Sociology

151. Law of 3 stages by A. Comte

(1) the theological stage, (2) the metaphysical stage, and (3) the positive stage.

1. The property of the sample to reflect the characteristics of the general population is called

- A representative sample

9. Methods attempt to gather detailed, rich data allowing for an in-depth understanding of individual action in the context of social life

- Qualitative

8. All people who could potentially be studied as part of the research

- The general population

4.The actual population selected for the research

- The research sample (also known as respondents)

7.Explanation for a phenomenon based on a conjecture about the relationship between the phenomenon and one or more causal factor

- a hypothesis

10. Trial run in which just a few people complete a questionnaire

- a pilot study

68. Suicides committed in the name of duty, E. Durkheim calls

Altruistic

124. A belief in spirits or ghosts, thought to populate the same world as human beings

Animism

79. What are the two types of vertical social mobility?

Ascending or descending

159. The founder of positivism in sociology is

Auguste Comte

165. Who gave law of three stages in sociology?

Auguste Comte

39. Representative of the biological approach to the explanation of deviance

C. Lombroso, W. Sheldon.

73. Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is the religious and ethnic division of labor

Caste

113.A form of religious organization that is an autonomous, highly centralized institution that is hierarchical and widespread

Church

77. Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is the amount of income and property

Class System

155.The theory which focuses on how socialization reinforces unequal power arrangements

Conflict theory

63. Displacement of individuals in the social hierarchy system, accompanied by an increase in social status

Displacement is defined as the involuntary relocation of current residents or businesses.

186. Unskilled labor

Does not require training

187.Author of the work "The division of labor"

E.Durkheim

128. Marrying someone of similar race or ethnicity, class, education, religion, region, or nationality

Endogamy

75. Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is ranks in the power hierarchy

Etacratic/etacratical (этакратическая)

129.Marrying someone from a different social group

Exogamy

198. Formal social control is

Formal means of social control are the means of social control exercised by the government and other organizations who use law enforcement mechanisms and sanctions such as fines and imprisonment to enact social control.

26. Who is the author of the concept of the human mind being an aggregation of three interconnected components: Id, Ego and Superego

Freud

161. A.Comte considered sociology as

Functionalism

140. A mobility, which is fairly common, refers to the changing of jobs within a class: a therapist who shifts careers so that he can teach college

Horizontal social mobility

118. A system of forced racial segregation

Jim Crow laws

153.Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle?

Karl Marx

194. Two main authors on sociological perspectives of labor

Karl Marx, Max Weber

15. Type of research when we use both quantitative and qualitative methods

Mixed (triangulation)

89. The question of a sociological questionnaire, to which the respondent must independently formulate the content of his answer, is called

Open

71. Type of stratification system in which gender, age and physical data form the basis of differentiation

Physico-genetic/Genetic

130. A system of marriage that allows men to have multiple wives

Polygamy

14. Methods try to measure social phenomena and use mathematical models and, often, statistical analysis to explain them

Quantitative

46. Representatives of the psychological theory of deviance are

Robert K. Merton

179. Author of structural strain theory

Robert Merton

101.Number of sample units

Sample size

72. A type of stratification system based on direct violence and coercion. Social groups differ in the presence or absence of civil rights and property rights

Slavery

87. The most common method of collecting sociological information is

Survey

90. A form of indirect telephone polling

Telephone interview

123. Max Weber made detailed studies of Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism and ancient Judaism, he wrote extensively about the impact of Christianity on the history of the West in his book called...

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

57. The functions of the family do not include

The family performs several essential functions for society. It socializes children, it provides emotional and practical support for its members, it helps regulate sexual activity and sexual reproduction, and it provides its members with a social identity.

188. A set of vacancies opened in a certain period at state enterprises

The labor market

196. Seasonal migration is

The periodic movement of a population from one region or climate to another in accordance with the yearly cycle of weather and temperature changes.

152.Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject?

The study of society and social interaction

48. What is the object of the sociology?

To introduce students to the basic social processes of society, social institutions and patterns of social behavior.

181.Spousal abuse is an example of a

Violent crime

127. Nuclear family is

a heterosexual couple w/one or more children living in a single household

92. The expert survey is

a type of survey in which the respondents are experts

200. Correlates(statistics) of crime

age, sex, race, and social class

91. The sociometric method is

analysis of interpersonal relationships in small groups

93. A sampling is defined as

as a part of the general set of elements that is covered by the experiment

47. Deviant behavior is

behavior that violate social rules and norms.

51. Which of the following stratification systems is open?

class systems

96. Type of question offering the respondent the choice of one of the lists of responses provided:

closed question

20. The group in an experiment that does not receive the independent variable

control group

177.Violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others

define primary deviance

40. Deviant acts punishable by law are defined by the term

delinquency.

29. What social institution corresponds to the need to ensure the reproduction and development of society through the organized transfer of social experience in the form of knowledge, skills and abilities

education

58. The transfer of social experience from parents to children is performed by such a function of the family as

education/socialization

33. Decline in the birth rate, child homelessness, juvenile delinquency are manifestations of the dysfunction of the

family institution

12. Group interview also can be called

focus group

164. The process of socialization begins at the age

from the time a child is born, throughout life until death

182. The three major sociological paradigms that offer explanations for the motivation behind deviance and crime

functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory

38. What is the social norm?

generally recognized rules, patterns of behavior, standards of activity, designed to ensure orderliness, sustainability and stability of social interaction between individuals and social groups.

64. A type of social mobility in which there is no increase or decrease in the social status of an individual

horizontal mobility.

24. A statement about relationships that we expect to find if our theory is correct

hypothesis

42. Stigmatization theory explains deviant behavior as

imitating a deviant group

183. A student has a habit of talking on their cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops the lecture and asks the student to respect others in the class by turning off the phone. In this situation, the professor used __________ to maintain social control.

informal negative sanctions

142. An angry comment is an example of ... sanction

informal, negative

95. Preliminary study method to verify and adjust all elements of the main study:

intelligence research

112. A form of marriage that is the union of one man and one woman

monogamy

100. Which philosophical direction is represented by M.Weber

moral psychology

97. The method of collecting primary sociological information by directly recording events and processes taking place under certain conditions and entering them in the diary is:

observation

83. An example of a qualitative sociological (group) research is:

observations, one-on-one interviews, case study research, focus groups, ethnographic research, phenomenology, and grounded theory

28. The main purpose of all social institutions is ...

organizing a society and its people

3.If a sociologist joined the participants of the demonstration to conduct research, then he conducts -

participant observation

108.Type of family according to the criterion of leadership, in which a man dominates

patriarchy

131.A system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands

polyandry

117. A form of religion that is a system of many gods

polytheism

125. A belief in many gods

polytheism

104.Ethnic diaspora is

population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of origin.

98. In what concept is a person considered as a three-level education (id, ego, super-ego)?

psychoanalytic concept of personality

25. Recruitment technique in which research participants are asked to assist researchers in identifying other potential subjects

snowball sampling

145. The regulation and enforcement of norms

social control

180. The regulation and enforcement of norms

social control

158. Microsociology

studies small groups

52. Socialization is

the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society.

157. Macrosociology

the social structure of society, social institutions, large social groups, communities, strata, as well as the processes occurring in them (studies society as a whole)

184.Societies practice social control to maintain

the stability of society(social order)

94. Friends relate to

to the primary social group

21. The group in an experiment that experiences the independent variable

treatment group?

141. A movement up or down the social ladder, and thus is often called upward or downward mobility

vertical mobility

35. The concept of anomie was introduced into science by

Émile Durheim in 1893

82. Which of the representatives of world sociology is the author of the work The Division of Labour in Society

Émile Durkheim

84. The idea of the historical process as a transition from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity, based on a deepening division of labor and social differentiation, belongs to

Émile Durkheim

Pull factors:

•Urbanization and better employment opportunities in cities. •Better living standards in the destination place. •Better educational and health opportunities.

78. The historical type of stratification system, the main structural element of which is a closed social group, belonging to which is determined solely by the birth of a person, is:

Caste System

167. Who created the looking-glass self theory?

Charles Cooley

31. Which of the following scientists developed the theory of the evolutionary development of society?

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

88. The source of information, the unit of information in the collection of sociological data by the method of content analysis is:

Document;

43. Author of work Suicide. Sociological study

Durkheim E.

36. According to Durkheim, the concept of anomie means

Durkheim considered anomie one of the factors of public health or ill health. Anomie, in his opinion, by generating systematic deviations from social norms, prepares and accelerates changes in society.

80. A form of relationship between a man and a woman, sanctioned and regulated by society, which determines their rights and obligations in relation to each other

Marriage

185.Amount of physical, mental, and social effort used to produce goods and services in an economy

Labor

2.One of the type of sociological survey -

(incidence, trend, differential)

11. A sample is chosen so that every member of the population has the same probability of being included

- a random sample

6.Type of questions that give a respondent a fix number of choices

- close-ended

5.Type of questions that leave respondents with a space in which to write their answers

- open-ended

137. A form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed

A caste system

160. Who introduced the term "sociology" directly into scientific circulation

Auguste Comte

45. Author of the work Course of Positive Philosophy

Auguste Comte

49. Who implemented term sociology into the scientific circulation?

Auguste Comte

70. The founder of positivism in sociology is

Auguste Comte

99. The founder of understanding sociology is

Auguste Comte

132.Living together as a romantically involved, unmarried couple

Cohabitation

13. Research method which can be quite inexpensive comparing with other methods

Content analysis

18. A research method that refers to the systematic examination of documents of any sort

Content analysis

143. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

Crime

166. The author of the book "Suicide"

Emile Durkheim

16. A research method in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable to test theories of cause and effect

Experiments

134. Remembering relatives' birthdays, playing Chutes and Ladders with the kids and etc are the examples of... (when generally achieve emotional or relational goals in family)

Expressive tasks

109.Family type characterized by living together for several generations

Extended Family

126. A large group of kin, or relatives, which could include grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins living in one household

Extended family

162. The theory which addresses the question of social organization (structure) and how it is maintained (function).

Functionalism (structural-functional theory)

136.Unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige results

Global stratification

163. C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals.

Imagination

199. Informal social control is

Informal social control —the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws—includes peer and community pressure, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups.

133. Washing the dishes, fixing the gutters, cooking the dinners and etc are the examples of ...(when generally achieve a tangible goal in family)

Instrumental tasks

147. A set of vacancies opened in a certain period at state enterprises

LAbor market

59. The central concept of sociology K. Marx is

Marx's theories formed a sociological perspective called conflict theory, which stated that capitalist societies were built on conflicts between the workers and the rulers. In this theory, society relies on class conflict in order to keep the wealthy in power and the poor as subjects to the government.

111.Type of family according to the criterion of leadership, in which a woman dominates

Matriarchy

156. The author of the book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism"

Max Weber

41. Author of the sociological work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Max Weber

67. Who introduced the concept of ideal type into sociology?

Max Weber

37. What is the social sanction?

Measures of influence of a social group on the behavior of an individual, deviating in positive or negative sense from social expectations, norms and values.

150.Movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purposes of resettling

Migration

191. Demographic structure change is a consequence of

Migration

193. Movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purposes of resettling

Migration

195. Internal migration is

Moving within a state, country, or continent

81. The transfer of social experience from parents to children is performed by such a function of the family as

Nurturing function

19. The process of deciding exactly how to measure a given variable is called

Operationalizing

17. A research method in which researchers participate in their subjects' daily life, observe daily life, or interview people in depth about their lives

Participant observation

192. Migration by better educational and health opportunities causes

Pull factors

148. Causes of migration

Push Factors Pull Factors

190. Migration by social, political or religious oppression causes

Push factors

197. Migration by overcrowding, lack of sanitation and resource crunch causes

Push factors

103.Research into objective, quantifiable characteristics of human behaviour is called

Quantitative research

85. A social process that involves a qualitative transformation of the entire system of social relations, up to the breaking of the established orders and the formation of new ones, is ...

Revolution

144. Author of structural strain theory

Robert K. Merton

114.A form of religious organization, which is a closed group that has arisen within a religious movement recognized by society as an opposition movement

Sect

116.The process by which beliefs in the supernatural and related rituals are questioned and the institution of religion loses its social influence

Secularization

146. Societies practice social control to maintain

Social Order

139. Movement within the stratification system of a particular society, whether it's a small town, a state or nation, or the entire world

Social mobilization

135. A process when members of a given society are categorized and divided into groups, which are then placed in a social hierarchy

Social stratification

76. Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is occupation and qualification

Socio-professional system

86. Which definition of sociology is more exact?

Sociology is the science of the emergence, development, and functioning of social communities and social processes, of social

115.An early form of religion, the belief in the existence of a supernatural connection, a relationship between a group of people and some kind of animal or plant

Totemism

69. E. Durkheim considered the main indicator of progress

Transition from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity

102. Research that allows to get information about the motivations of behavior, attitudes of people, that is to get an answer to the question: «Why?» are called

analytical research

44. Stance of the society when there are no generally accepted behavior standards, and the system of value and norms is destroyed.

anomie

178. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

crime

106.Ethnic sociology studies

interdisciplinary major and minor that seeks to understand how society is systemically and structurally formed by ideas of race, ethnicity, sexuality, class, and gender.

54. A person who is interviewed in a sociological study is called the

interviewee, the respondent, or the subject

107. Ethnos is

people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture

53. Any set of people selected according to socially significant criteria

social groups

34. In a pre-industrial society, most of the emerging social needs are satisfied by the

social institution of politics.

30. The dysfunction of a social institution is manifested in the following

social life

62. Movements of individuals in the system of social hierarchy, accompanied by an increase or decrease in social status

social mobility, movement of individuals, families, or groups through a system of social hierarchy or stratification.

138.A system of stratification practiced primarily in capitalist societies, ranks groups of people according to their wealth, property, power, and prestige. It is also referred to by sociologists as socioeconomic status

social stratification

50. What is the social structure?

social structure, in sociology, the distinctive, stable arrangement of institutions whereby human beings in a society interact and live together.

154.Process of learning the roles, statuses, and values necessary for participation in social institutions

socialization

74. The characteristic features of an industrial society do NOT include

syncretism

32. The method of collecting sociological data, in which text messages are the sources of information, is called

text messaging

105. Ethnic assimilation is

the loss of one part of society of its distinctive features and their replacement with borrowed ones from another part.

23. An interrelated set of assumptions that explains observed patterns

theory

Formal (external) social control forms:

• Police • Courts • Prisons

189. Causes of migration, Push factors:

•Lack of employment or seasonal employment. •Poverty induced migrations. •Migrations due to climate-related stress or natural calamities. •Social, political or religious oppression. •Overcrowding, lack of sanitation and resource crunch. •Crime induced migrations. •Post marriage and family network induced migrations.