolent crimes are decreasing
what is a group whose values, norms, and belief's come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior?
reference group
a parent who is worrying over her teenager's dangerous and self-destructive behavior and low self-esteem may wish to looks at her child's
reference group; in-group; and out-group
When a high school students gets teased by her basketball team for receiving an academic awards, she is dealing with competing _________.
reference groups
informal education ___________
refers to the learning of cultural norms
cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society:
regulates behavior
In research, reliability refers to how likely the results are to be _____ if a study is reproduced.
replicated
what does the individual mandate provision of the 2010 U.S. healthcare reform do?
requires everyone to have insurance of pay a penalty
if we divide social movements according to their positions among all social movements in a society, we are using the _______ theory to understand social movements
resource mobilization
what are the major factors that affect education systems throughout the world?
resources and money
A large number of South Asians live and work in the Arab countries. They usually work as construction workers or taxi drivers and other similar professions. They are not given citizenship in Arab countries and live separately from their Arab neighbors. This is an example of
segregation
what doctrine justified legal segregation in the south?
separate but equal
the basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification:
serves a purpose in society
the measure that compares the number of men to women in a population is_________.
sex ratio
how did nearly complete isolation as a child affect Danielle's verbal abilities?
she could not communicate at all
couples who cohabitate before marriage are _________ couples who did not coahbitate before marriage to be married at least ten years.
slightly less likely than
the Harlows' study on rhesus monkeys showed that:
social comfort is more important than food
The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform ______, otherwise known as a way to encourage social conformity.
social control
while PETA is a social movement organization, taken together, the animal rights social movement organizations PETA, ALF, and Greenpeace are a _________.
social movement industry
societies practice social control to maintain ___________.
social order
because she plans on achieving success in marketing, Tammie is taking courses on managing social media. This is an example of __________.
social placement
allowing a student to move to the next grade regardless of whether or not they have met the requirements for that grade is called________
social promotion
Chris Langan's story illustrates that:
socialization can be more important than intelligence
Great Britain's healthcare system is an example of ___________.
socialized medicine
Define social construction of sexuality
socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior which shape how people see and experience sexuality
who determines which illnesses are stigmatized?
society
key predictors for student success include ________.
socioeconomic status and family background
examining how social media has influenced the way people communicate and interact with each other is an example of the study of :
sociology
what term describes the separation of students based on merit?
sorting
which action reflects ageism?
speaking slowly and loudly when talking to someone over age sixty-five years old
define operational definitions:
specific explanations of abstract concepts that a research plans to study
current divorce rates are:
steadily declining
Define stereotype interchangeability
stereotypes that don't change and that get recycled for application to a new subordinate group
Speedy Gonzalez is an example of:
stereotyping
the hight unemployment rate among the disabled may be a result of ________.
stigmatization
modern- day hipsters are an example of:
subculture
what western country is though to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex?
sweden
The Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011 grew to be an international movement. Supporters believe that the economic disparity between the highest economic class and the mid to lower economic classes is growing at an exponentially alarming rate. A sociologist that studies that movement by examining the interactions between members at Occupy camps would most likely use what theoretical approach?
symbolic interactionism
which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level?
symbolic interactionism
which theory of education focuses on the labels acquired through the educational process
symbolic interactionism
The Lee family owned a local bakery for four generations in a small town in Colorado. In recent years, a large grocery store chain has expanded its bakery offerings, and a big box store, which also offers many baked goods, has opened a new store on the other side of town. The Lee family has seen such a decrease in business that they have decided to close their business. What phenomenon does this describe?
the McDonaldization of society
What is the disadvantage of the National Crime Victimization Survey?
the NCVS may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones.
which program is an example of socialized medicine?
the United States' Veteran Health Administration
Define legitimation
the act of a physician certifying that an illness is genuine
Define conspicuous consumption
the act of buying and using products to make a statement about social standing
Define bigamy
the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person
Define senescence
the aging process, including biological, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual changes
the GNI PPP figure represents:
the average annual income of a country's citizens
social movements are:
the collective action of individuals working together in an attempt to establish new norms beliefs, or values
define generalized other:
the common behavioral expectations of generalized
Define status consistency
the consistency of an individual's rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation
children in peripheral nations have little to no daily access to computers and the internet, while children in core nations are constantly exposed to this technology. This is an example of:
the digital divide
who is more likely to be an expressive leader?
the director of a summer cap for chronically ill children
Define credentialism
the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications
in addition to social movements, social change is also caused by technology, social institutions, population and ___________.
the environment
define universal access
the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system
what is the largest difference between the functionalist and conflict perspectives and the interactionist perspective?
the first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects
Define culture lag in your own words.
the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture's acceptance of it
Define nonmaterial culture
the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society
the "graying of the United States" refers to _______.
the increasing percentage of the population over sixty-five years old.
define formal education
the learning of academic facts and concepts
Define standard of living
the level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle
define life expectancy
the number of years a newborn is expected to live
A convicted sexual offender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexual crimes. How would labeling theory explain this?
the offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status.
define generalized others:
the organized and generalized attitude of a social group
define function:
the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to structural continuity
Define doing gender
the performance within social interactions based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves
what did Carol Gilligan believe earlier researchers into morality had overlooked?
the perspective of females
Define ethnocentrism in your own words.
the practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one's own culture
define resocialization
the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place
define socialization:
the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society's beliefs, and to be aware of societal values
Define impersonality
the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation
why do sociologists need to be careful when drawing conclusions from twin studies?
the sample sizes are often small
Which of the following is not part of the rights and responsibilities of a sick person under the functionalist perspective?
the sick person can take as long as she wants to get better
the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is an example of
the social construction of health
Define model minority
the stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment
which best describes sociology as a subject?
the study of society and social interaction
what is social epidemiology?
the study of the causes and distribution of diseases
Define corrections system
the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses
Define medical sociology
the systematic study of how humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and healthcare for both the sick and the healthy
Define culture of prejudice
the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture
Define bilateral descent
the tracing of kinship through both parents' ancestral lines
Define class traits
the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class (also called class markers)
for individual people of a certain culture, the life course is ____________.
the typical sequence of events in their lives
Define racial profiling
the use by law enforcement of race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someone
define anti positivism:
the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values
Define anticipatory socialization
the way we prepare for future life roles
in a study, a group of 10 year old boys are fed doughnuts every morning for a week and then weighed to see how much weight they gained. Which factor is the dependent variable?
the weight gained
A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to
theatrical roles
weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by
their culture
what is a disadvantage of the McDonaldization of society?
there is less variety of goods
what is an advantage of the McDonaldization of society?
there is more worldwide availability of goods
what factor makes class systems open?
they allow for movement between classes
which of the following is true regarding U.S. socialization of recent high school graduates?
they are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation
what makes Native Americans unique as a subordinate group in the United States?
they are the only group that did not come here as immigrants
what role do secondary groups play in society?
they are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs
what do nations that are top-ranked in science and math have in common?
they recruit top teachers
conflict theorists see IQ tests as being biased. Why?
they reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upper-class culture
what is the approximate median age of the United States?
thirty-seven
what term describes the assignment of students to specific education programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability?
tracking
when the League of Women Voters successfully achieved its goal of women being allowed to vote, they had to undergo frame _______, a means of completely changing their goals to ensure continuing relevance.
transformation
rewarding students for meeting deadlines and respecting authority figures is an example of__________.
transmission of moral education
a person who is biological female but identifies with the male gender and has undergone surgery to alter her body is considered _____________.
transsexual
the majority of U.S. children live in
two-parent households
one of the reasons the study of sociology is important is to ________________.
understand how behavior patterns are influenced by social factors
most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of:
universalism
a measurement is considered ______ if it actually measures what it is intended to measure, according to the topic of study.
valid
David conducts a public opinion survey on abortion rights, the conclusion of which does not support the viewpoint of the organization for whom he completed the research. He decides not to publish the results, hoping that he will be able to continue to do research for the client in the future. What principle has David violated?
value neutrality
the practice of remaining impartial in a research study is also know as __________.
value neutrality
sociological studies test relationships in which change in one ____ causes change in another
variable
define independent variables:
variables that casuse changes in dependent variables
spousal abuse is an example of a _______.
violent crime
Shaw and McKay found that crime is linked primarily to _________.
wealth
why are wealthy parents more likely than poor parents to socialize their children toward creativity and problem solving?
wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment
what method did researchers John Mihelich and John Papineau use to study Parrotheads?
web ethnography
sociologists using conflict perspective might study what?
what motivated inequitably treated people to join a movement
The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to
whether sociological studies can predict or improve society
as a Caucasian in the United States, being reasonably sure that you will be dealing with authority figures of the same race as you is a result of:
white privilege
how do schools prepare children to one day enter the workforce
with a standard curriculum; through hidden curriculum; by socializing them in teamwork
which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype?
women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded
The belief that one's culture is inferior to another culture is called
xenocentrism
A culture that values ________ above all else leads to a negative perception of growing old.
youthfulness and beauty