Sociology Quiz 3

information poverty

The state of people who have little or no access to information technology, such as computers. (page 436)

family

A group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption, who form an economic unit, the adult members of which are responsible for the upbringing of children. All known societies involve some form of family system, although the nature of family relationships varies widely. While the main family form in modern societies is the nuclear family, extended family relationships are also found. (page 388)

monogamy

A form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed only one spouse at any given time. (page 388)

stereotype promise

A phenomenon where being viewed through the lens of a positive stereotype may lead one to perform in such a way that confirms the positive stereotype, thereby enhancing performance. (page 431)

kinship

A relation that links individuals through blood ties, marriage, or adoption. Kinship relations are by definition part of marriage and the family, but they extend much more broadly. While in most modern societies few social obligations are involved in kinship relations extending beyond the immediate family, in other cultures kinship is of vital importance to social life. (page 388)

IQ (intelligence quotient)

A score attained on tests of symbolic or reasoning abilities. (page 422)

standardized testing

A situation in which all students take the same test under the same conditions. (page 433)

cultural navigators

People who draw from both their home culture and mainstream culture to create an attitude that allows them to succeed. (page 430)

extended family

A family group consisting of more than two generations of relatives living either within the same household or very close to one another. (page 388)

nuclear family

A family group consisting of two adults and dependent children. (page 388)

stepfamily

A family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage, living either in the home or nearby. (page 406)

matrilocal

A family system in which the husband is expected to live near the wife's parents. (page 388)

patrilocal

A family system in which the wife is expected to live near the husband's parents. (page 388)

polygyny

A form of marriage in which a man may simultaneously have two or more wives. (page 388)

polyandry

A form of marriage in which a woman may simultaneously have two or more husbands. (page 388)

polygamy

A form of marriage in which a person may have two or more spouses simultaneously. (page 388)

tracking

Dividing students into groups that receive different instruction on the basis of assumed similarities in ability or attainment. (page 428)

marriage

A socially approved sexual relationship between two individuals. Marriage historically has involved two persons of opposite sexes, but in the past decade marriage between same-sex partners has been legalized in a growing number of states and nations throughout the world. Marriage normally forms the basis of a family of procreation—that is, it is expected that the married couple will produce and bring up children. (page 388)

achievement gap

Disparity on a number of educational measures between the performance of groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and socioeconomic status. (page 421)

abstract and concrete attitudes

Abstract attitudes are ideas that are consistent with mainstream societal views, while concrete attitudes are ideas that are based on actual experience. (page 430)

personality stabilization

According to the theory of functionalism, the family plays a crucial role in assisting its adult members emotionally. Marriage is the arrangement through which personalities are supported and kept healthy. (page 389)

cyberspace

Electronic networks of interaction between individuals at different computer terminals. (page 437)

intelligence

Level of intellectual ability, particularly as measured by IQ (intelligence quotient) tests. (page 422)

emotional intelligence

The ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself or others. (page 422)

cultural capital

The accumulated cultural knowledge within a society that confers power and status. (page 425)

affective individualism

The belief in romantic attachment as a basis for contracting marriage ties. (page 393)

gender gap

The differences between women and men, especially as reflected in social, political, intellectual, cultural, or economic attainments or attitudes. (page 430)

families of procreation

The families individuals initiate through marriage, cohabitation, or by having children. (page 388)

families of orientation

The families into which individuals are born. Also referred to as families of origin. (page 388)

stereotype threat

The idea that when African American students believe they are being judged not as individuals but as members of a negatively stereotyped social group, they will do worse on tests. (page 431)

primary socialization

The process by which children learn the cultural norms and expectations for behavior of the society into which they are born. Primary socialization occurs largely in the family. (389)

"acting white" thesis

The thesis that black students do not aspire to or strive to get good grades because it is perceived as "acting white." (page 430)

hidden curriculum

Traits of behavior or attitudes that are learned at school but not included within the formal curriculum—for example, gender differences. (page 424)

cohabitation

Two people living together in a sexual relationship of some permanence without being married to one another. (page 410)