Sociology Final Exam 2
Which of the following folk sayings expresses the idea of the "second shift" as sociologist Arlie Hochschild described it?
"Man works from sun to sun, but woman's work is never done."
According to symbolic interactionists Jay Gubrium and Jim Holstein, what form does the family take in contemporary society?
"The family" does not exist; rather, family is a fluid, adaptable set of concepts and practices.
__________ is the theoretical perspective that would lead you to consider the broader social effects of the division of labor between men and women in the household.
Conflict theory
__________ is what sociologists call marriage to someone within one's social group.
Endogamy
A hypothesis is a clear and precise definition of a variable.
False
A pandemic occurs when the number of cases of a disease is much higher than expected, whereas an epidemic has occurred if a disease has spread across large geographical regions such as national borders.
False
According to sociologists, our genetic makeup determines what kind of personality and character traits we develop in life.
False
Advocates of social justice claim that affirmative action gives members of one group unfair preferential treatment.
False
All subcultures are countercultures
False
Rheumatoid arthritis is an acute disease.
False
The middle class is made up of mostly blue collar workers.
False
The sick role, which consists of the actions and attitudes expected of ill individuals, is most associated with structural functionalist Robert Merton.
False
What environmental activist is credited with organizing the first Earth Day?
Gaylord Nelson
__________ is an action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of an individual because of their membership in a racial or ethnic group.
Discrimination
_______ occurs when the dominant culture succeeds in imposing its values and ideas on all of society.
Hegemony
Peter Stearns (2004) consulted various existing sources for his book Anxious Parents: A History of Modern Childrearing in America. What did he find?
Whereas children were once viewed as self-sufficient mini adults, beginning in the late 1800s children came to be seen as particularly vulnerable.
What is realistic about so-called Cinderella stories, in which a low-status woman marries a wealthy, powerful man?
Women usually marry up while men marry down when class boundaries are crossed.
Imagine that a powerful and influential person living in San Francisco decides to tattoo most of her face with symbols. Would she be seen as deviant?
Yes, but only because she lives in the United States where face tattoos are not the norm.
When a sample provides the same chance of being included to every member of the population, it is known as
a simple random sample
Ori got food poisoning at his favorite restaurant and was treated right away.
acute
An estimate of the land and water area that is required to produce all the goods that an individual consumes and all the waste that they generate is called
an ecological footprint.
Environmental racism occurs when
an environmental policy or practice negatively affects individuals, groups, or communities as a result of their race.
Sociologists define ethnicity
as a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage.
Almost any __________ can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability, an addiction, or a mental illness.
departure from the norm
What is the justification for harsh sentencing guidelines like California's controversial "three strikes" law?
deterrence of future crimes
A behavior, trait, or belief is considered __________ if it departs from a norm and results in a negative reaction.
deviant
The extent of a person's consistent and regular practice of their religious beliefs is known as
disenfranchisement.
A professor has been commissioned by a college to do research on its new academic system. The college has moved from a semester system to block scheduling. One of the questions asked is, "How have teachers and students responded to the new intensive block scheduling system?" This is an example of
double-barreled question
Jared Kushner, the son of a billionaire real estate developer, went to Harvard University, and married Ivanka Trump, who attended Georgetown University and is the daughter of a wealthy businessman. Such tendency to marry someone from a similar social group is referred to as
endogamy.
Malaria is a serious health concern in Cambodia. The rate of malaria infection is 40 percent in some villages, especially those surrounded by forests. If you have been asked to research the problem for the World Health Organization due to your extensive professional experience with the study of social disease patterns, you are most likely a(n)
epidemiologist.
Genetic testing in utero can inform parents of possible genetic mutations in the embryo. There are ethical concerns regarding this type of genetic testing because some individuals believe the selection of only healthy babies is a form of
eugenics.
Who does the family influence as an agent of socialization?
everyone
A characteristic of primary groups is that they
exhibit high level of cooperations
What does Karl Marx call it when individuals fail to see the ways in which they are oppressed by the social system in which they live?
false consciousness
Being born into a lower social class means that an individual will be more likely to
feel at risk of being harassed by law enforcement.
Low-income women of all ethnicities may be less likely to marry because they
feel marriage won't offer advantages that make marriage worth the risk.
Which of the following best represents the ranking of different types of norms from least to most powerful or morally significant?
folkways, mores, taboos
Within the social structure of the school, women tend to be concentrated at the lower levels, as teachers and aides, while men tend to occupy upper-management and administrative positions. Which concept do these patterns most reinforce?
gender role socialization
___________ is taboo in American society.
Eating human flesh
What did Harvard Medical School researchers conclude about the effects of the media on young people in Fiji who, until the 1990s, lacked widespread access to television?
Television affected young women's body images.
According to theorists like Edna Bonacich, what is the effect of a split labor market in which workers belonging to one race are paid less than those of a different race?
The effects of racism are compounded by poverty.
Which of the following statements about grief is true according to the sociological explanation of emotions?
The experience of grief is universal, but expressions of grief vary.
Jill is visiting her boyfriend's family in China. She points at him with her index finger during a conversation, which his family doesn't seem to like. Her boyfriend later explains that she should point with an open hand instead of using a finger. Why is this instruction needed?
The meaning of gestures is not universal.
________ is/are the technological development(s) most associated with the Information Revolution.
The microchip
__________ proposed social control theory, which suggests that individuals with stronger bonds are LESS likely to commit crime.
Travis Hirschi
Black women are more than three times more likely to die front complications from pregnancy than white women.
True
Complementary medicine and alternative medicine are not synonymous and cannot be used interchangeably given they are very different types of medicine.
True
Conflict theorists see gender inequality as a manifestation of exploitation.
True
Conflict theory argues that, although religion is sometimes an oppressive force, it can also sometimes act as a liberating force.
True
Deviance can be considered relative because whether a behavior is considered deviant depends upon the historical, cultural, and situational context in which it occurs.
True
End of life can have ethical consequences.
True
Examples of caste systems can be found in both South Africa's apartheid and in the United States as a result of Jim Crow laws.
True
In the United States, internal migration has mostly consisted of a movement from rural areas to urban areas.
True
Norms develop out of a culture's value system.
True
Resistance strategies relate to the variety of ways in which individuals and groups cope with their working conditions.
True
Sigmund Freud, Charles Cooley, and George Herbert Mead all contributed to the study of the self.
True
Sociologists claim that culture is the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on in the world around us.
True
Sociologists often engage in the process of "othering" the people they study even when they their own cultures.
True
Some sociologists suggest that, like extreme poverty, extreme wealth should be thought of as a social problem.
True
The Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the preexisting inequalities in service work, while also exacerbating them.
True
The family is created and sustained through interactional work.
True
There is greater genetic diversity within racial populations than between them.
True
To end the opioid epidemic society must attack its root causes, which include biases in prescribing practices, mental health issues, and poverty.
True
How do we decide when to display situational ethnicity?
We do a cost-benefit analysis.
How is culture transmitted and internalized?
We learn values and beliefs slowly and incrementally.
How do self-fulfilling prophecies work?
We respond not only to the objective features of a situation but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning.
As the process of the _____________ develops, we will be less likely to treat someone who has a mental health issue as something they should just "deal with" or "get over" individually. Instead, we will be more likely to think of the issue as having to do with a disease.
medicalization
More than half of American women gave birth at home in the early 1900s, while around 99 percent of all births take place in hospitals today. This is an example of
medicalization
The process by which behaviors or conditions that were once seen as personal problems are redefined as medical issues is
medicalization.
Which of the following does the textbook suggest is associated with helping incumbents win reelection at staggeringly high rates?
money
Recent research by the Pew Research Center on attitudes about causes of poverty revealed that
most Americans believe that poverty is often the result of circumstances beyond one's control.
Under modern capitalism, a firm experiencing a strike can keep labor costs low by doing which of the following?
moving operations to a country where workers do not have the right to strike
Sometimes child welfare agencies are called to investigate a child who never seems to have clean clothing and is very skinny. The suspicion would be that the child is a victim of
neglect.
Garrett Hardin believes that "a 'just' sharing of the world's wealth among all the inhabitants, without coercive control of individual reproduction, would result in a continual, exponential growth of the human population" and much more suffering. This means Hardin is a
neo-Malthusian.
According to Barbara Ehrenreich, which of these behaviors can help those with minimum-wage service jobs to get ahead and move up in the world?
none of these answers, as there is no way for minimum-wage workers to move up in the world
What is a close-ended question?
one that limits the possible responses
What kind of question usually produces a wide variety of responses by allowing respondents to answer in whatever way seems appropriate to them?
open-ended
In using the scientific method for sociological research, what step should be taken after formulating a general research question?
review the literature relevant to the topic
A graduate student is almost done with his dissertation when he is informed that twenty years ago someone did a similar project and already demonstrated what he had hoped to be the first to discover. What basic step of the scientific method should have saved him from this problem?
reviewing the literature
Incarnation, a frown, and monetary fines are all examples of
sanctions.
An individual belongs to a ________ if the members are mostly anonymous to one another
secondary group
Sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which a person has been in contact with each member of their social network to
see if a particular tie is strong or weak.
What is it an example of when liquor stores in the United States import wine made entirely from French grapes and bottled in France or beer brewed from grain and hops grown in Holland?
shallow integration
Which of the following is a factor that can lead to increased group cohesion?
shared values
According to Jean Baudrillard, an image or media representation that does not reflect reality in any meaningful way but is treated as real can be referred to as a(n)
simulacrum.
In 1978, cult leader Jim Jones forced more than 900 of his followers to drink poisoned Flavor Aid, which led to their deaths. In the run-up to this event, Jones had strictly enforced discipline, mocked and ridiculed anyone who expressed doubts, and even had doubters sedated. This extreme effort to enforce conformity is an example of
social influence
The managers of a company realized that as they hired more employees each one tended to do less work and their entire organization became less efficient. If they consulted a sociologist, they would most likely say that the cause of this was
social loafing.
Pierre Bourdieu studied ________, which is the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over time.
social reproduction
Which economic system is based on collective ownership of the means of production and collective distribution of goods and services?
socialism
Who is more likely to return home after a full day of paid labor and put in a "second shift" taking care of the home and children?
women
Which of the following demonstrates Karl Marx's conviction that social inequality would continue to grow?
"The modern laborer . . . instead of rising with the process of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class. He becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than population and wealth."
How large is the gap in life expectancy between the richest 1 percent and the poorest 1 percent of of women?
10 years
Which of the following situations is an example of deviance avowal?
A man decides to quit smoking but asks his friends and family to identify him as a smoker, not an ex-smoker, because he believes the addiction is lifelong.
Sociologists are interested in how social groups have changed over time. Of particular note is the degree to which individuals base their identities on group membership. How has this changed in recent American history?
Americans are less likely to identify themselves as group members today than in the past.
How is a counterculture different from a subculture?
Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream.
Which of the following is an example of how teachers treat boys and girls differently in a classroom setting?
Boys are more likely than girls to be punished for misbehaving.
American ideology focuses on the importance of marriage and family values and assumes that the family is at the center of almost everyone's life. How does this compare to the way people really live?
Increasingly, both marriage and the family are less central to the lives of average Americans.
Sociologically, what is the difference between a group and a crowd?
Individuals associated with a group feel a shared identity and have ongoing social relations.
__________ is/are tasks designed to achieve a tangible goal like washing the dishes or taking out the trash.
Instrumental tasks
In her research for The Second Shift, Arlie Hochschild interviewed married couples to find out how they dealt with changing family roles as more women entered the workforce. What advantages came from her decision to use interviews as a research method?
It allowed her to gather direct quotations and construct an intimate portrait of married couples.
Most sociological studies of deviance focus on elements of an individual's background that would make them more likely to act in deviant ways. What is the key problem with such an approach?
It cannot explain why some people with very similar backgrounds act differently.
Laud Humphreys wrote his dissertation on anonymous homosexual encounters in the men's rooms of public parks. To gather data, he acted as a lookout for his participants, but he also secretly noted license-plate numbers as the men left so he could get their names and addresses. He picked about fifty of the men the next year and, claiming to be performing a health survey, interviewed them in their homes. His descriptions of the interviews made it possible for many of the men (and their families) to recognize themselves when the dissertation was published. Why do many sociologists consider this research method to be unethical?
It failed to protect the biological anonymity of Humphrey's participants.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using ethnography as a method of social research?
It is difficult for another researcher to repeat or replicate particular ethography.
Why would using the wrong fork to eat a salad at a dinner party NOT usually qualify as deviance?
It is not a serious enough norm violation to provoke sanctions.
One cost-of-living indicator shows that a salary of $40,000 in Santa Barbara, California, is equivalent to $14,000 in Wichita, Kansas. This is primarily because of the cost of housing, which is much less expensive in Wichita. What does this difference say about how the federal government calculates poverty?
It points to a flaw in the way the government calculates the poverty line, as the standard is uniformly applied without regard to regional differences.
American anthropologist Margaret Mead spent much of her career documenting the ways in which other cultures had gender roles that differed, sometimes radically, from those of twentieth-century America. Why does this matter?
It shows that the meaning of masculinity and femininity differs in different societies.
What is the principal sociological critique of the culture of poverty?
It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality.
How did the Industrial Revolution create "work" in the modern sense?
It used machines to produce more goods, more efficiently.
Why was having a hand cut off a typical punishment for a pickpocket in colonial America?
It was considered symbolically appropriate to punish the part of the body most directly connected with the crime.
Which of the following is a subculture?
Korean pop music fans
In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court ruled that Virginia's law banning marriage between persons of different races was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. What attitude led many to disagree with this decision?
People should partner up with similar people and respect endogamy.
What is one reason that interracial relationships are still relatively uncommon even though anti-miscegenation laws have been struck down?
Powerful cultural stereotypes discourage them.
How is prejudice different from discrimination?
Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an action.
Why would mentioning a sensitive issue, such as divorce or infidelity, in a survey question influence how respondents answer later questions?
Questions about sensitive issues are double- barreled
Brazilians employ many racial categories, such as moreno, mulato, neguinho, and pretinho. Most of these terms do not have an equivalent in the United States. What does this tell you?
Race is a social construct.
__________ is a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group compared to another.
Racism
Which of the following U.S. presidents described comprehensive health-care reform as the highest priority on his unfinished agenda for America?
Richard Nixon
_________ are where much of our socialization occurs.
Secondary groups
A famous social scientist tells you that the most important task in her research was entering the social world of the people she was studying. What can you say about this researcher?
She is a qualitative researcher.
What do you think Barbara Ehrenreich would say about efforts to reform welfare, which attempted to move people off welfare rolls and into minimum-wage jobs?
She would disapprove because she thinks that low-wage work is demeaning and insufficient for survival.
How do the incomes of single fathers compare with those of single mothers?
Single fathers make considerably more money than single mothers.
A key challenge for one nation's campaign to improve public health in rural areas was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. What does this example demonstrate?
Social ties don't just connect us to others but also influence our behavior.
Men usually make more money than women because
Socially constructed categories of employment lead to larger numbers of men than women in many lucrative jobs.
What have studies of doctor-patient relations found?
Status and power vary and are established in the doctor-patient interaction.
According to your textbook, how do abusive relationships often appear at the beginning?
The abusive partner is charming, attentive, and thoughtful.
What is the primary reason to include a control group in an experiment?
The control group allows you to make comparisons to the experimental group.
"Welfare queen" is an insulting term for a woman who is accused of cheating the government by collecting welfare payments. There is no "welfare king" insult. What sociological truth is contained in the phrase "welfare queen"?
The use of the word "queen" reminds us that women are more likely than men to live in poverty.
How do fast-food restaurants rationalize the process of providing food to customers, according to Robin Leidner in Fast Food, Fast Talk?
They develop standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers.
What criticism do third-wave feminists commonly level against the first two waves of feminism?
They marginalized the concerns of women of color, lesbians, and working-class women.
Why might teenagers shoplift, according to Jack Katz's Seductions of Crime?
They want the thrill of getting away with breaking the rules.
According to Randall Collins, why do members of lucrative professions like law and medicine support the current educational system?
They want to keep the number of potential job applicants down, thereby minimizing competition and ensuring that there are a large number of people for less lucrative, less pleasant professions.
Research has been conducted regarding why teens engage in smoking and other deviant behaviors. The most important factor in statistically predicting whether a teen will engage in a particular deviant behavior is the presence or absence of peers who are also involved in that behavior. This is probably because the other teens are acting
as agents of socialization.
The more strongly men identify with stereotypical ideas about masculinity, the more likely they are to
avoid preventive health care.
Regarding racial categories, modern science has determined that
biologically, there is no such thing as a pure race.
A football coach threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder. What kind of power is the football coach wielding?
coercive power
According to the text, what is the most extreme form of socialism called?
communism
Bhavani thinks that religion serves to control the masses by creating rules for behavior and that sanctions against violators may not be equally or fairly applied. What perspective best describes Bhavani's views?
conflict theory
The power elite consists of __________ of the American population, according to a recent study.
considerably less than 1 percent
The textbook suggests that not all corporations are evil and states that corporations are adopting new forms of self-regulation as well as taking proactive measures to integrate social and ethical concerns into their business models. This is part of a movement called "CSR." What does "CSR" stand for?
corporate social responsibility
Which of the following terms is used to describe a group with values and norms that oppose the dominant culture?
counterculture
Last year, Priya studied abroad in South Africa to learn about Nelson Mandela and apartheid. The summer before, they traveled to Paris to watch opera and ballet. Priya might be trying to gain ________ by taking adult education classes, attending lectures and concerts, and traveling internationally.
cultural capital
The Japanese observed soldiers playing baseball during the American occupation of Japan after World War II and later adopted it as one of their pastimes. This is an example of
cultural diffusion.
When cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar, they are experiencing the phenomenon of
cultural leveling.
Ivan received an email saying that he had won a million dollars. He followed the instructions and entered his banking information, eagerly awaiting the deposit of his winnings. Instead, he woke up the next morning to a completely drained bank account and realized he'd been tricked. Ivan is a victim of
cybercrime
Researchers have determined that living anywhere close to heavy traffic is associated with high incidence of
dementia.
In 2003, a major armed conflict began in the Darfur region of Sudan. The government carried out a deliberate and systemic extermination of Darfur's non-Arab population, resulting in several hundred thousand casualties and refugees. What best describes the actions taken by the government of Sudan against Darfur's non-Arab population?
genocide
Martha makes a living working four different jobs. In the morning she walks dogs for four neighbors on her block, then she picks up and delivers groceries for Instacart. In the afternoons and evenings, she likes to either drive passengers around using Lyft or provide childcare through KangaDo. What term best describes the modern type of economy that creates Martha's employment options?
gig
The cultural and economic changes that result from dramatic increases in international trade and exchange are called
globalization
What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?
group dynamics
What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after takeoff?
groupthink
Which of the following factors makes someone most likely to drop out of high school?
having a non-English-speaking background
Which of the following is a strategy that some middle- and upper-class women have used to balance the demands of work and home?
hiring other women to do domestic work
What term describes the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership?
homogamy
Sociologists refer to the norms and values that people aspire to as _______ culture.
ideal
The new graduate students in a university program often gather after class for beer and pizza. What is it an example of if one new graduate student doesn't like beer or pizza but accompanies the group anyway because he wants to make friends?
identification
Many people are afraid of picking up hitchhikers. Imagine that a hitchhiker, to be offered a ride, makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can so that he looks like he's a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker. A sociologist would say that the hitchhiker was working on
impression management
In an authoritarian regime, a well-known political agitator has been sentenced to house arrest for thirty days because the government fears the possibility of them inciting a riot or other disturbance. What is the logic of this punishment?
incapacitation
The internet and social media create filter bubbles that tend to
increase the fragmentation and segmentation of users by limiting their exposure to certain kinds of information.
Large social and economic changes followed from the domestication of plants and animals and the gradually increasing efficiency of food production. What do scholars call this type of revolution?
industrial
The "Jim Crow" laws, which mandated separate facilities for white people and Black people, were an example of
institutional discrimination.
Leaders whose personal styles make them more task-oriented or goal-oriented and less concerned with people's feelings are called ________ leaders.
instrumental
Which type of conformity has occurred when someone joins an animal rights group and then adopts a vegan diet?
internalization
In 2008 and 2009, the Obama administration initiated a large-scale economic bailout of the banking and auto industries. The U.S. government invested enormous amounts of money and, as a result, became the majority shareholder in some corporations. According to the text, this means that the United States
is a mostly capitalist nation, but it also has a degree of socialism in government subsidies to businesses.
In sociology, authority refers to the
legitimate right to wield power.
A social research methods class wants to study smoking. First, the professor asks how many people in the class are smokers. Two people indicate that they are. She then asks how many people have smoked a cigarette in the past week and ten people indicate that they have. The class decides, for the purposes of the survey, that a smoker will be defined as anyone who has smoked a cigarette in the past week and currently owns a pack of cigarettes. This is a(n)
operational definition
A researcher is studying pet ownership in the United States. They hypothesize that adults without children are more likely to own pets than those who have children. What are the variables in this study?
parental status and pet ownership
A young doctor fresh out of medical school is looking for a position where they can work about twenty hours a week, even though they will make much less money than other doctors. They are likely
part of the simplicity movement.
The conclusions of Mark Granovetter's findings in "The Strength of Weak Ties" were that
people tend to form homogeneous social networks.
A man verbally harasses a young woman on the New York subway while three onlookers watch. The woman pleads for help and the man jumps off as the doors open for the station. None of the three onlookers say or do anything. What sociological term best fits this example?
pluralistic ignorance
Critical race theory explores the relationship between race and what two other concepts?
politics and power
What term describes "actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic"?
positive deviance
Martin Luther King Jr. went to jail many times for acts of civil disobedience such as ignoring court orders prohibiting marches and boycotts. Some people, even those who agreed with him, criticized him for disobeying the law. However, most people today view these actions as a form of
positive deviance.
Kim's mother died from ovarian cancer and her father died from colon cancer. Genetic testing was recommended to determine if Kim had Lynch syndrome, which would increase her risk for both cancers. The testing was completed and found to be positive. Even though she has no symptoms, Kim has been officially marked as high-risk and now inhabits a
potential sick role.
Laura Scott describes U.S. society as __________, suggesting that U.S. cultural values support childbearing and child-rearing as the normative and preferred practice.
pronatalist
Charter schools are
public schools that are run by private entities.
What is it called when members of a racial minority group intermarry and have children with members of the dominant group until the races are completely mixed?
racial assimilation
The tendency of research participants to change their behavior in response to being studied is known as
reactivity
Tanise often feels bad about where she is in her career when she sees on social media how successful many of her old friends from college are. Her college friends are an example of what sociologists call a(n)
reference group.
An example of discrimination is
refusing to sell someone a house because of their race.
According to Jack Katz, there are several reasons why adolescents might shoplift. One reason is the material appeal of the objects that are taken, but, more importantly, the shoplifting adolescents
regard "getting away with it" as a demonstration of personal competence.
In Nia's sociology paper, she examined how banks and mortgage lenders used race as factor in determining interest rates and the distribution of mortgage loans—a practice known as redlining. Which of the following best reflects Nia's sociology paper topic?
residential segregation
What are the tactics used by workers to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor called?
resistance strategies
Maria is the school chess champion and is invited to compete at a regional tournament. An opponent tells Maria that men are naturally better at chess than women. Upon hearing this, Maria becomes upset and worried about her performance and subsequently loses her first match. What has Maria just experienced?
stereotype threat
Sociologists often point out that systems of stratification in the United States systematically favor white men. People sometimes contest this by referencing wealthy and powerful Black women like Oprah Winfrey or Michelle Obama. A valid counterpoint to this argument is that
stratification is a characteristic of a society rather than a reflection of individual differences.
What do sociologists call it when large numbers of people move up or down the social class ladder as a result of changes to society as a whole?
structural mobility
Talcott Parsons held the view that the family is responsible for the reproduction of society because it produces and socializes children who will in turn become future workers and produce and socialize more new members of society. What type of theoretical viewpoint is this?
structuralist/functionalist
Julie is a lower-class American who lives in public housing, did not finish high school, experiences lapse in employment, and has a hard time paying her bills. Julie is twice as likely as people who are not living in poverty to
suffer from depression.
According to the U.S. General Accounting Office, an employer that violates more than one federal or state labor law concerning wages, overtime, child labor, safety and health, or industrial regulation is classified as a(n)
sweatshop.
Telecommuting increases worker productivity because
telecommuters must demonstrate a concrete measure of their accomplishments.
A team of sociologists is commissioned to study the effects of lighting levels and amount of time for breaks on workers' productivity in an office setting. Before the study begins, office workers are told why the researchers are there. When the team analyzes their data, they find that no matter what they do, productivity levels go up while they are physically present. When the team is not physically present, productivity levels return to normal. What is the likely explanation for these findings?
the Hawthorne effect
Thomas Malthus would be most worried about
the U.S. government refusing to fund international agencies that provide family planning services.
According to George Herbert Mead, what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games?
the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole.
According to law enforcement, you should request assistance from an individual, even a stranger, if you are in trouble or injured, rather than yelling for help in general or appealing to a group. This strategy would help to defeat
the bystander effect
According to the text, which of the following is one of the four major eras of environmental activism?
the conversation era
Unlike folkways, mores are closely related to
the core values of a group.
Samira does not have a computer in their house, so they use computers in the library to complete school assignments. However, they often have less time than their peers to do research and type their assignments because the computers are sometimes occupied and the library closes early. What term describes Samira's situation?
the digital divide
Changes in the importance of socialization's different agents might occur over time within a society. Identify the major agent(s) of socialization that is/are less important to adolescents now than in the late 1800s.
the family
What defines so-called official poverty in the United States based on household income?
the federal poverty line
The phenomenon of women being more likely than men to live in poverty is called
the feminization of poverty.
What changes in the economy would be associated with travel agents hiring inmates in minimum-security prisons to take calls and schedule vacations for customers?
the growth of information technology
Julian is a child who consistently earns mediocre grades and is often picked last for team games. He likes to make silly jokes and play pranks, and he notices that people laugh when he does so. The child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. Charles Cooley would say this development is part of
the looking-glass self
The story about the young girls with eating disorders in Fiji in the late 1990s conveys the strong influence of which agent of socialization?
the mass media
When did cities become the prevalent residential areas.
the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
Which of the following seems to make people, in general, more likely to define a group as a family?
the presence of children
Dalia is a sociology student who finds a surprising correlation between ice cream sales and violent crime rates while working on a class project. She considers the idea that eating more ice cream causes people to engage in more violent crime, but then realizes that the most logical explanation is that
the relationship is deductive
Valentina calls her nineteen-year-old son every Sunday to make sure he's doing okay in college. She also sends him gas and grocery money every month. Valentina is also the primary caretaker for her elderly mother who lives with her. Which of these phrases best describes her situation?
the sandwich generation
According to conflict theory, the nuclear family facilitates exploitation
through a sexual division of labor within the home.
What is the goal of early college high schools, according to the textbook?
to make it easier for students from underserved backgrounds to enter college
Ethnography's main goal is
to understand the meanings people attach to their activities
The U.S. Census Bureau defines "family" as
two or more individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption who share a household.
Who led campaigns to end child labor and increase workplace safety?
unions
In Frank Dobbin and Alexandra Kalev's 2016 analysis of 800 U.S. firms, which of the following approaches to diversity did they find was effective?
voluntary diversity training programs
