Sociology Final Exam

Cultural Capital

What you know - college application

"The Black Family in the Age of Mass Incarceration" Reading

- About Daniel Patrick Moynihan - wrote "The Negro Family: The Case for National Action" because the federal government was underestimating damage due to black families - "The Negro Family" advocated no specific policies to address the crisis it described - The father goes to prison which impacts children a lot without having a father figure - kids with fathers in prison are more likely to go to prison= cycle (wrote about in "The Negro Family") - incarceration rate rose independent of crime- but not of criminal justice policy - by 2000, nearly 1 million black children had a father in jail or prison - criminal records tend to injure employment prospects - bad things happen while in prison: sexual assault - the job market in American regards black men who have never been criminals as though they were so most who were criminals had it even worse

Ping vs. U.S. (1889)

- Chinese immigrants competing for jobs with whites (Chinese Exclusion Act) - 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese immigration and denied reentry to previous immigrants - Driven largely by economic competition between Chinese and white laborers - A time of rising xenophobia against the Chinese - Ruled: congress has the power to set immigration policy, and could legally ban immigration from an entire country if it chose to do so

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

- Louisiana law that whites and blacks must sit in a different part of the train and poesy tried to sit in white section in which he was kicked out (black, but light-skinned black)- legal segregation - A challenge to the entire southern Jim Crow system - "Separate but Equal" doctrine - Justice Harlan's dissent was thoroughly against this reasoning - civil right's= all citizens are equal before the law - this reasoning doesn't become dominant Supreme Court view until Brown vs. Board

"Harvard Trial is about more than affirmative action" reading

- Samantha, 20, attends John Hopkins University in Baltimore - she is a Korean American who graduated from a predominantly white private high school double majoring in international relations and east Asian studies - got a very high SAT score because parents hired someone - many times she would write and have to try and not sound "too Asian" - federal law suit that Harvard University illegally discriminates against Asian American applicants (hurts minor applicants) - holistic damsons are far more likely to enroll low-income students than those who don't - American's "gospel of education" the notion that schooling is the solution to everything, and its purpose is workforce preparation - for Asian Americans, emphasizing racial and cultural identity could hurt prospects because "model minority" lead admissions officers to think they are boring or unoriginal

Korematsu vs. U.S.

- U.S. government put all Japanese Americans in internment camps during WW2 - A clear violation of 14th amendment equal protection clause? - Supreme Court ruled that national security concerns justified the internment - More broadly, the court created a constitutional test for state-imposed race/ethnic classifications= strict scrutiny - the classification must be narrowly "tailored" to achieve a "compelling" government objective - racial and ethnic classifications are presumed illegal unless the state can meet this burden

Hollistic Approach

- academics - extracurricular - personal attributes - sports= recruited athlete (not in high school) - Legacy/ child of professor of staff - Historically disadvantaged group (African American, Hispanic, Native American) - notice asian Americans are not included as disadvantaged

"Whistling Vivaldi" (Steele 2010) book

- author was black man and aware of the stereotypes for black men (violent, aggressive- stereotype threat) - people acted differently around him because of stereotypes - he decided to start whistling symphony/classical songs while walking down the street to create a new impression= people didn't find him as threatening - he had to be aware of stereotypes to change it

Dred Scott vs. Stanford (1857)

- challenge to fugitive state law (returning slave if escapes) - worst decision Supreme Court has made - Ruled: African Americans (slave or free) were not, nor could ever be, citizens of the United States

"It's like we have an 'in' already: black/white biracial" reading

- findings reveal the continuing significance of racial boundaries in population often celebrated as evidence of racial harmony in U.S. - study: 60 interviews with men and women who have had one white parent and one black parent - since they are black ad white, they should have relationships with both white and black people - respondents typically used racial capital in interviews with whites to circumvent racial stereotypes of blacks being unintelligent, dangerous, inferior to whites - participants often used racial capital with black to elude racial stereotypes of whites being mistrustful, privileged, and uncomfortable around African Americans - understanding the exclusive positionally of black/white biracial underscores the significance and implications of having access to knowledge, experience, meanings, and inquiries in both black and white worlds

Academic Performance only?

- grades and test scores

The Harvard Affirmative Action Case

- in 1920s, Harvard admission was based solely on academic merit and it was changed to "holistic" application process as a way to limit the number of Jewish students - Some groups claim that Harvard is doing something similar with Asian American applicants today

How does stereotype threat lead to worse performance?

- increases anxiety - interferes with cognitive function

Implications beyond academic performance?

- job interviews - residential patterns/interactions - interactions with police - immigration status -etc.

Conditions or "cues" that can intensify stereotype threat

- lack of a "critical mass" of one's group - basic features of a social setting tat suggest a lack of inclusiveness

SFFA (students for fair admissions) vs. Harvard (2019):

- lawsuit alleging that Harvard intentionally discriminates by imposing an implicit quota on Asian Americans - Claims that equally (or more) qualified Asian Americans are admitted at significantly lower rate than other racial/ethnic groups, including whites

Other features of identity/stereotype threat

- remarkably easy to create a group identity - remarkably easy to create a stereotype threat for that identity - performance can suffer even for the most fleeting or trivial social identities

White Privilege

- the luxury of being the dominant or "normal" race/ethnic group - has an enormous impact on how we experience and navigate day-to-day social life - nonwhites must be consciously aware of their "otherness" in most social settings/activities (workplace, classroom, driving ,walking down street, etc.)

Because many American Indians are married to non-American Indians, they often find themselves looking through the cultural lens of their partners and expanding their perspective. This type of emotional work is called: a. cultural labor b. symbolic interaction c. acculturation d. the second shift

A- cultural labor

"Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) reading

- this case required us to decide whether the use of race as a factor in student admission by the university of Michigan Law School is unlawful - Because Law school conducts highly in a calculated review of each applicant and no acceptance or rejection is based automatically on a variable such as race and this ensures that al factors that may contribute to diversity are meaning fully considered alongside race Asian American and Affirmative Action: - % of Asia Americans in elite colleges is going down= racism - they haven't comes to any conclusions on fixing it because evidence it not good enough

Important years to remember

1967: end of anti-miscgenation laws 1980s-1990s: multiracial movement 2000s: "check all that apply" on census - 2000: 6M (2.4%) - 2010: 9M (3.0%) - 2015: 7% - 2050: 20 < %

One study analyzed more than 900 films and found that, with few exceptions, which group was represented as "Public Enemy Number One"? a. Arabs b. Africans c. Indians d. Eastern Europeans

A- Arabs

According to opinion polls, what was one of the primary concerns of U.S. voters during the mid-1960s? a. civil rights b. crime c. gender discrimination d. immigration

A- Civil Rights

Jasper, a young black man in Chicago, gets by as a low-level drug dealer. Given studies cited in the textbook, what can we likely conclude about his income and hours worked doing so? a. Jasper probably makes close-to or less-than minimum wage, with hours that add up to only part-time work. b. Jasper works overtime compared to the traditional workweek and makes a lucrative living, pulling in a couple of thousand dollars a week. c. Jasper is "killing it" by working only a few hours a week but making money that adds up to a six-figure yearly salary. d. Jasper works for a well-structured organized gang that pays him a salary through the ranks of their leadership for the work he does, meaning he makes the same amount no matter what hours he works.

A- Jasper probably makes close-to or less-than minimum wage, with hours that add up to only part-time work.

When people examine the overlap of their own intersecting identities, they may be likely to overlook the impact of their privileged identities, as described in which of the following examples? a. an upper-middle-class black woman who minimizes the role of her economic position b. a working-class Russian Jewish immigrant who minimizes the role of his religion c. an upper-middle-class black executive who minimizes the role of his race d. a middle-class white suburban housewife who minimizes the role gender plays in her day-to-day interactions with her spouse

A- an upper-middle-class black woman who minimizes the role of her economic position

Conflict theory: race/ethnicity and crime

All the laws apply to everybody but the results seen show racism= colorblind racism ("It's not about race" when the outcomes show that it really is)

Sheila is a black executive at a company that is almost entirely all-white. She jokes with her mother that when she goes to work she "checks her blackness at the door." Erving Goffman might say that at work she is her _________ self. a. front stage b. misrepresented c. back stage d. center stage

A- front stage

Contrary to popular belief, social scientific evidence has shown that immigrants: a. make America safer b. make America less safe, whether they are here legally or not c. are more likely to call police in an emergency d. are less likely to drop out of high school

A- make American safer

In the 1960s, politicians began what has come to be known as the "war on drugs," a product of which includes increased imprisonments for nonviolent drug offenses. Which of the following was one result of the war on drugs during the 1970s? a. Potential race rioters were arrested. b. Drug trafficking decreased. c. Sexual violence decreased. d. Drug use decreased.

A- potential race rioters were arrested

When an Indian American father tells his teenage daughter to be chaste and traditional and not promiscuous and weak like white American women, he is alluding to the way in which: a. racial identity is defined through certain sexual practices and performances b. Indian Americans embrace American stereotypes about their culture c. Indians identify as white rather than black when they come to the United States d. Indian Americans think of Americans as monolithically white

A- racial identity is defined through certain sexual practices and performances

A beauty product marketed to Asian American women with the intent of "lightening" their skin represents: a. the racialization of Asian femininity toward white standards b. the expanding array of accepted standards for cultural beauty in American society c. the normalization of cosmetics for Asian Americans d. a radical shift in beauty norms for Asian Americans compared to a decade ago

A- the racialization of Asian femininity toward white standards

Couples who are dissimilar from one another may have a lower probability of staying married; black couples show greater spousal dissimilarity than nonblack couples. One reason for this may be that: a. the relatively small size of the marriage pool for blacks limits choices for potential mates, increasing the chance of incompatibility b. the pattern of behaviors among black men across society makes them less adaptable, causing incompatibilities with most spouses, regardless of race c. the adage "opposites attract" creates a sense of adventure for some couples that disappears over time, and black couples are more likely to marry earlier, before that sense of adventure ends d. blacks have similar understandings of gender role expectations within the relationship but diverging understandings of how couples express love

A- the relatively small size of the marriage pool for blacks limits choices for potential mates, increasing the chance of incompatibility

When people argue that race is marked, or socially constructed, what are they referring to? a. the way that race "imposes itself on you" through America's racial taxonomy b. the way that race is created through a combination of internal and external forces, asserted both from outside groups and from within specific cultures c. the way that certain races are socially and symbolically marked as different or inferior d. the way that race is created through performances such as gestures, interactions, and cultural activities

A- the way that race "imposes itself on you" through America's racial taxonomy

Because of many factors—including, but not limited to, the history of male and female roles under slavery and the interaction patterns between men and women in families—black men and women tend to differ in their views of gender roles and expectations. In terms of the meaning of race and/or gender in understanding this difference, we might say that: a. to fully appreciate the nuance of these differences, we have to take into account both gendered and racial aspects of identity b. intersecting dynamics of identity are limited to combinations of gender and race c. the socially constructed nature of race holds greater historical traction in the explanation of this dynamic than the socially constructed nature of gender d. because of the way gender roles in families are collectively understood in society even when people have different expectations in their own families, it is difficult to meet those expectations

A- to fully appreciate the nuance of these differences, we have to take into account both gendered and racial aspects of identity

Most people arrested in the United States are of what racial-ethnic background? a. white b. black c. Asian d. Hispanic

A- white

The biggest increase in specific prison populations occurred between 1980 and 2011, a jump from 15,118 to 111,387. This represented a 587 percent increase in the number of _____ im-prisoned. a. women b. men c. illegal immigrants d. juveniles

A- women

Is Harvard violating the Grutter vs. Bollinger Ruling?

According to the Grutter case... - race/ethnic traits may be considered if used flexibly without quotes or a set of number of points to ensure a diverse study body - says nothing about legacy or sports or subjective evaluations of the applicant's personal characteristics - must consider race= neutral approaches if they could produce a similar level of diversity Example: Texas's 10% rule (students in top 10% of school automatically got in)

Why might immigrant women be more prone to become the repeated victims of intimate partner violence than native-born American women? a. Even though the reality of the presence of immigrants in American society may be a reduction in overall crime, our society's institutions and media promote the acceptance of violence between immigrant couples. b. A woman's risk of partner abuse increases the more isolated she is from the wider society, and immigrant women are perhaps the most isolated in America; many abuse programs and shelters are located in nonimmigrant neighborhoods. c. Immigrant women are less likely to be educated in American institutions, and therefore their reports of violence and abuse happen within the networks of their communities in their countries of origin. d. The media portrays solutions to the "problems of immigrants" as deportation, so society does not punish or arrest men in immigrant communities if they act violently toward women.

B- A woman's risk of partner abuse increases the more isolated she is from the wider society, and immigrant women are perhaps the most isolated in America; many abuse programs and shelters are located in nonimmigrant neighborhoods.

What is one way that the "code of the street" is supported by mainstream corporations? a. MTV was sued after its president was found drug dealing with underprivileged youth. b. Designers like Louis Vuitton and Versace embrace the hip-hop styles, influences, and even musicians in their advertising and brand marketing. c. The NFL suspended football player Ray Rice after video footage of him beating his fiancée on an elevator surfaced. d. McDonald's came under scrutiny after providing toy guns in its Happy Meals.

B- Designers like Louis Vuitton and Versace embrace the hip-hop styles, influences, and even musicians in their advertising and brand marketing.

Black women are the least likely group in American society to marry. Some analysts even estimate rates as low as what? a. One in two black women will marry in her lifetime. b. One in three black women will marry in her lifetime. c. One in four black women will marry in her lifetime. d. One in five black women will marry in her lifetime.

B- One in three black women will marry in her lifetime.

Which of the following did Edward Morris find in his ethnography of white students in a majority black school in Texas? a. The white students were adamant about distinguishing themselves from their black peers. b. The white students used the term "white" to insult one another for personality traits such as being nerdy. c. Though some white students tried to pass as nonwhite, it was still relatively easy for Morris to identity them as white. d. When white students symbolically identified and attempted to pass as nonwhite, they also lost their white privilege in interactions with teachers.

B- The white students used the term "white" to insult one another for personality traits such as being nerdy.

Andi, a twenty-three-year old white woman, hesitated to introduce her African American boyfriend to her parents, who are both white. All of her friends from college have already met her boyfriend. According to the textbook, what might this decision say about attitudes toward interracial dating? a. African Americans are generally more accepting of interracial dating than whites are. b. Younger people tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than older people are. c. Women tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than men are. d. People are less accepting of interracial dating now than they were in the 1990s.

B- Younger people tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than older people are.

When an adolescent takes on a nonwhite symbolic identity that is not recognized as authentic by all of his or her peers, the adolescent may: a. be able to easily traverse the boundaries of being white in some situations and nonwhite in other situations b. be criticized by whites and nonwhites alike and have a hard time integrating with peers in general c. have a more fluid identity than people in previous generations who tried to pass as white d. have perfected the dynamic of code-switching between front and back stage behaviors

B- be criticized by whites and nonwhites alike and have a hard time integrating with peers in general

African Americans have grown so used to being pulled over by the police that many speak of being stopped on account of DWB. What does "DWB" stand for? a. drinking while bad b. driving while black c. doping while beaten d. daring white brother

B- driving while black

Some conservative politicians reacted to the Boston Marathon bombings by calling for a freeze on immigration reform. Which belief does their behavior reinforce? a. Men are more likely to be terrorists than women. b. Immigrants make the country less safe. c. Immigrants who come to America legally are not a threat. d. Immigrants are a threat to American jobs.

B- immigrants are the country less safe

A form of black communication style involves indirect questioning and acknowledgement of information. For example, Sharon offhandedly and jokingly comments about her sister Dee's weight gain rather than asking Dee outright if she is pregnant. This communication style is called: a. dramaturgy b. signifying c. interjecting d. reflexive dialoging

B- signifying

Alabama did not remove language from its state constitution prohibiting interracial marriage until 2000. Though not legally binding, the language operated as a powerful: a. precedent b. symbol c. fountainhead d. gesture

B- symbol

What were the two important institutions that arose to control and confine nonwhites—African Americans in particular? a. slavery and marriage b. the lynch mob and the prison c. voting and indentured servitude d. schooling and the military

B- the Lynch mob and the prison

As Michael Tonry writes in Malign Neglect, "Through [the twentieth century] in periods of high intolerance of drug use, minority group stereotypes have been associated with deviant drug use." What would be an example of this phenomenon? a. the rise of white women using antidepressants b. the association of the Chinese with opium dens during the early twentieth century c. the rise in abuse of ADHD medication among high school and college students d. steroid use among professional athletes

B- the association of the Chinese with opium dens during the early twentieth century

The process of immigration can be a great stressor for families coming to the United States. For example, in the United States, Hmong kinship networks of extended family relationships are limited as Hmong people are expected to adopt the nuclear family model. This pressure demonstrates that: a. social service agencies are typically receptive to the culture of immigrant families b. the definition of family is not the same across racial-ethnic groups, and the expectation to conform can take a toll on families c. immigrants to the United States are mostly the same and can anticipate what changes to expect for their families in advance of migrating d. the process of immigration, though stressful, does little to change the structure of families

B- the definition of family is not the same across racial-ethnic groups, and the expectation to conform can take a toll on families

The "cool pose" of many young black men; the overt sexism and machismo of some Latino young men; and the in-your-face sexual bravado of some young white fraternity brothers are all examples of: a. the problem of testosterone in the maturation of young men b. the ways in which performances of masculinity vary by race c. the legitimacy of an American culture of overt masculinity d. the economic costs at stake when men act out masculinity in a variety of ways

B- the ways in which performances of masculinity vary by race

Allison, a young African American mother of three, wants to move out of her predominantly black neighborhood because, as she tells people, "It is safer to raise my children in the suburbs." Allison's notions about her neighborhood safety are not matched by arrest rates for her current neighborhood versus the suburb where she desires to move, where violent crime is 30 percent more likely. Allison's reactions demonstrate: a. that even when crime rates are low in predominantly minority communities, children are better protected by the "eyes on the street" in the suburbs b. the fear of crime stemming from racial stereotypes does not just impact whites as people in the stereotyped racial and ethnic group can internalize the fears as well c. that black women are impacted by their identities as blacks and women when it comes to crime; in Allison's case, her racial identity was more important in shaping her perceptions of crime d. that the media's representation of blacks is the primary, and even only, reason that people largely associated blacks with criminality

Bthe fear of crime stemming from racial stereotypes does not just impact whites as people in the stereotyped racial and ethnic group can internalize the fears as well

What would be an example of what Bruce Western calls "deterrence"? a. A former drug dealer who decides in prison that he or she wants to be part of the formal economy and decides to go to college to be a teacher. b. A mass murderer who is prevented from committing any more violent crimes because he or she is locked up in prison. c. A person who refrains from stealing a designer dress when she realizes she would end up paying more in legal fines than the cost of the dress if she got caught. d. A person convicted of raping women who takes a class in prison on feminism and begins to repent his or her crimes.

C- A person who refrains from stealing a designer dress when she realizes she would end up paying more in legal fines than the cost of the dress if she got caught.

According to the figure below, "Lifetime Likelihood of Imprisonment," which group has a higher chance of imprisonment than white men? a. Latina women b. black women c. Latino men d. white women

C- Latino men

Because of how out-of-wedlock birthrates are calculated, what would the impact be on out-of-wedlock birthrates if the number of children born to unmarried black women stayed the same but the number of children born to married black women increased? a. Rates of out-of-wedlock births would remain the same. b. Rates of out-of-wedlock births would increase. c. Rates of out-of-wedlock births would decrease. d. Rates of out-of-wedlock births would stop being calculated.

C- Rates of out-of-wedlock births would decrease.

What is one reason why sociologists believe immigrants may commit less crime? a. They usually have low marriage rates. b. They often have fewer high-end stores and homes in their neighborhoods. c. Their neighborhoods often have codes of informal social control. d. They fear deportation.

C- Their neighborhoods often have codes of formal social control.

Monica is a twenty-two-year-old woman, who, like other women, has a one in five chance of being raped in her lifetime. Who is most likely to perpetrate sexual violence against her? a. a gang member b. a serial killer c. a boyfriend d. a stranger

C- a boyfriend

According to sociologist Kenneth Clark, for some inner-city African American and Latina women, an out-of-wedlock birth is: a. a mark of utter disgrace b. an abdication of their chances of finding a husband c. a symbol of their womanhood d. a testament to their economic independence

C- a symbol of their womanhood

When boxer Mike Tyson was accused of raping Desiree Washington, a young black woman, many prominent African Americans, eager to quash the "black male rapist" trope, rushed to Tyson's side. This situation is an example of what? a. inverse racism b. racial isolationism c. black protectionism d. afro-feminism

C- black protectionism

Noting that being from the inner-city, the suburbs, or a rural area is acknowledging the importance of ________________ as a part of individual identity. a. self-awareness b. physicality c. geography d. modality

C- geography

When sociologist Heather Dalmage, a white woman married to a black man, writes that "I no longer take white privilege for granted" because of her experiences, she is specifically referencing: a. how her husband has been able to access "white privilege" since their marriage b. how her social network and friends stigmatize her relationship c. her experience of being victimized by interpersonal and institutional racism d. her own prejudices about social life

C- he experience of being victimized by interpersonal and institutional racism

According to sociologist Anne Rawls, whites and blacks may occupy the same geographic space, but not the same ________________ space. a. dynamic b. socio-racial c. interactional d. community

C- interactional

In the 1960s, when politicians mentioned cleaning up "violence in the streets," to what were they primarily referring? a. gang wars in Chicago b. a slew of murders, usually involving men attacking single females c. riots and civil disobedience by civil rights protestors d. muggings and catcalling

C- riots and civil disobedience by civil rights protestors

One claim about the phenomenon referred to as the "new black nativism," a practice of limiting entry into the legitimate ranks of being black in America primarily to those descendent from American slavery, is: a. that it dilutes the memory of historical African- and Caribbean-born leaders of the black community (for example, Marcus Garvey) b. that in highlighting the importance of lineage in American slavery, it has positively impacted the way that race and ethnicity are distinguished (for example, the difference between being "African American" and "black") c. that it is responsible for a tendency to define blackness in mostly negative terms (for example, as opposed to being white) d. that it requires us to think about whether we need to rethink the legitimacy of labeling President Obama the first "black" president

C- that it is responsible for a tendency to define blackness in mostly negative terms (for example, as opposed to being white)

The influence of race and economic class in predicting the probability of serving time in prison is best illustrated by: a. the ability of black men in prison to get GEDs and advance their economic positions con-siderably after prison b. the trend that arrest rates for poor whites are among the lowest of any other racial and economic groups c. the increased probability that a black man born after the Civil Rights Movement who later dropped out of high school would end up incarcerated at some point in his lifetime d. the inability of education to lessen the probability of incarceration for people of color in American society

C- the increased probability that a black man born after the Civil Rights movement who later dropped out of high school would end up incarcerated at some point in his lifetime

A white woman is driving through an unfamiliar neighborhood and becomes frightened when she sees black people on the street corner waving and gesticulating at her. They are trying to signal to her that she is going the wrong way on a one way street, but she thinks they are threatening her. What dynamic does this example display best? a. the challenge of understanding cultural norms during "mezzanine-level" social interactions b. the importance of understanding one's own intersectional identity c. the need for vigilant reflexivity when it comes to cross-racial communication d. the inability of people to be reflexive about interpreting "back stage" behavior

C- the need for vigilant reflexivity when it comes to cross-racial communication

When a native-born, third-generation Chinese American woman encounters repeated interactions with others where she is asked, "Where are you originally from?," what aspects of her identity are being highlighted? a. the way that her gender and presumed Asian ancestry coincide b. the way that the person making the inquiry is taking an interest in her Chinese ethnicity c. the way that many native-born Asian American citizens remain in a position symbolically tied to an assumed immigrant status d. the way her age overlaps with her presumed immigrant status

C- the way that many native-born Asian American citizens remain in a position symbolically tied to an assumed immigrant status

In 2008, Bernie Madoff, a former Wall Street broker, committed an elaborate Ponzi scheme and was found guilty of making fraudulent investments totaling over $60 billion. What is this type of crime called? a. backdoor crime b. cyber crime c. white-collar crime d. green eyeshade crime

C- white-collar crime

When comparing white-collar and violent street crime, we might conclude that: a. violent street crime is more damaging to society because it causes fear and requires the expense of surveilling people through increased policing b. street crimes are worse than white-collar crimes because of the different intentions and motivations of the criminals c. white-collar crimes potentially damage society as much or more than violent street crimes because they cost society billions of dollars per year and even result in more deaths and injuries d. when black people commit white-collar crimes, they are condemned even more than when they commit violent street crimes or than when white people commit white-collar crimes

C- white-collar crimes potentially damage society as much or more than violent street crimes because they cost society billions of dollars per year and even result in more deaths and injuries

Wren vs. U.S. (traffic stops)

Can the police use a minor traffic violation as a pretext to investigate and search for drug offenses? - yes, so long as the officer could have stopped the driver for a traffic offense

Which of the following is a reason that black marriages are twice as likely to end in divorce as whites? a. Black men and women marry at much younger ages than men and women of any other ethnic group. b. Black women have greater participation in the workforce than women of other ethnic groups. c. Divorce is stigmatized in the white community more than it is in the black community. d. High levels of poverty and high incarceration rates can strain marriages, causing conflicts over time.

D- High levels of poverty and high incarceration rates can strain marriages, causing conflicts over time.

When we say that interactions operate at the "mezzanine level of social structure," what does that mean? a. Arrangements of social performances are happening between the front stage and the back stage. b. The authenticity of interactions cannot be evaluated because they are shaped by social structure. c. Social interactions are superficial and do not fulfill the psychological needs of society's members. d. Interactions between people and the styles of interactions others observe of people in groups are patterned, reflect social structure, and are sometimes generalized into racial assumptions.

D- Interactions between people and the styles of interactions others observe of people in groups are patterned, reflect social structure, and are sometimes generalized into racial assumptions.

After George Zimmerman shot and killed Trayvon Martin in 2012, the police did not arrest him because of the Stand Your Ground law. What was the supposed purpose of this law? a. It required people to call the police when they perceived someone might be a physical threat. b. It encouraged people to retreat from violent conflict at any cost. c. It forced people to stay where they were when they sensed a threat to themselves or others. d. It gave people the right to defend themselves against someone they perceived as a threat.

D- It gave people the right to defend themselves against someone they perceived as a threat.

According to the textbook, what is the relationship between societal attitudes about interracial marriage and raising the question, "What about the children?" a. The question is important because there seems to be a great deal of evidence that biracial children have a harder time figuring out their racial identity than other people of color whose parents identify as the same race. b. The question downplays the significance of interracial relationships that produce children but that do not result in marriages. c. The question is important because people raise it frequently as a way to argue that the cultural acceptance of interracial relationships should be congruent with society's integration of multiracial individuals. d. The question is often positioned as a rationalization for being opposed to interracial marriages and comes frequently as a way to package that disapproval without being forthright.

D- The question is often positioned as a rationalization for being opposed to interracial marriages and comes frequently as a way to package that disapproval without being forthright.

The "ghetto pass" in Ice Cube's song "True to the Game" is: a. a way of signaling that one is both black and rich b. a way of acting out against others that elevates someone to an "untouchable" status c. an education that gives someone skills to leave the ghetto and attain a prosperous life d. an implied right to authentic blackness that can be taken away if one acts outside of race norms

D- an implied right to authentic blackness that can be taken away if one acts outside of race norms

Which of the following is an accurate explanation for why homosexuality is viewed by some African Americans as a predominantly "white" phenomenon? a. because statistically fewer blacks are homosexual than whites b. because the history of homosexuality overlaps with colonial exploitation of blacks by whites c. because Euro-Americans have systematically sought to create a historical stereotype of black homosexuality that contemporary African Americans reject d. because the social construction of black sexuality precludes the possibility of homosexuality

D- because the social construction of black sexuality precludes the possibility of homosexuality

When Eric Garner, a black man, was killed by the police in 2014, his only official crime was selling loose cigarettes. What might be another reason that the police attacked him? a. Cigarettes are a gateway drug, especially for black youth. b. Garner was involved in an elaborate street gang. c. Garner had a long history of attacking police officers and members of his own community. d. Both whites and nonwhites believe that black men are more prone to violence than white men.

D- both whites and nonwhites believe that black men are more prone to violence than white men

Data from a study of contemporary Internet (online) dating showed that the group of women most likely to exclude men from their own racial category as potential mates was: a. heterosexual black women b. heterosexual white women c. heterosexual Latina women d. heterosexual Asian women

D- heterosexual Asian women

DWB

Driving while black

Example of stereotype threat: gender

Gender stereotype: females aren't as good at math as males - Stereotype threat hypothesis: females directly exposed to/reminded of the stereotype should perform worse than females who are not - in the absence of stereotype threat, females should do about as well as males - experiments involving difficult math problems routinely support the threat hypothesis

Labeling theory

Labeled and stigmatized as a "felon" - even non-felons are judged more harshly because of the stereotype

Example of stereotype threat: race

Longstanding observations: high achieving African-American undergraduates are more likely to struggle with grades the high achieving whites -more likely to grow frustrated, lose confidence, and lower goals/expectations - reaffirms the stereotype and creates a "vicious cycle" - can contribute to ongoing racial disparities in society - when told that a difficult test was designed to measure intelligence and academic ability, African Americans perform worse - but do about as well as whites (and in some studies better) in the absence of the stereotype threat - when African American students take exams in a. room of mostly white students, they perform worse

Why did incarceration rate increase?

RACE AND WAR ON DRUGS - drug related offenses fill up prisons much more - black drug related arrest rates much higher than whites - black arrests for marijuana possession much higher than whites - crack epidemic= blacks - opioid epidemic= whites

Racial Capital

Repertoire of racial resources that are used to negotiate racial boundaries in a highly radicalized society - knowledge, experiences, meanings, language, perspective - acquired through intimate access to 2 racial worlds as an insider ineffective of phenotype, class gender

Symbolic interaction theory and crime/mass incarceration

Some racial.ethnic minority groups are perceived to be more aggressive, dangerous, or violent

Loving vs. Virginia (1967)

Supreme Court ruled laws prohibiting interracial marriage unconstitutional

The Civil Rights RUlings

Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Supreme Court chips away at legal segregation while technically still upholding "separate but equal" - 1946: illegal to segregate interstate bus/train passengers - 1950: white-only law schools ruled unconstitutional - Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) dismantles separate buy equal and the foundation of legal segregation - numerous rulings in the 1960s struck down segregation laws

When racial capital was deployed....

Whites: circumvent stereotypes of blacks being unintelligent, dangerous, inferior to whites Blacks: circumvent stereotypes of whites being mistrustful, privileged, and uncomfortable around blacks

Social Capital

Who you know - networks

Stereotype threat

a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group - typically activated hen one's performance is being evaluated (academics, athletics, behavior in social settings, etc.) - often leads to decreased performance because of the "threatening" situation - ca create a cycle of poor performance, decreases in confidence and loss of interest in the activity

Identity contingencies

conditions/realities one must deal with in social situations that relate directly to one's social identity (context specific)

When the crime rate went down...

incarceration rate skyrocketed!!!

Goffman's Interaction Order

interaction order: the nonstop process of impression management during social activites/encounters - verbal and non-verbal cues act as "signals" through which we define and interpret social settings - social life is a series of stage performances that vary by social context Key takeaway: nonwhites must be more consciously aware and vigilant of their race/ethnic identities while "on stage"

Death Penalty?

it is not the race of the defendant that best predicts who gets a death sentence, but the race of the victim

Crime rate

law enforcement statistic convictions (FBI) + victimization survey (crime rates have plummeted starting in the mid 1990s)

Identity threat

real or imagined difficulties/problems that might result from one's identity in a given social situation (negativity, discomfort...etc.) - depending on the situation, different identities may be more or less silent: age, gender, sexual identity, profession, residency, school, etc. - AND OF COURSE, RACE AND ETHNICITY

Stop and frisk

someone acting suspicious, it is legal to go ask for identification and pat them down= exception to normal warrant agreement (not a color-blind theory)

White backlash to late 1960s social movements (black panthers, anti-war, etc.) calls for...

the end of "permissiveness" and a return to "law and order"

Racial Capital (lecturer defintion)

who you know racially and what you know racially - 2 racial world-views - racially bound info

What are included in the University of Michigan Law School's considerations for the admission decision? What is the goal of this policy (at different points, different people involved in the trial said different things)?

• this case requires us to decide whether the use of race as a factor in student admissions by the University of Michigan Law School is unlawful • the Law School seeks "a mix of students with varying backgrounds and experiences who will respect and learn from each other. • achieve that diversity which has the potential to enrich everyone's education and thus make a law school class stronger than the sum of its parts • The policy does not restrict the types of diversity contributions eligible for "substantial weight" in the admissions process, but instead recognizes "many possible bases for diversity admissions