Sociology Final
NIMBY, often used when people protest landfills, prisons, and nuclear power facilities, stands for
"not in my backyard."
The acronym NIMBY stands for
"not in my backyard."
Proper behavior for the in-group is often viewed as unacceptable behavior for the out-group. Sociologist Robert Merton describes this process as the conversion of "in-group virtues" into
"out-group vices."
What percentage of Hispanics are estimated to rely upon home remedies?
20 percent
The great majority of Muslims in the United States are ________ Muslims.
Sunni
A society
is the largest form of human group.
Approximately what percentage of the United States—aged five years and older—spoke a language other than English as their primary language at home in 2011?
21 percent
Arab Americans are descendants of people from the ________ nations of the Arab world.
22
Approximately what percentage of women considered themselves feminists in 2013?
23 percent
About what percentage of new teachers quit within the first three years due to burnout?
25-33 percent
What percentage of all physicians in the U.S. were women in 2015?
38 percent
Which sociological perspective is most likely to be concerned with television distorting gender roles and stereotyping, often rooted in the media's willingness to promote more traditional views?
feminist perspective
Special-purpose groups designed and structured in the interests of maximum efficiency are known as
formal organizations.
Talcott Parsons contends that societies experience value ________, the development of new values that tolerate and legitimate a greater range of activities.
generalization
Which term was used by George Herbert Mead to refer to a child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole?
generalized other
A new religious movement (NRM) or cult is
generally a small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith.
Which sociologist agreed that population growth was outstretching the world's natural resources and that birth control measures, not simply delaying marriage, were needed to regulate population increases?
Paul Ehrlich
Which sociologist pioneered research on opinion leaders?
Paul Lazarsfeld
Which sociologist(s) first identified the effects of viewer fatigue and created the term narcotizing dysfunction?
Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton
After the conclusion of his or her research on the homeless in Chicago, which sociologist stated that "in the short term, good social research will often be greeted as a betrayal of one or another side"?
Peter Rossi
Which of the following subject areas is an example of a natural science?
astronomy
Which of the following is considered a cultural universal?
athletic sports
Indigenous Brazilian groups that were once nomadic are now
confined to reservations.
Which of the following is an example of segregation?
confining Japanese Americans to relocation camps during World War II
Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that family decision making reflects the inequality of traditional gender stratification, in which men have held a dominant position over women?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that polyandrous cultures devalue the social worth of women?
conflict perspective
A sociologist who is interested in examining racism in sports might determine what percentage of team owners, general managers, coaches, and managers are members of each racial group. This would be an example of developing a(n)
operational definition.
A person who influences the opinions and decisions of others through day-to-day personal contact and communication is referred to as a(n)
opinion leader.
Which of the following refers to a floating sandard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole?
relative poverty
Which of the following refers to a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole?
relative poverty
Which of the following functional prerequisites was NOT fulfilled by the religious sect known as the Shakers?
replacing personnel
According to conflict theorists, those with a stake in preventing social change will most often include
representatives of big business.
The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008
required insurers to extend comparable benefits for mental and physical health care.
Which of the following terms refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life?
resocialization
Which term is used to refer to the ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel?
resource mobilization
A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as
social inequality.
Which of the following terms is used to refer to organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs?
social institutions
The analysis of Isabelle is important because it emphasizes the relevance of
social interaction in human development.
Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys indicated that
social isolation had a damaging effect on the monkeys.
Which term is used by sociologists to refer to organized collective activities aimed at bringing about fundamental changes in existing society?
social movements
Karl Marx suggested that humanity will move toward its final stage of development through
socialist revolution.
Which of the following academic disciplines emphasizes the influence that society has on people's attitudes and behavior and the ways in which people shape society?
sociology
Tibetan women may have more than one husband simultaneously, which allows for
sons to share the limited amount of good land.
The creation of unreliable generalizations that distort the reality of persons, groups, and cultures is indicative of
stereotyping.
What term did Max Weber use to refer to a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and a rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers?
the Protestant ethic
Which of the following is an example of a social institution?
the U.S. government
Anthropologist Horace Miner's description of the body ritual among the Nacirema is used to show
the ability to learn something new about society.
Validity refers to
the accurate measurement of the phenomenon under study.
The federal tax policies of the last four decades, especially in the 1980s and in the ten years from 2001 to 2010, have favored
the affluent.
The role of women in the family has changed dramatically within the United States during the past 50 years. Women have furthered their education and developed careers. This change in the family has necessitated adaptive changes in school systems, corporations, churches, and other facets of society to provide childcare services. This situation reflects which view of social change?
the equilibrium model
Talcott Parsons' functionalist view of society as tending toward a state of stability or balance is known as
the equilibrium model.
Friedrich Engels, a colleague of Karl Marx, noted that
the family is the ultimate source of social inequality.
Culture shock is
the feeling of surprise that is experienced when people witness cultural practices different from their own
By 2014, female householders accounted for 54 percent of the poor in the U.S. This alarming trend is referred to as
the feminization of poverty.
The term ethnic succession, as used by Daniel Bell, refers to
the process during which the leadership of organized crime is passed from one ethnic group to another.
Role exit is defined as
the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.
A woman who was born and raised in a poor family becomes a regional supervisor for the U.S. Postal Service. She has experienced
upward intergenerational mobility.
Patrilineal descent refers to a
kinship system that favors the relatives of the father.
Which slang term is used to identify those who resist technological devices that have become part of our daily life?
urban amish
An inner-city youth spends many hours in the neighborhood playground shooting baskets on the basketball court and engaging in every game that he can play. His skills become outstanding, and he receives a college scholarship and then signs a lucrative contract to play in the National Basketball Association. This is an example of
vertical mobility.
A minority group is a group
whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group.
The median household income of Blacks today is still only ________ percent that of Whites.
60
In 1940, White non-Hispanics made up 87 percent of the U.S. population. Approximately what percentage did they represent as of 2015?
62 percent
Which of the following reflects the proportion of married women in the U.S. who were in the labor force in 2010
69 percent
Which of the following reflects the proportion of married women in the U.S. who were in the labor force in 2010?
69 percent
When did the religion known as Buddhism first develop?
6th century B.C.
Approximately what percentage of marriages that began in the 1990s were still together as late as 2014?
70 percent
Women earn about ________ for every dollar a man earns.
80 cents
Which of the following statements about social roles is correct?
Actual performance of a role varies from individual to individual.
Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual's
All of these answers are correct.
In a society organized around mechanical solidarity, which of the following tasks would you likely engage in?
All of these answers are correct.
One crucial aspect of the relationship between dominant and subordinate groups is the ability of the dominant group to
All of these answers are correct.
Title IX of the Education Act of 1972 required federally funded schools to
All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following is an example of a negative consequence of bureaucratization?
All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following would be an example of cyberbullying?
All of these answers are correct.
Contemporary conflict theorists are concerned with the conflict between
All these answers are correct.
Sociologists conduct a "review of the literature" to
All these answers are correct.
Which of the following is included in the code of ethics for sociology?
All these answers are correct.
According to ________, credentialism can increase the status of an occupation and is crucial to employees in their demands for higher pay.
C. J. Hurn
Even if the audience for a certain form of mass media is spread out over a wide geographic area and the members do not know one another, they will be somewhat distinctive in terms of
age, gender, income, political party, formal schooling, and race and ethnicity.
Wealth is
all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property.
An ascribed status is a social position
assigned to a person without regard to the person's unique characteristics or talents
Some sociologists have suggested that in the southern U.S. in the pre-civil rights era, an African American individual was born into a status that would always be subordinate to the status of all of the White members of the community. This is an example of a(n)
caste system.
Donna, a 33-year-old divorcee with two sons, and Mark, a 50-year-old divorcee with two daughters, become engaged and live together. Although they are strongly committed to one another, they never actually go ahead with the marriage. This is an example of
cohabitation.
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus on gatekeeping as a process that reflects a desire to maximize profits by those with power and authority?
conflict perspective
After a sociologist reviews the literature, what is the next step in the process?
create a hypothesis
An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field is referred to as
credentialism.
Crime is a violation of
criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority.
The objective method of assessing social class assigns individuals to classes on the basis of
criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence.
What is a popular form of summary many sociologists utilize to quickly and clearly show a relationship between two variables?
cross-tabulation
What term do we use for the flow of content across multiple media and the accompanying migration of media audiences?
cultural convergence
English-speaking people in the U.S. commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of
cultural diffusion.
Cell phone ownership is high around the world. According to a 2012 Pew Research project, which country has the highest percentage of cell phone ownership, at 99 percent?
Czech Republic
Which sociologist used the term differential association to describe the process by which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violation of rules?
Edwin Sutherland
Which sociologist has likened the position of medicine to that of state religions of yesterday, in that it has an officially approved monopoly of the right to define health and illness and to treat illness?
Eliot Freidson
All of these American television shows feature some minority performers, but ________ is a rare example in which minority performers dominate.
Empire
Which of the following is true regarding Judaism?
For Jews, God's true nature is revealed in the Torah.
Which of the following countries banned the wearing of the hijab in public schools?
France
Expulsion is illustrated by
France pushing out over 10,000 ethnic Roma.
Genetically modified food is referred to as ________ by its critics.
Frankenfood
Who argued that women's subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization?
Friedrich Engels
Ferdinand Tönnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a
Gemeinschaft.
Functionalists view gender roles in which of the following ways?
Gender roles are necessary to keep the family in balance.
Which sociologist is widely regarded as the founder of the interactionist perspective?
George Herbert Mead
Which sociologist suggested that during the second stage of development, children become capable of assuming the perspective of another and are thereby able to respond from that imagined viewpoint?
George Herbert Mead
Significant others is
George Herbert Mead's term for those individuals who are most important in the development of the self.
Which sociologist has identified a number of social, economic, and political functions that the poor perform for society (e.g., poor people do society's dirty work at low cost; poverty creates jobs for those in occupations serving the poor; the existence of poor people guarantees the higher status of the more affluent)?
Herbert Gans
Which early sociologist applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change or evolve over time?
Herbert Spencer
Which of the following statements about slavery is true?
It is considered the most extreme form of social inequality.
Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?
It is generally biological in origin, but it is significant mainly because of the social meanings attached to it within a given culture.
Which sociologist strongly criticized Malthus' view that rising world population was the cause of social ills?
Karl Marx
As part of which international agreement did representatives of 195 nations meet outside Paris in late 2015 to discuss lowering planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions?
Kyoto Protocol
Which of the following is argued by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Language precedes thought.
Which sociologist declared environmentalism "the most comprehensive, influential movement of our time"?
Manuel Castells
False consciousness is
Marx's term for attitudes that do not reflect the objective position of workers.
Exploitation theory is a
Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the U.S. as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.
In 1909, W. E. B. DuBois helped found which of these organizations?
NAACP
Which amendment gave women the right to vote in national elections?
Nineteenth Amendment
In 2013 Edward Snowden began leaking information about a National Security Agency's operation, code-named ________, in which the agency had been secretly gathering information on ordinary Americans by infiltrating their social media accounts.
PRISM
Which sociologist coined the term matrix of domination?
Patricia Hill Collins
Which Black author wrote the following? "I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids—and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me."
Ralph Ellison
Which sociologist is especially known for making an important contribution to the discipline by successfully combining theory and research?
Robert Merton
Where was the feminist movement born in the United States?
Seneca Falls, NY
Which of the following would NOT be considered discrimination?
Sue believes poor people are criminals
Which of the following countries exemplifies the modern pluralistic state?
Switzerland
What is the difference between a family and a kin group?
The family is a household unit, and kin do not always live together.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
The narcotizing dysfunction of the media was identified in the 1980s after the deluge of cable news programming.
Independent analysis has revealed which of the following regarding white-collar crime in the United States?
The number of cases prosecuted fell by 29 percent between 2004 and 2014.
Which one of the following statements is true regarding the subjects of Adler and Adler's study of self-injurers?
Their behavior is carefully planned.
Which of the following individuals is most closely associated with the concept of the culture industry?
Theodor Adorno
Which of the following sociologists advocated basic research on the lives of Blacks?
W. E. B. DuBois
Which sociologist noted a century ago that enslaved Blacks were in an even more oppressive situation than other subordinate groups because, by law, they could not own property and they could not pass on the benefits of their labor to their children?
W. E. B. DuBois
Which of the following is true of obesity in regards to social ties?
Weight gain in one person is often related to weight gain of that person's friends and family.
A person convicted of a crime—even when prior arrest record and severity of the crime are taken into account—is more likely to receive a shorter prison sentence if he or she is
White and non-Hispanic.
________ study of Italian street-corner men used participant observation.
William F. Whyte's
The concept of ethnocentrism was originally formulated by
William Graham Sumner.
Which sociologist suggested that interracial coalitions would most likely reduce racial and ethnic stereotyping and prejudice
William Julius Wilson
Which of the following is an example of liberation theology?
a Catholic church in South America that leads a movement to earn equal rights for poor women
Which one of the following would NOT be an example of assimilation?
a Muslim woman wearing her traditional headscarf while out shopping in her U.S. suburb
Racism is defined as
a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior.
A researcher finds that those who have children at a young age are significantly more likely to have lower levels of education as a result of early childbearing. This would be an example of
a correlation.
An inmate enters prison and is stripped of her clothing and advised that from this point on she will be referred to only by number. This is an example of
a degradation ceremony.
The expectation that women will be emotionally supportive is an example of
a gender role.
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity is known as
a glass ceiling
In which type of society do women hold greater authority than men?
a matriarchy
A variable is
a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions.
Which of the following is considered a total institution?
a mental hospital
Starting around age 40, adults often experience a stressful period of self-evaluation, commonly known as
a midlife crisis.
Which of the following is the best example of a significant other?
a parent
Culture lag is
a period of maladjustment during which the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions.
Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.
belief; action
A subculture is
a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger group.
A dominant ideology is
a set of cultural beliefs that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.
The writings of Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim are illustrative of
evolutionary theory.
Gender roles are
expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
The feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome with religious emotion is called a religious
experience.
An artificially created situation that allows the researcher to manipulate variables and to introduce control variables is known as a(n)
experiment.
Which of the following terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family?
expressiveness
The feminization of poverty refers to the disproportionate representation of
female-headed households among the poor.
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that most talented people would not go to school for many years to become biochemists if they could make as much money and gain as much respect working as elevator operators?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus on the functions of the mass media in conferring status on people, organizations, and public issues?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would emphasize the role of reference groups in setting and enforcing standards of conduct and belief?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would likely contend that the role of the mass media is to provide socialization, enforce social norms through public events, and create social stability and cohesion through collective experiences?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective's approach explains why rule violation continues to exist in societies despite pressures to conform and obey, but fails to indicate how a given person comes to commit a deviant act or why on some occasions crimes do or do not occur?
functionalist perspective
Which of the following terms refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females?
gender roles
A sociologist sets up an experiment on the effects of television violence on children. She shows one set of children (group A) violent cartoons and then observes their play. She shows a second set of children (group B) nonviolent cartoons and then observes their play. Which of these groups would be considered the experimental group?
group A
The medicalization of society refers to the
growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control.
Fear of and prejudice against homosexuality is called
homophobia.
Some radical feminist theorists view the oppression of women in male-dominated societies as
inevitable.
Facing forward in an elevator can be considered a(n)
informal norm
Arnold gets an "A" on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers from Stanley, the "class brain" who is sitting next to him. According to Merton's anomie theory of deviance, Arnold would be classified as a(n)
innovator.
At one time, many Puerto Ricans were effectively barred from serving in the Chicago Police Department because they failed to meet the height requirement. This was an example of
institutional discrimination.
Which of the following terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions?
instrumentality
In the United States, the fear of contracting AIDS has likely led to changes in sexual behavior among both homosexuals and heterosexuals. Which sociological perspective would focus on these changes in sexual relationships?
interactionist perspective
Mitchell Duneier's work regarding social networks operates from which sociological perspective?
interactionist perspective
Which of the following illustrates relative deprivation?
middle-management workers in a corporation who are discontented because they cannot afford the luxury cars or expensive homes that their bosses have
The term ________ refers to the relatively permanent movement of people, with the purpose of changing their place of residence, usually over a distance greater than from one side of a city to another.
migration
The movement of 1.6 million African Americans from the rural South to northern cities between 1916 and 1930 is a historic American example of
migration.
Sociologists have identified five basic properties—unequal treatment, physical or cultural traits, ascribed status, solidarity, and in-group marriage—to describe
minority groups.
NIH-sponsored national surveys found that 25 percent of adults in the United States had used some form of "complementary and alternative medicine." When prayer was included as a complementary form of medicine the proportion rose to
more than 62 percent.
Realistic portrayals of minorities and working-class persons tend to be ignored by mass media decision-makers primarily because
most decisions are made overwhelmingly by wealthy White males.
Ethnography is the most common form of ________ research, which relies on what is seen in the field and in naturalistic settings more than it does on statistical data.
qualitative
Which of the following is considered a problem with homeschooling?
quality control
Which of the following is the definition of Erving Goffman's concept of face-work?
people's efforts to maintain a proper image and avoid embarrassment in public
Which of the following is used to show a portion of 100?
percentage
Segregation refers to the act of
physically separating two groups, an action often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group.
Sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld
pioneered the study of opinion leaders in his research on voting behavior in the 1940s.
Which social science would be interested in the actions taken by elected officials both during and in the aftermath of the earthquake in Haiti?
political science
Under which marital form can a woman have several husbands at the same time?
polyandry
Which of the following terms refers to the marriage of a man to more than one woman at the same time?
polygyny
The fact that an unemployed coal miner in Appalachia has a higher standard of living than a doctor in Congo illustrates the idea that
poverty is relative.
Max Weber defined ________ as the ability to exercise one's will over others.
power
The owner of a major league baseball team can fire employees for not winning a pennant, have the city build him a new ballpark, and prevent organizations that compete against his own team from airing advertisements during the team's televised games. In Max Weber's view, this owner would most likely be considered as having
power.
Asian Americans are identified in the textbook as an example of a(n)
racial group
What term is used by sociologists to describe a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance?
racial group
The police practice of assuming that people of a certain race, ethnicity, or national origin are likely to be engaged in illegal activities is referred to as
racial profiling.
In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of being selected?
random sample
The statements to which members of a particular religion adhere are known as
religious beliefs
Which term is used to refer to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person holds two or more social positions?
role conflict
The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations is known as
role strain.
The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another, thereby enabling one to respond from that imagined viewpoint, is known as
role taking.
One example of a positive, formal sanction is a
salary bonus.
John is pulled over by a police officer for speeding on the Pennsylvania turnpike. He is given a fine of $120.00 and sent on his way. The fine is considered a
sanction
Penalties and rewards for conduct relating to a social norm are known as
sanctions
The correspondence principle refers to the tendency of
schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to perpetuate social class divisions from one generation to the next.
The body of knowledge obtained using methods based upon systematic observation is called a(n)
science.
Which of the following terms is used to describe a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem?
scientific method
Which term is used to refer to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding?
secondary group
Which of the following is NOT one of Weber's basic characteristics of bureaucracy?
sharing of labor roles
Émile Durkheim contended that societies progressed from
simple to complex.
According to sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, ________ is the collective benefit of social networks, which are built on reciprocal trust.
social capital
Sociological research that maps sexual relationships among high school students is an example of research on
social networks
Sociology, anthropology, economics, and history study various aspects of human society and are therefore considered
social sciences.
Which of the following terms refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships?
social structure
According to gerontologist Robert Atchley's phases of retirement, in what phase of the retirement experience do retirees learn to deal with life after retirement in a reasonable and comfortable fashion?
stability phase
The contact hypothesis
states that interracial contact between people of equal status will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previous stereotypes.
Social epidemiology is defined as the
study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population.
As Mexican Americans and other groups assimilate into the dominant culture of the U.S., their family lives
take on both the positive and negative aspects often associated with White households.
Which of the following is an example of material culture?
technology
In an effort to better understand and combat a malaria outbreak in Kenya, public health researchers monitored the content of ________ to map the spread of the disease.
text messages
Ethnocentrism refers to
the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
Which of the following would the functionalist perspective most likely view as creating the greatest collective experience?
the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001
Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper, as well as bad, undesirable, and improper, are known as
values.
Of incidents reported in 2014, the most frequently reported hate crimes were
vandalism and intimidation.
There is very little representation of the racial diversity of the United States on television, even though ________ percent of all youths in the U.S. are children of color.
45
Approximately what percentage of adult women were in the paid labor force of the United States in 2015?
47 percent
Public opinion polls taken across 114 nations showed over 95 percent of people in the poorest countries said religion was an important part of their daily lives. What was the percentage for people living in the wealthiest countries?
47 percent
Each year, how many acres of forest are cleared for crops and livestock?
5.7 million acres
In how many states is it legal to homeschool your child?
50
Approximately what percentage of all currently-married couples in the Unites States said they lived together before marriage?
50 percent
What is the general term for a marriage in which an individual can have several husbands or wives at the same time?
50 percent
Historically, the most consistent aspect of family life in this country has been the high rate of marriage. What percentage of all men and women in the United States marry at least once during their lifetimes?
95 percent
What percentage of all dental hygienists were women in the U.S. in 2015?
96 percent
Which of the following is true regarding actions by the Exxon Corporation after the 1989 Valdez disaster?
All these answers are correct.
Who among the following suggested a capitalist system creates a "treadmill of production" because of its inherent need to build ever-expanding profits?
Allan Schnaiberg
________ is most closely associated with the concept of the sociological imagination.
C. Wright Mills
Which of the following groups makes up the largest percentage of Asian Americans?
Chinese
Which sociologist is associated with the concepts of the dramaturgical approach, impression management, and face-work?
Erving Goffman
Which of the following was a common criticism of Exxon's actions after the 1989 Valdez disaster?
Exxon didn't volunteer to fund research on clean-up technologies or long-term environmental costs.
Which sociologist popularized an explanation of deviance that emphasizes that the response to an act—not the behavior—determines deviance?
Howard Becker
Which sociologist explored what it meant to be female and Black living in the U.S.?
Ida Wells-Barnett
Which of the following statements is true?
In 2016, six of the nation's 50 states had a female governor.
Which population group represents the largest minority in the U.S.?
Latinos
Which of the following statements reflects a functionalist view of education as a socializing agent?
Schools are responsible for teaching the values and norms of the larger society.
Judaism is like Christianity and Islam in which of the following ways?
They are all monotheistic.
Which of the following illustrates institutional discrimination?
To save money, a city fires all employees hired during the past three years, the same period as an aggressive minority-hiring program. As a result, the majority of those fired are members of various minority groups.
Out of the following nations, which has the highest infant mortality rate?
United States
Which nation has the largest number of the top 100 worldwide brands?
United States
According to the concept of the looking-glass self, development of one's self-identity based on misperceptions may lead to
a negative self-identity.
Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be
a nonreactive form of research.
A Girl Scout works hard on a difficult project, and when she has completed her work, she is given a badge that she can wear on her uniform. This is an example of
a sanction.
An unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group is referred to as
a stereotype.
Which one of the following is a description of a new social movement?
an environmental movement that focuses on the interconnection of all the world's people and resources
An operational definition is
an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept.
Arlie Hochschild concluded women work how much more in a year compared to men, due to the notion of the "second shift"?
an extra month of 24-hour days
Monogamy refers to a form of marriage in which
an individual has only one partner.
George Herbert Mead served on committees dealing with Chicago's labor problems and public education. These activities are examples of
applied sociology.
The use of the discipline of sociology to yield practical applications for human behavior and organizations is known as
applied sociology.
When did the second wave of feminism emerge and come into full force?
both the 1960s and 1970s
Although male dominance in cross-sex conversations is an example of a micro-level analysis, it is also a reflection of macro-level relationships. Which sociological perspective(s) would focus on the macro-level forces that influence these male-female conversations?
both the functionalist and the conflict perspective
Which of the following is a way in which medicine manifests as social control?
both through a greatly expanded domain of expertise and by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures
The immigration to the U.S. of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed in their home countries is referred to as
brain drain.
Once a decade the U.S. Constitution requires that all residents in the nation be counted. To that end each household completes a survey with the number of individuals who live there. This enumeration is more commonly known as a
census.
A bureaucracy is a(n)
component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency.
People, organizations, and public issues appearing regularly on the covers of prominent magazines is a method used to
confer status.
The statement "African American parents have learned that children as young as two years can absorb negative messages about Blacks in children's books, toys, and television shows" most likely supports the views of which sociological perspective?
conflict perspective
The statement "Attempts to create bilingualism in the U.S. represent a case of subordinated language minorities seeking opportunities for self-expression" reflects the views of which sociological perspective?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective emphasizes how schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective is especially interested in ascribed statuses because they often confer privileges or reflect a person's membership in a subordinate group?
conflict perspective
Which theoretical perspective views medicine as a form of social control?
conflict perspective
"Data indicate that people who prefer to watch televised news programs are less knowledgeable than those who read newspapers and newsmagazines." This statement is an example of a(n)
correlation.
Which of the following concepts employs the kind of value neutrality in scientific study that Max Weber saw as being so important?
cultural relativism
A U.S. sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the people of southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of
cultural relativism.
An American traveling abroad observes locals eating chocolate-covered crickets. While she does not partake in this "treat" herself, she does not judge the practice. She is exhibiting
cultural relativism.
Which theory was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with others?
cultural transmission
Which term refers to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions?
culture lag
Various religious groups and their followers are very upset about scientific advances in reproductive technology, such as birth control pills, abortion pills, in-vitro fertilization, and genetic engineering. This conflict between religious values and new scientific concepts illustrates
culture lag.
By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job with maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of
division of labor.
What is the term used for the set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests?
dominant ideology
DuBois developed the concept of ________ to describe the experience of being Black in White Americaa division of an individual's identity into two or more social realities.
double consciousness
A class system employs a social ranking based primarily on
economic position.
Marx viewed the relationship between the capitalists and the exploited workers in systemic terms; that is, he believed that a system of ________ relationships maintained the power and dominance of the owners over the workers.
economic, social, and political
One shortcoming of Karl Marx's work is that he failed to anticipate the
extent to which political liberties and relative prosperity could contribute to a false consciousness.
Which of the following terms did Karl Marx use to refer to an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect the class' objective position?
false consciousness
Although Maria and Juan, a young Mexican American couple, have formed a nuclear family, they enjoy their relationships with parents and relatives and interact with them on a daily basis. This is an example of
familism.
Research on children's books published in the U.S. in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s found that
female characters were portrayed as passive and in need of strong males.
Mitchell Duneier studied the social network and social behavior of whom, as a method of researching the effects of social institutions on them?
female word processors
Which sociological perspective would contend that social scientists need to rethink the notion that families without an adult male present are automatically a cause for concern?
feminist perspective
A college student is caught cheating on an exam and is brought before a college-wide disciplinary committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. The committee's action is an example of
formal social control.
Social control carried out by authorized agents—such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers—is called
formal social control.
Which sociological perspective views transnationals as a way for economies to maximize their use of human labor?
functionalism
Which sociological perspective would view society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival and stability?
functionalist perspective
The child of about eight or nine years of age begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. At this point in development, children grasp not only their own social positions but also those of others around them. Mead calls this stage the
game stage.
Talcott Parsons believed physicians function as ________ for the sick role by verifying a patient's condition as illness or designating the patient as recovered.
gatekeepers
The variable that is hypothesized to cause or influence another variable is referred to by social scientists as a(n)
independent variable.
Social control carried out casually by people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule is known as
informal social control.
Which sociological perspective holds the view that people create their social worlds through interaction and manipulation of symbols?
interactionist
Fans of the TV show Star Trek meet in costume at a convention celebrating the anniversary of the show's conception. Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus attention on this event?
interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective would likely be interested in the labels attached to activists associated with social movements, such as a feminist student referred to as a "bra burner"?
interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with manipulation of "photo ops" to create an image of self-serving reality?
interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the stigmatizing nature of formal social controls that require convicted sex offenders to register with police agencies and have their pictures published in newspapers to make their identities publicly known?
interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely study the new social roles assumed by activists within a social movement?
interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective would suggest that sports participants may work together harmoniously and abandon previously held stereotypes and prejudices despite class, racial, and religious differences?
interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective(s) would most likely focus attention on the personal relationships between stepparents and their stepchildren and the family dynamics involved in such relationships?
interactionist perspective
Thorstein Veblen suggested persons at the top of the social hierarchy convert wealth into conspicuous consumption, while the behavior of the lower classes is often subjected to ridicule. Veblen's views are from the
interactionist perspective.
The term media monitoring is used most often to refer to
interest groups' monitoring of content.
In schools in the United States, bilingual education has been defended on the grounds that it
is a means to encourage cultural diversity
Women most often play a significant role in the economic support of the family when the family
is among the poor.
C. Wright Mills advocated the use of the sociological imagination to view divorce in the United States because divorce
is not just an individual's personal problem but a societal concern.
The main criticism put forward by opponents of bilingual education is that
it undermines the social and political integration that education has traditionally promoted.
The conflict perspective holds that social institutions
maintain the privileges of the powerful individuals and groups within a society.
Historically, legal measures aimed at blocking discrimination based on race, religion, gender, age, or sexual orientation have been difficult to implement because
many people tacitly encourage such violations.
When Malcolm X's eighth grade teacher ignored Malcolm's academic and social successes and dismissed his desired career goal of lawyer and instead suggested he become a carpenter, the teacher was viewing Malcolm's race as a(n)
master status.
A basketball arena, an airliner, a slice of pizza, and a television set can all be considered examples of
material culture.
The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives are called
material culture.
A kinship system that favors the relatives of the mother is based on
matrilineal descent.
The midpoint or number that divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values is referred to as the
median.
A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. This would be an example of
microsociology.
When Ted consoles his sister about a difficult romantic breakup, works a day shift as a construction worker, and sings nursery rhymes to his young daughter so that she may fall asleep, he is portraying
multiple masculinities.
Which of the following terms refers to the phenomenon whereby massive amounts of coverage result in the audience becoming numb and failing to act on the information regardless of how compelling the issue was presented?
narcotizing dysfunction
Organized collective activities that address values and social identities as well as improvements in quality of life are called
new social movements.
Informal norms are
norms governing everyday social behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern.
Mores are
norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society.
A married couple and their unmarried children living together constitute a(n)
nuclear family.
In Great Britain, 88 percent of all workers in which occupation are women?
nurse
An analysis of 565 societies in the mid-1900s found that
over 80 percent of them preferred polygamy to monogamy.
Goal displacement is
overzealous conformity to official regulations within a bureaucracy.
Which of the following is NOT among the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming by trapping heat in the lower atmosphere?
oxygen
Regina wants to study the homeless in her hometown. In order to do so, she lives at a homeless shelter for a month. During this time, she does everything that the women she is studying do and tells no one of her true identity. This method is
participant observation.
Males are expected to dominate family decision making in a(n)
patriarchy.
Sanctions are defined as
penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
In Max Weber's view,
people hold three distinct ranks in society.
Oligarchies emerge because
people in leadership roles have skills, knowledge, or charismatic appeal; and the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction and thereby reinforce the process of rule by a few.
Status group refers to
people who share the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class position.
Which of the following would be an example of social capital?
powerful family political connections
Employment that is poorly paid and, from the worker's perspective, insecure and unprotected is called
precarious work.
Which of the following terms refers to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people?
prejudice
Discovery is the
process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality.
The ordinary and commonplace events of life are classified as
profane.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels said, "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.... The ________ have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!"
proletarians
According to the functionalist perspective, an aspect of social life would be passed on from one generation to the next if it
promotes value consensus among members of a society.
In the past, the integrative function of education in the United States was most obvious in its emphasis on
promotion of a common language.
The function of media advertising is to support the economy, provide information about products, and underwrite media costs associated with
promotion of consumption.
A social scientist would be likely to study the
reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the U.S.
Which of the following individuals would most likely be the focus of labeling theorists who are researching the power of some individuals or groups to define labels?
regulators of social control
Which term refers to the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities?
relative deprivation
Prestige refers to the
respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
What is commonly the second step in the scientific method?
reviewing the literature
A retirement party, a high-school graduation party, and a confirmation party are all examples of
rites of passage.
Facing east toward Mecca while saying one's morning prayers is a characteristic of the Muslim religion. This behavior is an example of a religious
ritual.
Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society?
status
Every evening at a neighborhood bar, the clientele—which consists of construction workers, police officers, plumbers, and factory workers—watches sports events on the big screen television set and play pool. The people who hang out in this bar are an example of a
status group.
The creation of unreliable generalizations that distort the reality of persons, groups, and cultures is indicative of
stereotyping
The term social control refers to
techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
Which term refers to "cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires"?
technology
The Electronic Communications Privacy Act, passed in 1986, requires the authorization of both the U.S. attorney general and a federal judge before surveillance of
telephone calls.
What were the primary media vehicles by which people bonded in the U.S. during, and in the aftermath of, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001?
television, radio, and phones
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity is called
the glass ceiling.
Charles Horton Cooley is responsible for developing the concept of
the looking-glass self.
Capitalism is an economic system in which
the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit.
Many cultures have shamans, or spiritual guides, who assist individuals on spiritual journeys to the "underworld" or some other non-earthly realm. These shamanic journeys would likely be considered part of
the sacred.
The awareness that allows people to comprehend the link between their immediate, personal social settings and the remote, impersonal social world is called
the sociological imagination.
The term hidden curriculum refers to
the standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools.
A family lives in a remote area of Appalachia, where coal mines that once employed many workers have been idle for years. There are no jobs in the area, the distant schools are poorly funded, and because of the remote location, there are no churches or medical facilities nearby. These poor, chronically unemployed people who barely survive from winter to winter are an example of
the underclass.
Although some of the early sociologists saw themselves as social reformers, by the middle of the 20th century the focus of the discipline of sociology had shifted to
theorizing and gathering information.
Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin with their societies of settlement are known as
transnationals.
A new sort of ________ is emerging online: communities developing around common interests or shared identities.
tribalism
The hijab is a
type of head scarf worn by some Muslim women.
A stereotype is a(n)
unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group.
In sociologist Daniel Rossidees' model of the class system of the U.S., which social class contains the smallest portion of the population?
upper class
According to Muslim traditions,
women are permitted to wear revealing garments when they are with their families.
According to Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, the expressive role is performed by
women.
Planning based on the human relations approach focuses on
workers' feelings, frustrations, and emotional needs for job satisfaction in bureaucracies.
The largest influx of Vietnamese immigration occurred
during and after the Vietnam War.
Talcott Parsons viewed society as naturally being in a state of
equilibrium
In the near phase of Robert Atchley's phases of retirement, retirees
establish a specific departure date from their jobs.
A system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection is known as a(n)
estate system.
Characteristics of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns are used primarily by a society to set apart
ethnic groups.
In 1987, fewer than 18 percent of wives earned more than their husbands. By 2013, that proportion had grown to approximately what percentage?
29 percent
In the U.S., one out of every four women is considered obese. How many characters are portrayed as obese on television?
3 out of 100
About how many children are homeschooled in the United States?
1.7 million
Which of the following equations represents pluralism?
A + B + C → A + B + C
Which of the following is an example of absolute poverty?
A homeless man in tattered clothes begs in the streets for money and food.
In which of the following would anomie be felt to its greatest effect?
A man loses his job, his fortune, and his family during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Genocide refers to the process of
deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation.
Institutional discrimination is the
denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society.
A man doing which of the following would be a violation of the male gender role?
joining a knitting circle
Which of the following is considered one way the media reaffirm proper behavior in society?
movie and TV scenes showing criminals getting caught by authorities
The idea that men play a variety of gender roles, including a nurturing-caring role and an effeminate-gay role, in addition to their traditional gender role of dominating women, is referred to as
multiple masculinities.
How many gay-straight alliances (GSAs) were in place in schools nationwide by 2005?
nearly 3,000
The veil may be seen as a rejection of ________ prevalent in Western societies.
the beauty myth
Which of the following is the third stage of Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development?
the concrete operational stage
The number of people infected with HIV worldwide at the end of 2015 was
37 million.
Sixteen million abortions are performed illegally worldwide each year. This represents what percentage of the total number of abortions performed?
40 percent
Which critic of environmental policies notes that capitalist societies have increasing demands for products, for obtaining natural resources at minimal costs, and for manufacturing products as quickly and cheaply as possible—no matter what the long-term environmental consequences will be?
Allan Schnaiberg
The pioneering work of ________ in biological evolution contributed to nineteenth-century theories of social change. According to his approach, there has been a continuing progression of successive life forms.
Charles Darwin
Which of the following statements concerning stepfamilies is true?
Children raised by stepmothers are likely to have less health care, education, and money spent on their food than children raised by biological mothers.
Most religions are patriarchal in their traditions and nature. Which of the following is NOT?
Christian Science
Which sociologist defined technology as "information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires"?
Gerhard Lenski
Ferdinand Tönnies used the term ________ to refer to communities that are large, impersonal, and often urban, with little consensus concerning values or commitment to the group.
Gesellschaft
Liberation theology was first advocated by
Gustavo Gutiérrez.
In the nature versus nurture debate, which position do social scientists take?
It is the interaction between environmental factors and biological inheritance that is important in human development.
In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed unprecedented legislation called the Civil Liberties Act, requiring the federal government to apologize for the forced relocation of ________ to "evacuation camps" during World War II.
Japanese Americans
Which child psychologist identified four stages in the development of a child's thought processes?
Jean Piaget
Which of the following is an example of machismo?
José, a Mexican American, drives a flashy sports car, works out in a gym, and believes that he can "get any woman that he wants."
An approach to racism that emphasizes how racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool of cheap labor, is based on the work of which classical theorist?
Karl Marx
Which of the following is true regarding men in our society—a society run by male-dominated institutions?
Men feel intense competitive stress from pressure to succeed at work.
Which of the following statements is true regarding families who homeschool their children?
Most homeschooled students perform better on standardized tests.
What conclusion did the National Bureau of Economic Research reach about gays and lesbians as subjects of sociological research?
Most research underreports the number of gays and lesbians in a population.
Which sociologist discussed the concept of and coined the term for multiple masculinities?
R. W. Connell
Which sociologist observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person but also to the social meaning that situation or person has for them?
William I. Thomas
Which sociologist pointed out that one cannot devise methods for controlling and utilizing new technology before the introduction of a technique, and that nonmaterial culture typically must respond to changes in material culture?
William Ogburn
Which of the following statements concerning media portrayal of gender roles would the feminist perspective most likely endorse?
Women are often portrayed as being in need of rescue by males.
Which of the following statements about the status of women throughout the world is true?
Women grow half the world's food, but they rarely own land.
Karl Marx used the concept of class consciousness to refer to
a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change.
A study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that provides sociologists with information concerning how people think or act is known as
a survey.
Which term does Talcott Parsons use to characterize the feature of social change that involves social institutions becoming more specialized in their purposes?
adaptive upgrading
A teenage couple produces a baby, and they agree that they are too young to raise it on their own. The girl's aunt and uncle cannot produce a child of their own, and they all agree that it would be a good idea if the aunt and uncle take legal custody of the baby. This is an example of
adoption.
Researchers found which of the following to be true of cell phone users compared to landline users?
all these answers are correct.
Adler and Adler's work on self-injury reflects which of the three major sociological approaches?
all three major sociological perspectives
The belief that the U.S. was a "melting pot," which became very compelling in the first part of the twentieth century, suggested that the nation had an almost divine mission to produce
amalgamation.
Who is more likely to have access to the Internet?
an American
The use of the terms "g-man," "honey boat," and "airmail" by sanitation workers in New York is an example of
an argot.
A White male lawyer mentors a young female Latina lawyer. According to the contact hypothesis, this situation would
be likely to cause both lawyers to become less prejudiced.
The statement "Eating fewer fats and carbohydrates will lead to weight loss" is an example of
causal logic.
Which of the following existing data sources is used most frequently for sociological research?
census data
A primary group is a small group that is
characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
A woman is born into a homeless, single-parent family. She is very talented, and as an adult she becomes a wealthy, world-acclaimed pianist. This scenario most closely represents which type of stratification system?
class
The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions is known as
clinical sociology.
Ray is an African American who is currently enrolled at a four-year university where he is studying social work. Which of the following is his achieved status?
college student
Researchers have identified distinctive student subcultures on college campuses. The students who focus on having fun and socializing are referred to as the ________ subculture.
collegiate
Obedience refers to
compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
The view that laws are set up to assist those who are in positions of power is most consistent with the
conflict perspective.
Which sociological perspective views transnational migration as having increased the economic gulf between developed and developing nations?
conflict theory
The only nondeviant adaptation in Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance is
conformity.
What term did Thorstein Veblen use to refer to the behavior of those at the top of the social hierarchy when they engage in such activities as jetting off to a remote destination for dinner?
conspicuous leisure
A researcher studies adolescent attitudes about senior citizens by analyzing depictions of the elderly in the lyrics of popular music and the content of teen magazines. This is an example of
content analysis.
George Herbert Mead suggested that the self is
continually developing and changing.
In 1995, the federal Glass Ceiling Commission found that glass ceilings
continue to block women and minority men from top management positions in the nation's industries
A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable is known as a
control variable
A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable is known as a
control variable.
What do commercial websites use to estimate a visitor's age, gender, and zip code?
cookies and tracking technology
What type of informal social control is supported by 59 percent of pediatricians in spite of the risk of harmful effects to recipients?
corporal punishment
General customs and practices that are found in every culture are called
cultural universals.
If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to
define the problem.
Philip Zimbardo's study of a simulated prison environment that used college students as prisoners and prison guards
demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur.
Your boss has just screamed at the work staff for poor sales growth and high absenteeism. Consequently, you decide that this would not be a good time to speak to the boss about a promotion. In this instance, you are effectively
demonstrating role taking.
Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, suicide is a(n)
dependent variable.
The race of a criminal offender is found to determine the frequency with which capital punishment is administered. In this example, the frequency of with which capital punishment is administered would be considered the
dependent variable.
An American traveling abroad observes locals eating chocolate-covered crickets. She expresses disgust to her traveling companions. She is exhibiting
ethnocentrism.
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others is called
ethnocentrism.
Why was Rik Scarce, a doctoral student at Washington State University, placed in jail in 1993?
for preserving the confidentiality of his research
Clyde is imprisoned for "tagging," or "visual terrorism." The arrest is an example of a(n)
formal sanction.
Which metaphor for the media's reach does sociologist Todd Gitlin consider more apt than "global village"?
global torrent
Relative to other Latin American immigrants, Cuban immigrants during the Castro regime
had higher rates of education.
What term refers to the pilgrimage by Muslims to the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia?
hajj
What type of crime is motivated by characteristics such as race, religion, sexual orientation or disability?
hate crime
Which of the following have sociologists suggested is a dysfunction of the mass media?
having a narcotizing effect
The World Health Organization refers to "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity" as
health.
In a particular school system, a teacher's aide must report to her teacher, and the teacher must report to his assistant principal, who then must report to her principal, who then must report to the superintendent, who ultimately is responsible to the board of education. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?
hierarchy of authority
A college is run by a board of trustees, which hires a president, who in turn selects vice presidents, deans, and other administrators. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of
hierarchy of authority.
Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a(n)
independent variable.
Socialization concerning not only masculinity and femininity but also marriage and parenthood begins in childhood as a part of family life. Children observe their parents as they express affection, deal with finances, quarrel, complain about in-laws, and so forth. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying this?
interactionist perspective
Which perspective would state that people and their personalities are formed through the way in which they interact with and react to their social world?
interactionist perspective
Which sociological approach would view sports as an agent for defining people's social positions as players, coaches, and referees as a result of their performances and reputations?
interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that patterns of male dominance in cross-sex conversations that express themselves in day-to-day exchanges represent one more battleground in the struggle for gender equality as women try to get a word in edgewise?
interactionist perspective
Nonmaterial culture
is more resistant to change than material culture.
A sociologist studies how a teacher's attitudes toward particular students affect students' performance. Students of similar abilities who are "teacher's pets" perform at a high level, and students who are viewed as "troublemakers" perform poorly. This illustrates which explanation of deviance?
labeling theory
The social constructionist perspective is most closely affiliated with which other sociological explanation of deviance?
labeling theory
Just as police and judges can define certain people as criminal, so can health care professionals define who is "sick." This power is described by
labeling theory.
People may behave differently in artificial situations than they would in the "real world." This poses a particular problem for researchers using
laboratory experiments.
Max Weber referred to people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable experiences as
life chances.
Magazines would be considered
mass media.
According to a study by Stanley Milgram, individuals will
obey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, even if the behavior may harm another individual.
Which of the following is an achieved status?
occupation
Research concerning the degree of social mobility within the occupational structure of the U.S. indicates that
occupational mobility has been common among males.
Émile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more complex, the nature of solidarity becomes more
organic.
Men feel intense competitive stress from pressure to succeed at work.
organizing a birthday lunch at work
By 2005, how much bottled water was being consumed annually in the United States?
over 7.5 billion gallons
According to Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development, the stage in which children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas is called the
preoperational stage
Becky has a toy vacuum. She often pushes it around the living room. Becky is in the
preparatory stage
In Karl Marx's view, social relations during any period of history depend on who controls the
primary mode of economic production.
Diffusion is the
process by which a cultural item is spread from group to group or society to society.
Which of the following is a criticism of social disorganization theory?
seems to "blame the victim"
A child spends a lot of time putting objects into his mouth and touching everything in sight. This child is probably in which stage of development, according to Jean Piaget?
sensorimotor
When a person has several spouses in a lifetime, but only one spouse at a time, it is called
serial monogamy.
A particular college requires students to live on campus during their first two years to help foster a sense of community among diverse groups. This
serves a latent function of education.
The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is known as
sexism.
After his divorce from Wanda, Willy has custody of his two young children. Fortunately, his job allows him to work from home on his computer, and he is able to earn a living to support his family and to spend as much time as necessary supervising and caring for his children. This is an example of a(n)
single-parent family.
In his study of the Saints and the Roughnecks, William Chambliss concluded that a key factor in the varying fortunes of the two groups was their differing
social class standing.
A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is called
social inequality.
In the U.S., professional gamblers, Armenian Americans, teenagers, and nudists are all examples of
subcultures.
Gestures and words that form the basis of human communication are known as
symbols.
An ethnic group is a group
that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.
The code of ethics for the discipline of sociology was developed by
the American Sociological Association.
What term do sociologists use to describe the phenomenon whereby subjects deviate from their typical behavior because they realize they are under observation?
the Hawthorne effect
A sociologist decides to study the interaction among students in the college's computer center. When the students realize they are under observation, they become shy and reserved in their interactions. This is an example of
the Hawthorne effect.
Which of the following is an example of an established sect?
the Hutterites
Which medium experiences the least amount of gatekeeping?
the Internet
Emphasis on a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and a rational orientation to life is known as
the Protestant ethic.
In the United States, schoolchildren are taught not to speak until the teacher calls on them and to regulate their activities according to clocks or bells. This learning experience illustrates
the hidden curriculum.
Which of the following is stressed by formal education?
the importance of qualifying statements
Activists in a large city join forces to create a new organization with the goal of preserving landmark buildings that have historical importance. At first, the organization functions democratically, but over time it is taken over by three people. These leaders establish a bureaucratic structure that helps them to maintain control of the organization. These developments can be best explained by
the iron law of oligarchy.
Which of the following was the main concern of Kelsey Timmerman in his book Where Am I Wearing?
the living conditions of the people who make our clothing
If the U.S. Congress passed strict anti-cigarette laws that banned their sale anywhere in the country, it would create serious problems for cigarette manufacturers, retailers, tobacco growers, tobacco farm workers, truckers, and many other employees in the cigarette industry. Each of these groups would probably oppose this legislation because they are examples of
vested interests.
The use of photographic and video documentation in sociological study is known as
visual sociology.
The Exxon Valdez incident in 1989 illustrates the nature of
water pollution.
Max Weber uses the term class to refer to people who share a similar level of
wealth and income.
A well-known Hollywood actress owns a home in Beverly Hills and another one on the French Riviera. She owns her own movie production company along with a large stock portfolio. The total of the different things she owns is considered her
wealth.
Socialization is the process
whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture.
A matriarchy is a society in which
women hold greater authority than men.
Karl Marx used the term proletariat to refer to the
working class.
Which level of college degree serves as less of a guarantee of upward mobility today than it did in the past?
B.A./B.S.
Why is divorce for many same-sex couples currently more complicated than for opposite-sex couples?
Before same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide, many same-sex couples traveled outside their home jurisdictions in order to be legally married.
Which of the following terms refers to a political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions?
Black power
Which of the following terms refers to first-generation Japanese immigrants?
Issei
Which of the following statements about liberation theology is correct?
It dates back to the 1973 publication of the English translation of A Theology of Liberation.
In what way has the global economic downturn that began in 2008 been a blessing for environmentalists?
It had the side effect of reducing consumption and, as a result, energy use.
Which conflict sociologist argues that the criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful and that lawmaking is often an attempt by the powerful to coerce others into their own morality?
Richard Quinney
Which conflict theorists suggest that schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments that can cause children to feel stupid and unsuccessful?
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
A hypothesis concerning the role of languages in shaping cultures was created by linguist(s)
Sapir and Whorf.
The dramaturgical approach is
a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.
The commonly used "poverty line" measure of poverty used by the federal government measures which type of poverty?
absolute poverty
According to Robert Merton, an innovator is an individual who has
accepted the goals of society, but pursues them with means regarded as improper.
According to a recent national survey, what percentage of Americans have used an online dating site or mobile dating app?
10 percent
Approximately what percentage of the world's population is nonreligious?
15 percent
The Industrial Revolution, pushing societies from agrarian-based economies to those dependent on mechanization, first appeared when?
1760-1830
When did the American Medical Association come into being?
1848
The passage and ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution granted women the right to vote in national elections, beginning in
1920.
In what year did the U.S. government enact both Medicare and Medicaid—two national health care programs receiving federal funding?
1965
In what year did the American Psychiatric Association vote to drop homosexuality from the standard manual on mental disorders?
1974
In what year did Medicare become so expensive that the federal government introduced a price-control system?
1983
The "second shift," which refers to the double burden borne by many women—work outside the home followed by child care and housework—was the subject of analysis by
Arlie Hochschild.
Which region of the world has the highest number of Internet users?
Asia
Which two theorists have taken an evolutionary position on social change, suggesting that all societies move in a definite direction toward a higher state of being?
Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim
Consistent with Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems analysis, peripheral nations connecting to the Internet are required to depend on industrial giants such as North America and Europe to provide
Internet hosts.
Which sociologist's analysis of bureaucracies has been applied to schools in the United States because of the growing number of students enrolled in schools and the greater degree of specialization required within a technologically complex society?
Max Weber
Which is the important text for followers of Islam?
Qur'an
Which sociologist correctly predicted the collapse of the Soviet Union based on that country's twentieth-century expansionism and overextension of resources?
Randall Collins
________ is the occupation in which one out of four sociology majors finds employment.
Social services
Which racial or ethnic group has the highest rate of welfare dependency in the United States?
Southeast Asians
Which sociologist developed the concept of the sick role?
Talcott Parsons
Which of the following is an example of monogamy?
Ted and Tonya have been married to each other for 3 months.
Which statement about the international coffee trade is the most accurate?
The coffee trade relies upon the exploitation of cheap labor.
Which of the following statements about the minimum wage in the U.S. is accurate?
The purchasing power of the minimum wage tends to shrink over time.
Which of the following statements about rites of passage is true?
The quinceañera ceremony among Hispanic girls is considered a rite of passage.
Which of the following statements about the feminist movement is true?
The second wave of feminism in the U.S. was inspired in part by Millett's Sexual Politics.
A woman who has not attended school in 13 years enrolls for classes at the local community college. She is afraid that her younger classmates might not accept her. On the first day of class, she observes the clothing styles of her classmates, and after school she goes shopping and purchases similar clothes. Her classmates could be considered
a reference group.
Machismo refers to
a sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one's maleness.
The state of Ohio has a dwindling population. In an effort to increase the birthrate in the state, it offers a $5,000 bonus to all families giving birth in the state for the next three years. Which of the following is the latent function?
an increase in the need for teachers as a result of more children in the Ohio educational system
An unemployed young adult wants a stereo, but he doesn't have the money or the means of earning the money needed to buy it. His desire for the stereo overwhelms him, and he steals one from a local store. This incident illustrates which theory of deviance?
anomie theory of deviance
A young girl decides that she wants to become an Olympic swimmer. She takes swimming lessons, joins her school's swimming team, reads magazine articles about champion swimmers, and goes to swimming meets at a nearby college. This is an example of
anticipatory socialization.
The former policy of the South African government that was designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites was known as
apartheid.
An 83-year-old woman is placed at a small table in a dark corner of a trendy nightclub and is ignored by the staff. Her shoddy treatment is probably due to her age, which is a(n) ________ status.
ascribed
An achieved status is a social position
attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
Prejudice is to discrimination as
attitude is to behavior.
Studies of identical twins have
been based on extremely small samples and should be viewed as preliminary analyses at best.
Which pattern of descent is most typical in the U.S.?
bilateral
The measure that consists of the number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year is known as the
birthrate.
Since the change in U.S. immigration policy during the 1960s to encourage immigration of relatives of U.S. residents and people with desirable skills, where have a majority of immigrants originated from?
both Asia and Latin America
A table, an incense stick, and candelabra can all be considered
both sacred and profane items.
Which sociological perspective(s) would be most likely to emphasize that the mass media exacerbate many divisions in our society, including those based on gender, race, ethnicity, and social class?
conflict and feminist perspectives
"Attacks on bilingualism represent an ethnocentric point of view." This statement best reflects the views of which sociological perspective?
conflict perspective
Feminists have argued that laws in the U.S. traditionally viewed wives and children as the property of the husband. This view reflects the concerns of which sociological perspective?
conflict perspective
Gerhard Lenski argues that social inequality may have once served the overall purposes of society, but the degree of social and economic inequality that now exists far exceeds the need to provide for goods and services. This facet of Lenski's analysis is consistent with which perspective?
conflict perspective
Inequality, capitalism, and stratification are key concepts of which theoretical perspective?
conflict perspective
Which perspective would place a priority on the fact that many major environmental organizations accept funding from oil companies and chemical giants and as a result emphasize limited reform rather than profound structural change?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective is likely to criticize the functionalist approach to social change for disregarding the crucial significance of change that is needed to correct social injustices and inequalities?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective suggests that censorship is an ever-present danger that society's most powerful groups will use to invade the privacy of the less powerful?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective views the economic structure as a central factor in the exploitation of minority groups?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would argue that the most powerful groups and institutions control wealth, property, and the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that a person's health and educational opportunities are affected by his or her class position in important ways?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would be particularly concerned about studies that show that White criminal offenders receive shorter sentences than comparable Latino and African American offenders?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would emphasize how inequalities in health care have clear life-and-death consequences for some due to the unequal distribution of resources?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would likely stress how social movements should require leaders to sharpen the awareness of the oppressed, who may suffer from false consciousness?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would likely suggest that members of new social movements tend to mobilize as they reject statements made by established authority figures, including scientists and technical authorities?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would maintain that the laws of a society are created by the groups in power and help those groups maintain their superior status?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the association between the use of surveillance techniques as a means of social control and the power of an authoritarian government?
conflict perspective
A bank president is found guilty of tax evasion. In addition to paying the government all the money he owes with substantial interest, he is sentenced to three years' probation and a $50,000 fine. At the same time, a female teller at the same bank is found guilty of stealing $500. The teller is sentenced to a prison term of no less than four years. This differential treatment would be of particular concern to sociologists using the
conflict perspective.
An important tenet of labeling theory is the recognition that some individuals or groups have the power to define labels and apply them to others. This view shares the emphasis on the social significance of power maintained by the
conflict perspective.
Critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy White males who decide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. This analysis reflects the
conflict perspective.
Which one of the following is a typical ascribed status that influences people's self-images within formal organizations?
gender
A member of a rural Indian tribe in Central America who moves to a large city, such as Mexico City, will probably experience
culture shock.
What term refers to the polarization of society over controversial cultural elements such as abortion, religious expression, gun control, and sexual orientation?
culture war
The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior is known as
culture.
Monica, a new student at Valley High School, becomes friends with a group of teenagers who use marijuana and remain seated during the singing of the national anthem. Although Monica had never used marijuana and used to sing the anthem, she begins to engage in the same behavior as her new friends. This is an example of
differential association.
Which concept does Talcott Parsons use to indicate the increasing complexity of social organization?
differentiation
The stained glass ceiling refers to the
difficulty women face obtaining leadership positions within religious institutions
Worldwide, low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries have far less access than others to the latest technologies. This gap is referred to as the
digital divide.
Critics of the hidden curriculum are concerned that
discipline takes precedence over the learning process.
The failure of various government intelligence-gathering organizations to detect the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, illustrates which poorly functioning aspect of government bureaucracy?
division of labor
In Ebaugh's four stages of the process of role exit, which of the following is a core element of the first stage?
doubt
Children who experience divorce in their family are more likely to experience divorce themselves when they are adults. This could be considered an example of a
dysfunction of families.
An element or a process of society that may actually disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability is known as a
dysfunction.
In Karl Marx's analysis, society was fundamentally divided between
economic classes that clash in pursuit of their own class interests.
In which type of authority pattern are the adult members of the family regarded as equals?
egalitarian
The concept of the sacred encompasses
elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, or fear.
Sarna, an Orthodox Jew, marries Nathan, a Reform Jew. Sarna is disowned by her parents because, as far as they are concerned, she has married outside their religion. She has violated the rule of
endogamy.
The term familism refers to pride in the
extended family, expressed through the maintenance of close ties and strong obligations to kinfolk.
In the study of language, which sociological perspective suggests that gender-related language reflects the traditional acceptance of men and women into certain occupations?
feminist perspective
Which sociological approach focuses on the macro level and would tend to view inequality in gender as central to behavior and organization?
feminist perspective
Although it does not explicitly endorse traditional gender roles, which sociological perspective implies that dividing tasks between spouses is beneficial for the family unit?
functionalist perspective
As primary agents of childhood socialization, schools play a critical role in teaching children the values and customs of the larger society. This view of the socialization process is most likely of particular interest to which sociological perspective?
functionalist perspective
The belief that conformity to a single language helps to unify members of a society reflects which sociological perspective?
functionalist perspective
The concept of the sick role is associated with which perspective?
functionalist perspective
Which perspective generally takes a positive view of the bureaucratization of education?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective argues that when changes occur in one part of a society, there must be adjustments in other parts, and if these adjustments do not occur, the society's equilibrium may be threatened?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective emphasizes how societies literally could not operate if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective notes the ways in which the family gratifies the needs of its members and contributes to the stability of society?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective supports the notion that established physicians and medical school professors serve as mentors or role models who transmit knowledge, skills, and values to the passive learner—the medical student?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most interested in how family leave facilitates the parent-child interaction crucial to socialization?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest that sports help to maintain people's physical well-being?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would suggest that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society's stability, then it does not serve a useful function?
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would suggest that social change has influenced the family, in that many traditional family activities, such as education, have been assumed by other social institutions?
functionalist perspective
Emphasis on the doctrinal conformity and literal interpretation of religious texts is known as
fundamentalism.
George is the executive producer of a small recording company with an established label. He rejects a popular local band because it competes with a group already on their label. He functions as a
gatekeeper.
A major network news agency that discourages reporting of issues concerning homosexuality is most likely practicing
gatekeeping.
The process by which a relatively small number of people control what eventually reaches the audience is referred to as
gatekeeping.
The Patriot Act allows federal officials more latitude in
gathering electronic data, like banking records.
Which of the following connections to criminality is commonly rejected by sociologists?
genetic roots
A new technology meant to increase food production and to make agriculture more economical is called
genetically modified food.
Sociobiology is the systematic study of
how biology affects human social behavior.
A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live is called a(n)
hunting-and-gathering society.
Sociologist Howard Waitzkin suggested that racial tensions helped explain which of the following?
hypertension
A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a
hypothesis.
A sociology instructor asks students to make lists of the characteristics of the best and worst possible instructors. These lists, which would be used to evaluate all instructors, would form an example of a(n)
ideal type.
Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?
ideas
You enroll in a freshman Introduction to Sociology course at your college, and the classes are held in a large auditorium with stadium seating that holds over a hundred students, with a single instructor behind a lectern. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?
impersonality
Early in life, a person learns to slant his or her presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences. This process is known as
impression management.
Morbidity rates are the
incidence of diseases in a given population.
What is likely the most important factor in the increase in divorce over the past hundred years?
increase in the social acceptance of divorce
Researchers find that pet owners live longer, healthier lives. Within this study, pet ownership is the
independent variable.
Norms that are generally understood but not precisely recorded are known as
informal norms.
While attending a prestigious lecture at a New York City museum, Bob noisily belches several times and grossly picks his nose. He is violating
informal norms.
Jennifer is attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point during the meal, she reaches in front of another executive for a saltshaker and hits the executive's arm as he is about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he glares at Jennifer. The glare is an example of a(n)
informal sanction.
A farmer is called to help sandbag a levy that is about to flood his town. The farmer is stationed between two correctional-center inmates who are required to assist in the flood-control efforts. As a result of this experience, the farmer has developed a newfound respect for inmates. This example would be consistent with which perspective?
interactionist perspective
In examining health, illness, and medicine as a social institution, which sociological perspective generally focuses on micro-level study of the roles played by health care professionals and patients?
interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to study the bestowal of status that activists assume in their new social roles created through social movements?
interactionist perspective
For W. E. B. DuBois, which of the following was considered essential in combating prejudice and achieving tolerance and justice?
knowledge
Which of the following would be an example of cultural capital?
knowledge of great American authors
Churches that serve as training grounds for community leaders and allow members to refine their organizational skills are performing a
latent function.
In American society, we often formalize norms into
laws.
Most adolescents seek jobs in order to
make spending money
Teaching students about the physical and political geography of their state, their country, and the world is a(n)
manifest function of education.
Giving meaning to the divine and defining the spiritual world are among religion's
manifest functions.
Which term refers to the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor non-White women?
matrix of domination
Acts of racial profiling are
often initiated by law enforcement officers.
In the U.S., endogamous rules stressed by many groups include marriage within
one's own racial, ethnic, and religious group.
A stratification system that implies that the position of each individual is influenced by the person's achieved status is referred to as a(n)
open stratification system.
Which of the following would be an example of men traditionally "doing masculinity"?
opening a door for a female
Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use
publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another.
An employee at a welfare office is so concerned with paperwork that he doesn't have time to administer to the needs of the poor, hungry, and homeless individuals who seek assistance. According to Merton's theory, this welfare worker would be a(n)
ritualist.
In Robert Merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic regulations can be classified as
ritualists.
On the Jewish holiday of Passover, Jews are expected to eat matzo, or unleavened bread, during their Seder, or holiday dinner, rather than the bread they eat during the rest of the year. Eating the matzo and having a Seder are examples of religious
rituals.
People ignoring credible warnings about terrorist attacks due to the massive amounts of coverage in the aftermath of September 11, 2001, is an example of
the narcotizing dysfunction.
If someone failed to contribute money because massive amounts of media coverage made him or her less sensitive to the needs of victims of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, this would be an example of
the narcotizing effect.
Debbie attends her first day of school, and when she returns home, she "plays school" with her younger brother. As part of this play activity, Debbie duplicates all of the behaviors that were performed by her teacher during the day. According to George Herbert Mead, Debbie is in which stage of development?
the play stage
During which of Mead's stages of the self does a child begin to "become" a doctor, a parent, a superhero, or a ship captain?
the play stage
The term incest taboo refers to
the prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives.
In Émile Durkheim's view,
the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to social stability.
An attempt to explain problems, actions, or behavior in a comprehensive manner is called a(n)
theory.
What was the motivation behind Stanley Milgram's experimental study of obedience?
to better understand German involvement in the annihilation of Jews in World War II
Thorstein Veblen is responsible for coining the term
vested interests.
Which of the following would have the greatest impact in terms of reaffirming social norms of proper behavior?
watching a televised execution of a mass murderer
What term is used to refer to crimes committed by individuals in the course of their daily business activities?
white-collar crime
A corporate vice president is convicted of attempting to bribe a presidential aide. This type of crime is called
white-collar crime.
Which of the following sociologists conducted an examination of suicide using secondary analysis?
Émile Durkheim
