Sociology
151. Law of 3 stages by A. Comte
(1) the theological stage, (2) the metaphysical stage, and (3) the positive stage.
1. The property of the sample to reflect the characteristics of the general population is called
- A representative sample
9. Methods attempt to gather detailed, rich data allowing for an in-depth understanding of individual action in the context of social life
- Qualitative
8. All people who could potentially be studied as part of the research
- The general population
4.The actual population selected for the research
- The research sample (also known as respondents)
7.Explanation for a phenomenon based on a conjecture about the relationship between the phenomenon and one or more causal factor
- a hypothesis
10. Trial run in which just a few people complete a questionnaire
- a pilot study
68. Suicides committed in the name of duty, E. Durkheim calls
Altruistic
124. A belief in spirits or ghosts, thought to populate the same world as human beings
Animism
79. What are the two types of vertical social mobility?
Ascending or descending
159. The founder of positivism in sociology is
Auguste Comte
165. Who gave law of three stages in sociology?
Auguste Comte
39. Representative of the biological approach to the explanation of deviance
C. Lombroso, W. Sheldon.
73. Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is the religious and ethnic division of labor
Caste
113.A form of religious organization that is an autonomous, highly centralized institution that is hierarchical and widespread
Church
77. Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is the amount of income and property
Class System
155.The theory which focuses on how socialization reinforces unequal power arrangements
Conflict theory
63. Displacement of individuals in the social hierarchy system, accompanied by an increase in social status
Displacement is defined as the involuntary relocation of current residents or businesses.
186. Unskilled labor
Does not require training
187.Author of the work "The division of labor"
E.Durkheim
128. Marrying someone of similar race or ethnicity, class, education, religion, region, or nationality
Endogamy
75. Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is ranks in the power hierarchy
Etacratic/etacratical (этакратическая)
129.Marrying someone from a different social group
Exogamy
198. Formal social control is
Formal means of social control are the means of social control exercised by the government and other organizations who use law enforcement mechanisms and sanctions such as fines and imprisonment to enact social control.
26. Who is the author of the concept of the human mind being an aggregation of three interconnected components: Id, Ego and Superego
Freud
161. A.Comte considered sociology as
Functionalism
140. A mobility, which is fairly common, refers to the changing of jobs within a class: a therapist who shifts careers so that he can teach college
Horizontal social mobility
118. A system of forced racial segregation
Jim Crow laws
153.Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle?
Karl Marx
194. Two main authors on sociological perspectives of labor
Karl Marx, Max Weber
15. Type of research when we use both quantitative and qualitative methods
Mixed (triangulation)
89. The question of a sociological questionnaire, to which the respondent must independently formulate the content of his answer, is called
Open
71. Type of stratification system in which gender, age and physical data form the basis of differentiation
Physico-genetic/Genetic
130. A system of marriage that allows men to have multiple wives
Polygamy
14. Methods try to measure social phenomena and use mathematical models and, often, statistical analysis to explain them
Quantitative
46. Representatives of the psychological theory of deviance are
Robert K. Merton
179. Author of structural strain theory
Robert Merton
101.Number of sample units
Sample size
72. A type of stratification system based on direct violence and coercion. Social groups differ in the presence or absence of civil rights and property rights
Slavery
87. The most common method of collecting sociological information is
Survey
90. A form of indirect telephone polling
Telephone interview
123. Max Weber made detailed studies of Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism and ancient Judaism, he wrote extensively about the impact of Christianity on the history of the West in his book called...
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
57. The functions of the family do not include
The family performs several essential functions for society. It socializes children, it provides emotional and practical support for its members, it helps regulate sexual activity and sexual reproduction, and it provides its members with a social identity.
188. A set of vacancies opened in a certain period at state enterprises
The labor market
196. Seasonal migration is
The periodic movement of a population from one region or climate to another in accordance with the yearly cycle of weather and temperature changes.
152.Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject?
The study of society and social interaction
48. What is the object of the sociology?
To introduce students to the basic social processes of society, social institutions and patterns of social behavior.
181.Spousal abuse is an example of a
Violent crime
127. Nuclear family is
a heterosexual couple w/one or more children living in a single household
92. The expert survey is
a type of survey in which the respondents are experts
200. Correlates(statistics) of crime
age, sex, race, and social class
91. The sociometric method is
analysis of interpersonal relationships in small groups
93. A sampling is defined as
as a part of the general set of elements that is covered by the experiment
47. Deviant behavior is
behavior that violate social rules and norms.
51. Which of the following stratification systems is open?
class systems
96. Type of question offering the respondent the choice of one of the lists of responses provided:
closed question
20. The group in an experiment that does not receive the independent variable
control group
177.Violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others
define primary deviance
40. Deviant acts punishable by law are defined by the term
delinquency.
29. What social institution corresponds to the need to ensure the reproduction and development of society through the organized transfer of social experience in the form of knowledge, skills and abilities
education
58. The transfer of social experience from parents to children is performed by such a function of the family as
education/socialization
33. Decline in the birth rate, child homelessness, juvenile delinquency are manifestations of the dysfunction of the
family institution
12. Group interview also can be called
focus group
164. The process of socialization begins at the age
from the time a child is born, throughout life until death
182. The three major sociological paradigms that offer explanations for the motivation behind deviance and crime
functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory
38. What is the social norm?
generally recognized rules, patterns of behavior, standards of activity, designed to ensure orderliness, sustainability and stability of social interaction between individuals and social groups.
64. A type of social mobility in which there is no increase or decrease in the social status of an individual
horizontal mobility.
24. A statement about relationships that we expect to find if our theory is correct
hypothesis
42. Stigmatization theory explains deviant behavior as
imitating a deviant group
183. A student has a habit of talking on their cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops the lecture and asks the student to respect others in the class by turning off the phone. In this situation, the professor used __________ to maintain social control.
informal negative sanctions
142. An angry comment is an example of ... sanction
informal, negative
95. Preliminary study method to verify and adjust all elements of the main study:
intelligence research
112. A form of marriage that is the union of one man and one woman
monogamy
100. Which philosophical direction is represented by M.Weber
moral psychology
97. The method of collecting primary sociological information by directly recording events and processes taking place under certain conditions and entering them in the diary is:
observation
83. An example of a qualitative sociological (group) research is:
observations, one-on-one interviews, case study research, focus groups, ethnographic research, phenomenology, and grounded theory
28. The main purpose of all social institutions is ...
organizing a society and its people
3.If a sociologist joined the participants of the demonstration to conduct research, then he conducts -
participant observation
108.Type of family according to the criterion of leadership, in which a man dominates
patriarchy
131.A system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands
polyandry
117. A form of religion that is a system of many gods
polytheism
125. A belief in many gods
polytheism
104.Ethnic diaspora is
population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of origin.
98. In what concept is a person considered as a three-level education (id, ego, super-ego)?
psychoanalytic concept of personality
25. Recruitment technique in which research participants are asked to assist researchers in identifying other potential subjects
snowball sampling
145. The regulation and enforcement of norms
social control
180. The regulation and enforcement of norms
social control
158. Microsociology
studies small groups
52. Socialization is
the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society.
157. Macrosociology
the social structure of society, social institutions, large social groups, communities, strata, as well as the processes occurring in them (studies society as a whole)
184.Societies practice social control to maintain
the stability of society(social order)
94. Friends relate to
to the primary social group
21. The group in an experiment that experiences the independent variable
treatment group?
141. A movement up or down the social ladder, and thus is often called upward or downward mobility
vertical mobility
35. The concept of anomie was introduced into science by
Émile Durheim in 1893
82. Which of the representatives of world sociology is the author of the work The Division of Labour in Society
Émile Durkheim
84. The idea of the historical process as a transition from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity, based on a deepening division of labor and social differentiation, belongs to
Émile Durkheim
Pull factors:
•Urbanization and better employment opportunities in cities. •Better living standards in the destination place. •Better educational and health opportunities.
78. The historical type of stratification system, the main structural element of which is a closed social group, belonging to which is determined solely by the birth of a person, is:
Caste System
167. Who created the looking-glass self theory?
Charles Cooley
31. Which of the following scientists developed the theory of the evolutionary development of society?
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
88. The source of information, the unit of information in the collection of sociological data by the method of content analysis is:
Document;
43. Author of work Suicide. Sociological study
Durkheim E.
36. According to Durkheim, the concept of anomie means
Durkheim considered anomie one of the factors of public health or ill health. Anomie, in his opinion, by generating systematic deviations from social norms, prepares and accelerates changes in society.
80. A form of relationship between a man and a woman, sanctioned and regulated by society, which determines their rights and obligations in relation to each other
Marriage
185.Amount of physical, mental, and social effort used to produce goods and services in an economy
Labor
2.One of the type of sociological survey -
(incidence, trend, differential)
11. A sample is chosen so that every member of the population has the same probability of being included
- a random sample
6.Type of questions that give a respondent a fix number of choices
- close-ended
5.Type of questions that leave respondents with a space in which to write their answers
- open-ended
137. A form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed
A caste system
160. Who introduced the term "sociology" directly into scientific circulation
Auguste Comte
45. Author of the work Course of Positive Philosophy
Auguste Comte
49. Who implemented term sociology into the scientific circulation?
Auguste Comte
70. The founder of positivism in sociology is
Auguste Comte
99. The founder of understanding sociology is
Auguste Comte
132.Living together as a romantically involved, unmarried couple
Cohabitation
13. Research method which can be quite inexpensive comparing with other methods
Content analysis
18. A research method that refers to the systematic examination of documents of any sort
Content analysis
143. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions
Crime
166. The author of the book "Suicide"
Emile Durkheim
16. A research method in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable to test theories of cause and effect
Experiments
134. Remembering relatives' birthdays, playing Chutes and Ladders with the kids and etc are the examples of... (when generally achieve emotional or relational goals in family)
Expressive tasks
109.Family type characterized by living together for several generations
Extended Family
126. A large group of kin, or relatives, which could include grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins living in one household
Extended family
162. The theory which addresses the question of social organization (structure) and how it is maintained (function).
Functionalism (structural-functional theory)
136.Unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige results
Global stratification
163. C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals.
Imagination
199. Informal social control is
Informal social control —the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws—includes peer and community pressure, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups.
133. Washing the dishes, fixing the gutters, cooking the dinners and etc are the examples of ...(when generally achieve a tangible goal in family)
Instrumental tasks
147. A set of vacancies opened in a certain period at state enterprises
LAbor market
59. The central concept of sociology K. Marx is
Marx's theories formed a sociological perspective called conflict theory, which stated that capitalist societies were built on conflicts between the workers and the rulers. In this theory, society relies on class conflict in order to keep the wealthy in power and the poor as subjects to the government.
111.Type of family according to the criterion of leadership, in which a woman dominates
Matriarchy
156. The author of the book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism"
Max Weber
41. Author of the sociological work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Max Weber
67. Who introduced the concept of ideal type into sociology?
Max Weber
37. What is the social sanction?
Measures of influence of a social group on the behavior of an individual, deviating in positive or negative sense from social expectations, norms and values.
150.Movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purposes of resettling
Migration
191. Demographic structure change is a consequence of
Migration
193. Movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purposes of resettling
Migration
195. Internal migration is
Moving within a state, country, or continent
81. The transfer of social experience from parents to children is performed by such a function of the family as
Nurturing function
19. The process of deciding exactly how to measure a given variable is called
Operationalizing
17. A research method in which researchers participate in their subjects' daily life, observe daily life, or interview people in depth about their lives
Participant observation
192. Migration by better educational and health opportunities causes
Pull factors
148. Causes of migration
Push Factors Pull Factors
190. Migration by social, political or religious oppression causes
Push factors
197. Migration by overcrowding, lack of sanitation and resource crunch causes
Push factors
103.Research into objective, quantifiable characteristics of human behaviour is called
Quantitative research
85. A social process that involves a qualitative transformation of the entire system of social relations, up to the breaking of the established orders and the formation of new ones, is ...
Revolution
144. Author of structural strain theory
Robert K. Merton
114.A form of religious organization, which is a closed group that has arisen within a religious movement recognized by society as an opposition movement
Sect
116.The process by which beliefs in the supernatural and related rituals are questioned and the institution of religion loses its social influence
Secularization
146. Societies practice social control to maintain
Social Order
139. Movement within the stratification system of a particular society, whether it's a small town, a state or nation, or the entire world
Social mobilization
135. A process when members of a given society are categorized and divided into groups, which are then placed in a social hierarchy
Social stratification
76. Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is occupation and qualification
Socio-professional system
86. Which definition of sociology is more exact?
Sociology is the science of the emergence, development, and functioning of social communities and social processes, of social
115.An early form of religion, the belief in the existence of a supernatural connection, a relationship between a group of people and some kind of animal or plant
Totemism
69. E. Durkheim considered the main indicator of progress
Transition from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity
102. Research that allows to get information about the motivations of behavior, attitudes of people, that is to get an answer to the question: «Why?» are called
analytical research
44. Stance of the society when there are no generally accepted behavior standards, and the system of value and norms is destroyed.
anomie
178. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions
crime
106.Ethnic sociology studies
interdisciplinary major and minor that seeks to understand how society is systemically and structurally formed by ideas of race, ethnicity, sexuality, class, and gender.
54. A person who is interviewed in a sociological study is called the
interviewee, the respondent, or the subject
107. Ethnos is
people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture
53. Any set of people selected according to socially significant criteria
social groups
34. In a pre-industrial society, most of the emerging social needs are satisfied by the
social institution of politics.
30. The dysfunction of a social institution is manifested in the following
social life
62. Movements of individuals in the system of social hierarchy, accompanied by an increase or decrease in social status
social mobility, movement of individuals, families, or groups through a system of social hierarchy or stratification.
138.A system of stratification practiced primarily in capitalist societies, ranks groups of people according to their wealth, property, power, and prestige. It is also referred to by sociologists as socioeconomic status
social stratification
50. What is the social structure?
social structure, in sociology, the distinctive, stable arrangement of institutions whereby human beings in a society interact and live together.
154.Process of learning the roles, statuses, and values necessary for participation in social institutions
socialization
74. The characteristic features of an industrial society do NOT include
syncretism
32. The method of collecting sociological data, in which text messages are the sources of information, is called
text messaging
105. Ethnic assimilation is
the loss of one part of society of its distinctive features and their replacement with borrowed ones from another part.
23. An interrelated set of assumptions that explains observed patterns
theory
Formal (external) social control forms:
• Police • Courts • Prisons
189. Causes of migration, Push factors:
•Lack of employment or seasonal employment. •Poverty induced migrations. •Migrations due to climate-related stress or natural calamities. •Social, political or religious oppression. •Overcrowding, lack of sanitation and resource crunch. •Crime induced migrations. •Post marriage and family network induced migrations.
