Sociology Final

The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was also referred to as the:

"end welfare as we know it"

About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the United States?

2 years

What percentage of Americans claim a religious affiliation?

77%

In the United States, six major companies, including Disney and Time Warner, own slightly more then ______ percent of the media

90

An example of an _____ social movement might be a group of individuals trying to stop unwed mothers from having abortions.

Alternative

Which of the following factors contributed to the development of the ideal of the traditional family (male breadwinner and female homemaker) in post-World War Il America?

An increase in real wages

Subcultures:

Are hard to definitely define

Which of the following is an example of a negative relationship?

As the number of people vaccinated against measles increases, the occurrence of measles decreases

Which of the following sociologist invented the theory of positivism

Auguste Comte

The first form of mass media was the:

B. book

Animism is the____; examples of it are ____.

Belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism

Herrnstein and Murray questioned whether poverty was a result of______conditions or whether it actually caused limited opportunities for children.

Biological

Professor Stephen Duncombe argues that the Occupy Wall Street movement was a____ and thus not a lasting _____

Burst; success

According to scientists, what is the number-one contributor to rising global temperatures?

CO2 emissions

Social change:

Can be caused by a variety of factors, like new ideas and technologies

At Thanksgiving dinner, college student Janie expresses her dreams to her parents. Her aunt says, "I'm not sure that's realistic, honey!" Janie says, "I'm a postfeminist! That's why I expect to_____

Combine marriage to an egalitarian man with motherhood and a successful career

Harry's study compared how the posts on Craigslist of "men seeking women" differed from the posts of "women seeking men." What method was Harry usi when he catalogued the traits mentioned in posts?

Content analysis

Michael is in a sociology class and the teacher poses a debate: Did Ramses II die of tuberculosis? The class studies the phenomenon of "science wars," and in I this war, Michael is on the team that will defend Bruno Latour's view. Michael argues that Ramses II:

Could not have died of tuberculosis because the disease had not been discovered at the time of death

If Country A has a Gini coefficient of .37 and Country B has a Gini coefficient of .49, which country has more inequality?

Country B has more inequality.

Which of the following is an example of secularization?

Crosses are used for decoration and worn as fashion accessories.

Very few scientists disagree with:

Darwin's natural selection theory

How does genetic testing relate to race

Definitive genetic markers for race do not exist.

A variable that is though to be influenced by another variable is known as the

Dependent variable

Which sociologist suggested that modernity was a time when each person was a unique combination of overlapping group affiliations?

Georg Simmel

Why is the official formula for calculating the poverty line outdated?

Housing now makes up a larger proportion of household budgets than in the past.

Which question is a sociologist of religion most likely to ask?

How are religious beliefs patterned by social forces?

Max Weber likened the history of society to a train and ideas to the switchmen of the tracks. What does this mean?

Ideas can be powerful forces to create change and alter the course of history when enough people believe them at the right time.

Which of the following is a reason why the egalitarian nature of American democracy has made Americans more likely than Europeans to enlist in voluntary organizations

Immigrants formed organizations to unite with other immigrants with similar values.

Which of the following is an argument in favor of school vouchers?

In order for schooling to be equal for all children, parents should be able to decide where their children go, regardless of their ability to pay.

The decision to develop atomic weapons during World War It was influenced by:

International geopolitical circumstances

Which of the following is the study of social meanings, emphasizing subjectively in understanding human behavior?

Interpretive sociology

The "grand narrative" that constitutes a social identity:

Is nothing more than the sum or individual stories

Which of the following is true regarding the applicability of network analysis within sociological research?

It can be used in both micro-level and macro-level studies.

James is a black man, and Mike is his white friend. James and Mike are having a disagreement about what needs to happen in order for race relations to improve in America. According to Gunnar Myrdal's theory in An American Dilemma, James probably emphasizes ______and Mike probably emphasizes_____.

Jobs; friendship

Antonio Gramsci coined the term hegemony to mean that a dominant group wins "consent" of the masses through "moral and intellectual leadership." His thoughts are closely related to those of:

Karl Marx

Compared to organic megafarms, why are small organic farms at a disadvantage?

Maintaining USDA certification is expensive

In much of the Western world, choice of a marriage partner is influenced by age, education, class, race, and religion. Which of the following explains this tendency?

Marrying someone significantly different in age, race, social class, and religion is often met with disapproval from others.

Which of the following is an example of how social solidarity and collective conscience function?

Max attends a church youth group regularly. Because he is active in group-sponsored activities and has been socialized to the norms of this group, he is less likely to spend time with peers who may engage in deviant activities.

Why do megachurches use sales techniques such as formatting the Bible like a magazine, with photographs of attractive teens and advice about fashion and friendship?

Megachurches use sales and marketing techniques that are effective in the broader culture.

The Frith family consists of a mother, a father, and their biological children. Sociologists classify this as a(n)_____ family

Nuclear

The faith of Americans tends to be more broad than deep. This is evidenced by which of the following results from research?

Of those Americans who agree that the Bible is the inspired word of God, only half can name the first book of the Bible.

Jill wants to know more about how democratic a society is. When she begins her study, she defines the level of democracy as the proportion of people who are able to participate in popular elections. With this definition, Jill has_______the variable "level of democracy."

Operationalized

Which of Émile Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterizes modern life?

Organic solidarity

Which of the following is a central belief of evangelical Protestants?

Others must be converted to the faith.

According to Charles Cooley's looking glass theory, which of the following statements is true?

Our interpretations of how others see us are more important than the reality of how others see us.

Doug has a "rags to riches" story. He grew up a poor kid in rural West Virginia and now is an **cer in the U.S. Army. *ils children roll their eyes every time a Domino's Pizza commercial comes on. Doug telis stories about how he played with sticks and dirt as a kid, concluding. Tom Monaghan is right when he says,______

Poor living was the greatest living I ever did

A branch of Christianity believed that their souls were selected for salvation before birth. This is known as:

Predestination

To Karl Marx, conflict between a small number of capitalists and a large number of workers would divide society. He referred to these workers as:

Proletariat

Most sociologists (and biologists) argue that race is a human invention, or is socially constructed. Which of the following statements highlights how race is socially constructed?

Racial categories on census forms have continued to change over time.

Most sociological and biologist argue that race is a human invention, or is socially constructed. Which of the following statements highlights how race is socially constructed?

Recital categories on census forms have continued to change over time

Which of the following statements about religion is most likely to be made by a sociologist?

Religion is a powerful mechanism of social organization and social control.

Jeremy used to be religious, but after he spent a summer doing antipoverty advocacy work in New Orleans, he became an athe st. He says, "I agree with Karl Marx! Religion really is the opium of the masses." Which of the following statements reflects Jeremy's agreement with Marx?

Religion pacified people with promises of rewards in the afterlife; therefore, they do not challenge the subjugating, exploitative, and alienating social conditions in this life

Who developed role theory as a way to examine social interaction

Robert Merton

Which of the following statements reflects Durkheim's thoughts about religion?

Sacred objects have power and meaning because individuals collectively invest the power and meaning in the symbols.

What is the difference between alterative social movements and reformative movements? Alterative social movements focus on______; reformative movements focus on______.

Self improvement and limited; specific changes to individual beliefs and behaviors

According to Émile Durkheim, religion is created by_____,_ and religious expressions represent_____

Social interaction; collective realities

The green revolution has made it expensive for individual farms to survive on their own, so new collectives and cooperatives have emerged to bring together ~ household farmers. Émile Durkheim might call this a type of:

Social solidarity

According to Ruth Schwartz Cowan's 1983 research, time-saving devices like the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have actually increased the amount of 2 time women spend on housework. What explanation is given for her finding?

Standards of cleanliness have also risen, so even more cleaning is expected

Eliana was given a ten-day course of antibiotics, but she stopped taking them once she started feeling better on day four. Eliana's decision seems to be I personal, but it has social implications. What public health risk do we face if more and more people fail to complete prescribed courses of antibiotics?

The development of antimicrobial resistant antigens

In the grocery store one day, you spy a mother and her two unruly children. She consistently threatens that she is going to spank them when she gets the I home. They ignore her threats. Finally, she swats one of them on the butt, making the other child laugh, suggesting that she has lost control of the situatic This could be seen as:

The paradox of authority

How does a dialect work?

The process of conflict and resolution leads to social change.

What might be a plausible reason that upper-status students score higher on SATs?

Their parents are better able to obtain help for them, as in SAT prep courses and extra tutoring if they are doing poorly in school.

A Christian missionary goes to a tribal society and shares the Christian faith. The missionary teaches that there is one God who exists in heaven, apart from * the natural world. The tribal people insist that the sacred is everywhere, an essence in trees, wind, and animals. The missionary is expressing a(n)_______of religion; the tribal people are expressing a(n) _______view.

Theistic; animistic

Mika is going to Africa to implement a development project in a poor rural area. She takes Jeffrey Sachs's advice, focusing on malaria reduction. Which outcome is most likely?

There is a resurgence of malaria due to antibiotic-resistant strains of the disease.

Which of the following is characteristic of professional movement organizations?

They attempt to influence public policy.

Which of the following factors is needed to establish casualty

Time order

In what way are the conclusions of Max Weber and Karl Marx similar?

To Weber, people in the modern world are trapped in the iron cage; to Marx, people in the modern world are alienated.

In the Na culture of China, a little boy grows up very close to one of his male relatives. Everyone expects a strong degree of infilence between this man and the child. This role model male relative is the boy's:

Uncle

A sociologist is initially shocked by the practice of child marriage in Kenya. Instead of viewing the participants as objects to be examined, the sociologist tries to imagine himself in the position of the people being studied and tries to see child marriage from their perspective. Seeking to understand the insider's perspective is what Max Weber called:

Verstehen

Research has shown that religious attendance and affiliation are inversely correlated with alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. Which of the following is a valid conclusion of this?

We cannot determine if religion causes healthy lifestyles or if some other factor predisposes people to both healthy behavior and religion.

With industrialization, families were less able to rely on extended networks to help take care of children, the elderly, a id those who were disabled. As a result. the government intervened to take care of these people. When governments assume responsibility for the basic needs of citizens, this is called a(n):

Welfare state

Marissa is a Catholic of Mexican descent and has recently immigrated to the United States. She studies the civil rights movement wanting to apply her findings to her immigrant community as they seek upward mobility and inclusion in the United States. She is most likely to

Work to strengthen the organization and symbolic resources of the community, such as building social networks and coalitions

In her study of real estate and inequality, graduate student Shania looks for the "Aspen effect." She is lookir for:

Workers who must live very far away from their jobs due to real estate prices

Theism is the ______; examples of it includes _____.

Worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and islam

A group of children are playing a game called "telephone," in which one child whispers a message to another, who then passes it along, until the last child announces the message to the whole group. Usually, by the end, someone has misheard the message and changed it. Does the children's game of telephone count as media?

Yes, because the game relays information.

If your identity is a definition of who you are, then how does your affiliation with multiple groups affect it?

Your unique identity comes from the collection of groups to which you belong.

Which of the following defines a church?

a religious body that coexists with its surroundings with little tension

Which of the following reflects the growing trend of "buy and return" activity, or "religious shopping," in reference to faith?

a tendency among teens to participate in multiple congregations in order to explore the market

How would you describe recent relations between employers and unions? Employers:

actively try to undermine unions.

Ethicalism is the ____________; examples of it are ____________.

adherence to ethical principles in order to live a moral life; Taoism and Buddhism

What does a mass protest organization do?

advocates for social change through protest

Which of the following is an example of the ideology of equality of condition put into practice?

affirmative action

"Majority minority" states, where whites are not the majority of the population, are:

already here; about four US states

Asha Rangappa, dean of admissions at Yale Law School, explained that most students who apply to Yale Law School have already benefited from opportunities that make them appear to be stronger candidates than those from less advantaged backgrounds. In the sociological perspective, this implies that:

as a social institution, education tends to reinforce existing inequalities.

Ugo's promotion to regional manager at Sears with a higher salary and more prestige is an example of what type of vertical social mobility?

ascending

In How to Observe Morals and Manners, Harriet Martineau critiqued the institution of marriage as:

based on an assumption that women are inferior.

Norms are to ____ as values are to _____

behavior; attitudes

Which of the following is one of the benefits of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

better ability to resist insects

James is 6 feet tall. Leroy is 5 feet 2 inches tall. There are surely many individual differences between James and Leroy, but sociological research predicts that based on height alone, James is likely to have:

better health

If a sociologist is trying to determine why poverty rates are higher in the inner city, he or she might look at the lack of jobs in the area. If a psychologist is * looking at the same thing. he or she may look more at levels of depression in the residents of an inner city. This difference is often called:

boundary work

Two scientists argue at a conference about human origins. Dr. Leo argues that the journal Nature portrays legitimate science with its article on African origins. Dr. Wertz argues that the Creation Museum in Petersburg, KY, portrays the real facts of human history. in response, Dr. Leo says that the Creation Museum "facts" aren't facts at all. This debate portrays scientists engaged in:

boundary work

Contagion effects often work through the influence of a leader with a lot of:

charisma

The emergence of a social movement that is a collective response to structural strain that has a psychological effect on individuals is explained by:

classical theory

The stage of a social movement when people start organizing, donating money, and lobbying political officials is:

coalescence

Some African Americans shift between Standard American English and African American Vernacular English, depending on the situation. This ability is called:

code switching

Group behavior has to violate social norms in order to be classified as "collective action" because:

collective action seeks to highlight the reasons social norms should be changed.

A ______ is a group of people who get together for worship

congregation

Farmers who are thinking about future generations have committed to several issues. Which of the following is one of the issues mentioned in your text?

conservation of soil

According to social theorist Randall Collins, getting a "piece of paper" is more important to many than actually having the knowledge to do a job. He calls the undue priority placed on formal education:

credentialism

Ethnographer Mitchell Duneier spent five years hanging out with booksellers on the streets of Manhattan. His role as both researcher and participant provides a great example of the importance of:

critically assessing how our role as researchers may affect the people we study.

Roberto has read Richard Dawkins's books for many years and decides to devote his life to advancing Dawkins's vision of humanism. Which of the following is Roberto likely to do?

criticize religion in general rather than investing more time in trying to understand it sociologically

Goth culture tends to exist:

cross-culturally

A religious movement that makes some new claims about the supernatural and does not easily fit within the sect-church cycle is called:

cult

When your friend returns from a study abroad, he reports back to you on the very different foods that people in his host country ate. He explains that to them it's normal, that people in different cultures do things differently, and that he learned not to make value judgments. This is known as:

cultural relativism

People who are born into poverty and ultimately raise their own children in poverty learn how to live in poverty. They learn the norms and values associated with that particular way of life. Oscar Lewis called this:

culture of poverty

Some postmodern sociologists work to show us how all "facts" are created arbitrarily by people with varying degrees of power. This is known as:

deconstructing social phenomena

Protestantism is split into many different ________, or groups that share the same faith and are governed by the same administration. Examples are Baptists, Lutherans, and Methodists.

denominations

A white woman goes into an upscale shop to look at clothes. She is excited to see that there is a sale and gathers a huge pile of clothes to take into the dressing room. An African American woman goes into the store and is also excited about the sale but hesitates to take too many clothes into the dressing room because she is afraid the staff will accuse her of shoplifting. W. E. B. Du Bois would say that the African American woman has:

double consciousness

When a company dominates because it has a monopoly on the industry, this is called domination by:

economic power

For some followers of religion, ________ such as dancing can make the religious experience feel more authentic and real.

embodied practices

The period when a few people try to draw attention to a particular social issue that is not in the public consciousness describes which stage of a social movement?

emergence

The Moving to Opportunity study didn't show any change in which factors between the control and treatment groups?

employment and earnings

Matthew Desmond predicts that increasing ________ and the cascading challenges surrounding it will be a major problem for the poor today and in the near future.

eviction

Jamie is using secularization theory to study changes in a European society. She first studies education and notices that the public school curriculum began referring to God less and less and stopped using theistic explanations of historical and geological processes. She then turns to economy and politics, expecting to see:

evidence of secularization across all social institutions.

Because sociologists study people, they tend to study data out in the field using real-world settings. Natural scientists more often:

extract data from the natural world and bring it into the laboratory for study.

Reflection theory is limited because it:

fails to take into account why some cultural products have staying power and others fall by the wayside

Mia is a correctional officer who wants to understand the rising prison population. Which group is fueling the increase seen in this chart?

first-time incarcerations for drug-related crimes

What was Jane Addams best known for?

founding the first American settlement house to help the poor

The most age-segregated social institution in our society is a:

four-year college

The extent to which a researcher can claim that his or her findings are applicable to a larger population than was studied is known as:

generalizability

In general, a major goal of Clinton's 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was to:

get people back into the labor market as soon as possible.

Sarah has a master's degree in disaster relief but hasn't found work in her field. In the last year, she worked as an Uber driver for several months, then sold ~ honey at a farmer's market, and then found three months work on a temporary contract with a local publishing company. Sarah is not working full-time in her field; rather, she is underemployed in the:

gig economy

Gautreaux v. Chicago Housing Authority was a class action suit that alleged that public housing was, in effect:

government sponsored segregation

Which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucracy?

has positions that are highly specialized

The main problem with the fee-for-service model is that doctors have an incentive to:

have patients return for unnecessary visits.

Because the monetary system is increasingly depersonalized, George Simmel argues that it is now possible to:

have true friendships.

One scientist hoped to solve health and nutritional problems for children in developing countries by the genetic modification of rice with:

high levels of vitamin A

The 1930s Townsend Plan movement, which organized elderly Americans to demand a pension from the government, is an example of:

how apparent failures can create conditions for success

Al Gore's film An Inconvenient Truth documented the effect of _____ on climate temperature.

human activity

A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is called a(n):

hypothesis

Karl Marx argued that social institutions in a society were the result of the economic makeup of that society. Max Weber argued that:

ideas influence society, not just economics

Which of the following is one of the ways that sociologists study religion?

identifying the purposes religion serves for individuals and societies

A variable that is thought to cause a change in another variable is called

independent variable

Paula begins to notice that there are patterns to where people sit on the bus, and these patterns differ depending on whether the rider is male or female. Based on these observations, she generates a theory about the behaviors of men and women. This is an example of which kind of research approach?

inductive

Though she graduated from high school, Jenny does not possess the skills necessary to balance her checkbook or make change for a customer without the aid of a cash register. Jenny is:

innumerate

In the Dover, Pennsylvania, school district, what theory was presented as an alternative to Darwin's theory of natural selection?

intelligent design

The boards of insurance companies frequently have board members who also served on the boards of drug and medical device companies. This is referred to as:

interlocking directorates

George Herbert Mead would probably argue that if your four-year-old daughter picks her nose and keeps pulling up her dress while you are out at a fancy restaurant, it is because she has not:

internalized the generalized other.

According to Charles Horton Cooley, we develop a self concept by:

interpreting how others think about us.

Which of the following is a negative social function of religion? Religion can:

justify unequal and unfair differences between groups in society.

Which type of family has higher child mortality rates?

large

The sociological significance of roles is that they:

lay out what is expected of people

Some sociologists of religion, such as Kelly Besecke, study how people reconcile scientific knowledge with religious beliefs. Besecke found that American ~ Christians practice "reflexive spirituality." This means that people:

look to religion to provide meaning, wisdom, and profound thought rather than absolute truths about the way the world works.

Sometimes meat and poultry aren't labeled organic even though they come from free-range animals raised without growth hormones or antibiotics. This is because:

maintaining an organic farm with U.S. Department of Agriculture certification is expensive; many farmers can't comply because of this.

U.S. Senator Thompson proposes an "incentivized IRA" bill that would encourage savings among people who do not have an employer-sponsored retirement plan. One key incentive is:

making a single choice to automatically save from each paycheck rather than deciding whether or not to save when each paycheck arrives.

Risks that result from human activity are referred to as____ risks

manufactured risks

Ten thousand people writing the governor, asking him or her not to execute an individual, is an example of

mass collective action

Everything in our constructed environment, including technology, buildings, furniture, clothing, and books, is part of our:

material culture

A sociologist, biologist, and psychologist are studying the causes and consequences of obesity. Their results:

may be complementary or conflicting.

To understand the role of religion in people's lives and how individuals value and experience their faiths, which type of sociological approach should we adopt?

microsociology

Today, sociologists tend to study religion from a ________ perspective. This allows them to look at everyday human interactions, practices, and beliefs on a small scale.

microsociology

A focus on science, universal truths, and objectivity was a characteristic of which period?

modern

Which of the following is a paradox about religion? Religions that are:

more demanding of their followers grow faster than less strict religions, but as a religion grows larger, it tends to become less strict.

A pastor is founding a community church with a core belief in gender equality. Sociological research predicts that the pastor is likely to see:

more women engaged in church activities than men.

Christoph Wilhelm Lucht is an American living in Chicago during World War I. Concerned about discrimination against German Americans, he makes choices that will help his family survive. Sociologists call his strategy "passing," citing as an example his choice to:

name his daughter Jane and to be happy when she marries and changes her last name to Jones.

College faculty members in the ____________ are much more likely to belong to churches and express religious commitment than are faculty in the ____________.

natural, physical, and engineering sciences; social sciences, law, and humanities

Legitimate advertisers tend to view culture jamming as:

negative

Today, most women know that smoking during pregnancy is putting their babies in danger. The cause of this "social change was probably mostly due to:

new ideas

What is a social benefit of adopting the sick role? A person in the sick role is:

not looked down on or morally judged if he or she does not work.

Ideologies are:

often brought into question when certain aspects of that ideology are challenged.

Saying "hello" when answering the telephone signals the start of an encounter in the first bracket and is known to dramaturgists as:

opening

Organic products can lead to health stratification by income because:

organic products are more expensive.

What was the problem with the Gautreaux Assisted Housing Program?

participants were self-selected

A hypothetical nation decides to make population policy based on the fictional film Gattaca. After watching this film, policy makers would most likely decide to:

perform genetic testing at birth and select the best for survival.

Maria and Steve are on summer vacation in Greece. They want to go into an old church to view the artwork inside, but before they are allowed to enter the church, a volunteer church worker asks them both to cover their bare legs and arms and provides them with coverings. This example illustrates how:

places considered sacred are often protected and set apart from what is considered profane.

Most broadcasting companies are privately owned in the United States and are supported financially by advertising. This means they are likely to reflect the biases of their owners and backers. Knowing that the press is not free suggests that there is a:

political economy of the media

Sociologist T. H. Marshall discussed three types of citizenship rights. Which of the following is one of these rights?

political rights

The linking of social movements with religion demonstrates the:

powerful capacity of religion to shape the social world.

The time period that is characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation is the period of:

premodern societies

Which of the following is one of the concerns mentioned by your textbook that has come about from the Human Genome Project?

privacy

In social research, a hypothesis is best described as a(n):

proposed relationship between two or more variables

The two broad methodological approaches social scientists use to gather data about the social world are:

qualitative and quantitative

Marlin Card expressed insight also found in Susan Mayer's research when he said that even more than increased income, families such as his would benefit from more:

quality time between parents and their children

Selena wants to study the bond between pets and their owners. She chooses between the two major methodological approaches to research and decides to view and collect data in a numerical form. Which of the two major methodological approaches did she choose?

quantitative

Which of the following features was part of the social context of early-nineteenth-century America, a time when religious faiths were becoming networks for social change?

rapid population growth

Max Weber wondered how ________ entered the modern world when the premodern worldview was governed by ________.

rationality; tradition

You may do a study of college wrestling and use your experience as a student-athlete to access wrestling spaces, athletes, and coaches. Considering how your past opportunities and privileges influence your study and its findings is:

reflexivity

An example of a ______ social movement occurred during the civil rights movement, when African Americans boycotted buses.

reformative

During the modern period, science competed with ________ as the primary source for knowledge.

religion

A potential shortcoming of survey research is that surveys:

rely on people's honesty and willingness to cooperate

The difference between a social movement and a ritual is that:

rituals don't aim to change something about society.

Rodrigo's boss asked him to work this weekend, but Rodrigo feels obligated to attend a family reunion and has to study for an exam. He is having trouble deciding which activity to let go. Rodrigo is experiencing:

role conflict

A single mother who is experiencing incompatibility within her status, such as not having enough time to both get adequate sleep and spend quality time with her children, may be experiencing which of the following?

role strain

expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupants of a particular status are called:

roles

Joaquin is a child diagnosed with ADHD. His school counselor says it is genetic; thus, Joaquin must be medicated. Psychiatrist Fadi Haddad might see social factors also at play, such as:

schools require conformity, and a child's individuality might fall outside those norms.

Amy is a married woman with children. She and her partner Alan both work full-time jobs. When they come home, Amy makes dinner, cleans, and tends to the children for the evening. Alan helps with these things sometimes, but many days he rests after work. If Arlie Hochschild saw this household, she would say Amy is experiencing the:

second shift

The trend in industrial nations toward a separation between church and state, a belief in rationality and science, and the movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief is known as:

secularism

Until places like Somaliland are recognized by other states and international institutions such as the United Nations, they will remain:

self-proclaimed nation-states.

The difference between evangelical Protestants and fundamentalist Christians is that fundamentalists:

separate themselves from the world; evangelicals try to win converts by engaging with the world.

George lives in fifteenth-century England. He is bound to the land but does not own it. He works the land but must give a portion of his harvest to the landowner. In return, he gets protection from roaming bandits and thieves. George is a:

serf

Sociologist Stephen Morgan researched students in private Catholic schools, looking for a relationship among academic achievement, religiosity, and parental involvement. His findings about the non-Catholic students at Catholic schools would lead him to encourage parents to:

set high goals for their children

Feminist philosopher Elizabeth Grosz proposed that we view the relationship between sex (the natural) and gender (the social) as existing on a Möbius strip because:

sex and gender are two sides of the same coin and are thus inseparable.

To what does the so-called drive-through church refer?

short, frank church services that last 50 minutes or less

According to intersex activists, why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child?

social discomfort and fear of difference

Social institutions often appear monolithic and unchanging. The sociological perspective sees that:

social institutions are socially constructed and changeable.

The experience of internalizing a culture's norms, values, and the like, is known as:

socialization

The process by which a person internalizes the values, beliefs, and norms required to become a functioning member of a given society is known as:

socialization

Which of the following is an example of a given off gesture

staring at the ceiling while your professor is talking

Which of the following is an example of a given-off gesture?

staring at the ceiling while your professor is talking

It is commonly perceived that the divorce rate has skyrocketed since the 1950s, but actually divorce rates in the United States have been:

steadily rising since the nineteenth century.

Tammy is a student who does fieldwork in a low-income neighborhood near her college. She interviews women who say they are very religious but don't go to church. She interprets these data after reading Susan Crawford Sullivan's research, which explains that low-income religious women often don't go to church both because of logistics and because of stigma. Because of this, their religion is:

still important as a source of resilience and meaning.

A hypothetical group of immigrants come to the United States, settle in, learn English, send their children to public schools, and become economically self-sufficient. Robert Park's model explained this journey as:

straight-line assimilation

When sociologists study how race and ethnicity affect income, they are studying the topic of:

stratification

Sociologists worry that the Human Genome Project could position people positively or negatively based on their genetic codes and thus lead to greater.

stratification of society

An elementary school isn't a total institution because:

students leave every afternoon and adopt different roles at that time.

According to research, because low income parents cannot give their children every toy and gadget they want, the parents engage in

symbolic indulgence

reformative social movements:

target almost everyone in a society

A Marxist theorist of education would critique schools for socializing children to accept the status quo, because schools:

teach skills that make students subordinate

According to Karl Marx, one of the ways a factory owner (the owner of the means of production) would control his or her workers (the propertyless) would be through religion. This was done by:

teaching the workers that they would reap their rewards in the afterlife.

Acronyms and emoticons, such as LOL, ;-), and LMAO, demonstrate that:

technology itself can generate ideas and concepts

Research questions such as why fairy tales often begin with a mother's death are an example of the analysis of media content stemming from Antonio Gramsci's work. What is this kind of analysis known as?

textual analysis

In 1973, the governor of New York State enacted legislation mandating increased prison terms for drug possession and sale. This attempt to decrease drug-related crime operates on what premise?

that crime results from rational calculation of its costs and benefits

During the 1960s, some social scientists touted the secularization theory. This theory predicted:

that the influence of religion would be diminished in the coming years.

If Peter Berger read this data about belief in God by country, he would conclude that:

the Philippines has the strongest sacred canopy.

College student Jerry says disease, natural disasters, and even war serve a greater purpose. His friends say his views are offensive, and Jerry replies, "But I'm a Malthusian!" Along with Thomas Malthus, Jerry believes that the benefit of problems that wipe out large number of humans is that:

the decreased pressure on the food supply reduces starvation and misery.

In Freakonomics, Levitt and Dubner found that a political candidate can't win an election unless:

the electorate likes him or her.

Globalization in the twenty-first century is characterized by:

the emergence of new markets, new means of exchange, new players, and new rules that are intensifying worldwide interdependencies.

Which of the following examples calls into question the two firm categories of sex and gender that dominate our thinking?

the existence of people who cannot be easily classified as male or female (biologically speaking) and the fact that more than two gender groups exist in other cultures

Neighborhood watch groups are examples of what urban theorist Jane Jacobs called:

the eyes and ears of the streets

Stanley Lieberson's research on first names in the United States focused on which phenomenon?

the increase of unique names among blacks starting during the 1960s

Sacred things can include books, buildings, days, and places. From a sociological standpoint, the sacredness comes from:

the symbolic meaning created from the collective investment of community

In a battle between church and state. what did the French government ban in 2004?

the wearing of religious garb or conspicuous symbols in public schools

The German Nazis identified Jews as a "race," and race was believed to be biological. Nonetheless, the Jews were forced to wear a yellow Star of David because:

there was no reliable physical indicator of this supposed "race."

A sociologist and an environmental scientist are each interested in global climate change. The sociologist prioritizes human choices that influence climate. The environmental scientist finds biological factors that influence climate. When the sociologist and environmental scientist dialogue, they may find that their apparent disagreement is actually due to the fact that:

they are working through different frameworks.

One of the results of the negative income tax experiment was that increasing numbers of women left their marriages. This was because:

they were less financially dependent on their (possibly) abusive husbands.

Due to both birthrate and the increased tendency among whites to embrace their Native roots, the Native American population is likely to:

to continue increasing

According to Erving Goffman, the main goal of impression management is to

to save "face"

Professor Clayton hypothesizes that travel to other countries increases students' abilities to do well in advanced sociology classes. Which variable is the independent variable?

to travel to other countries

A married couple and their firstborn child are a type of group known as:

triad

In one study of television portrayals of Arabs, researchers found basic myths that continue to surround this group, such as:

uncivilized, barbaric

Though both may study the past, historians more often focus on ________ cases while sociologists more often focus on ________ cases.

unique; comparative

Since the late 1990s, a large portion of Asia has been:

using high-yield rice seeds.

An example of nonmaterial culture is:

values

Sandra wants to study how students in their senior year of high school prepare for college. She starts by visiting an elite boarding school nearby. Sandra knows that to make general claims about seniors preparing for college, she will need to:

visit more schools so that her sample is representative of the group she wants to generalize to.

A system of payment whereby workers are paid a set amount of money not tied to the quality of the raw materials, accidents, or other exigencies in the production process refers to:

wage labor

During the agricultural revolution, the enclosure movement caused many former serfs to move to cities in search of work and led to the rise of:

wage labor

One important finding from the Coleman Report was that:

when lower-class students went to school with more upper-status students, they did better academically.

An interlocking directorate is

when members of corporate boards sit on the board of directors for multiple companies

The difference between collective action and deviance is:

whether you are acting alone or as part of a group.

With regard to gender and religion, which of the following statements is supported by research?

women tend to be more religious than men