Sociology Study Guide 7,8, and 10

Approximately what percent of population in the US belongs to the upper class?

1-3%

Today, non cash benefits account for about _________ of federal welfare benefits.

2/3

What percent of crime in the United States constitutes crimes against property?

75%

Elderly victims of violent crime are most likely to be assaulted by:

A relative inside the home

Deion is strong and muscular. Men with this body type are often expected to be:

Agressive

A large percentage of the new upper-middle class:

All of the above

A social class is composed of people with similar:

All of the above

In a class system, each member of a given class shares similar:

All of the above

The working class is made up of:

All of the above

Which of the following is a criticism of poverty figures?

All of the above

Which of the following statements include characteristics of sanctions?

All of the above

Which of the following would be considered a dysfunction of deviance?

All of the above

Each in their own way, Lombroso and Sheldon attempted to explain deviant behavior on the basis of:

Anatomical characteristics

Control theory is primarily concerned with:

Attachment of an individual to others in society

Theorists who view crime as individual choice state that crime is more likely to occur when:

Benefits for committing crime are greater then for not committing crime

Which theories of deviance are based on the idea that people adjust their behavior in response to the rewards and punishments they receive?

Biological

Which theory of deviance assumes that deviance can be deterred by strengthening the bonds that tie the individual to society?

Control

The research of Shaw and McKay, which linked crime to certain types of urban neighborhoods, provide the foundation for which theories of deviance?

Cultural transmission

The idea that deviance is culturally transmitted or learned in neighborhoods and through personal contacts is basic to which of the following theories?

Differential association

Which of the following is NOT a function of deviance?

Ensuring that others will not violate the same norm

What are the three levels in the police system in the United States?

Federal, state and local

A university places a fraternity on probation because some of its members served alcoholic drinks to minors. The university in this case was using:

Forman sanctions

What data was used by Lombroso to predict deviant behavior?

Head shape and size

Rural residents have _______ than urban residents.

Higher unemployment rates

The theorist most closely associated with control theory is:

Hirschi

Honking your horn at someone who cuts into your lane in a dangerous fashion is an example of an:

Informal negative sanction

Giving a child a hug for doing something right would be an example of a:

Informal positive sanction

Merton would label a person who attempts to win a race by using steroids as a:

Innovator

It is 3 a.m. and Tracy is driving home from work when she comes to an intersection where the light is red. Although she can see no other cars on the road in any direction, Tracy waits until the light turns green. Sociologically, this is an example of:

Internal means of control

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which deviance is dysfunctional to society?

It forces the group to organize in order to limit future acts of deviance

Which of the following is NOT true of deviance?

It is rare in highly-structured societies

Techniques of neutralization help people to:

Justify deviant acts

Hector is a master electrician. He holds a high school diploma, and towns a modest home but can't afford many luxuries. He considers himself politically conservative and fairly religious. Hector is most typical of which of the classes listed?

Lower-Middle Class

Mother Teresa controlled no industry or property and had little wealth, but she influenced people all over the world. Which theorist would best account for her position?

Max Weber

Who expanded Marx's views about class into a multidimensional view of stratification?

Max Weber

The poverty index is based solely on:

Money Income

Which of the following is NOT one of Sheldon's basic body types?

Paleomorph

According to Merton's theory, a person who advocates the total abolition of capitalism and its replacement with socialism in American society would be called a:

Retreatist

Reggie has held the same bank job for 15 years. He is always on time, never misses a day, and follows every rule to the letter even though he knows he won't be promoted. According to Merton's theory, Reggie would be labeled a:

Ritualist

Which country has the highest rate of inmates per 100,000 people?

Russia

__________ are rewards and penalties that group members use to regulate an individual's behavior.

Sanctions

Who of the following is known for his work on psychoanalytic theories?

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic theory defines that part of the personality that represents the demands and restrictions of society as the:

Superego

Most government assistance from programs goes to which social class?

The middle class

What is the funnel effect?

The number of crimes is much greater than the number of people who are punished for committing a crime, leading people to have less confidence in the system.

In order to decide whether a specific act is deviant, it is necessary to know:

The social context of the act

What do homosexuals, the elderly, and people with disabilities have in common?

They are all minorities in American society

People conform to social norms because:

They have internalized the standards

According to Weber, which of the following is NOT a criteria for stratification in a modern society?

Tradition

Inmates must serve a substantial portion of their sentence, according to:

Truth in sentencing laws

A successful professional who has a college education, lives in an exclusive suburb, and has a savings reserve would be placed into which of the following class categories?

Upper-Middle

Maurice and Shirley are both attorneys who live in a comfortable suburban home. Their children attend private schools and expect to go to college an on to graduate school. This family is best described as:

Upper-Middle Class

The____________ class dominates the professional and technical fields and often consists of two-income families.

Upper-middle

Which of the following is true about violent victimization rates in the U.S. today?

Victimization rates for people 16 to 19 are 15 to 20 times higher than for people 65 and older.

An investment banker who sold bundles of home mortgages with high interest even though he knew there was a high risk of loss or default without warning his clients were engaged in:

White collar crime

Can women be regarded as a minority group in American society?

Yes, because they are singled out for discriminatory treatment.

The feminization of poverty refers to:

a trend in which females represent an increasing proportion of the poor

What was the poverty level for a family of four in 2012?

about $23,000

Which of the following is a myth about the poor?

all of the above

One myth that many Americans hold is that the poor are poor because they do not have enough:

ambition

Poverty is more frequent:

among blacks and Hispanics than among whites

Ethnic groups might or might not:

be recognized by others

Psychoanalytic approaches to deviance are criticized because they:

cannot easily be tested

Williw occasionally bets on sports events even though this is illegal. Willie says no one really gets hurt as all involved are consenting adults. This rationale:

denies the injury

A group that has a distant cultural tradition with which its own members identify and which may or may not be recognized by others is known as a:

ethnic group

Comparisons of poverty levels among male-headed and female-headed households show that:

female-headed households are more apt to fall below the poverty level.

Durkheim saw anomie as a condition of:

formlessness where cultural guidelines are weak

When we look at functionally important jobs in our society, the patterns show:

functionally is not related to job rewards

According to control theory, a youth who stays out of trouble with the law most likely:

has strong relationships with parents, teachers and peers

Members of the upper class:

have great wealth, often going back for many generations

Political unification in ethnic groups:

is not an essential feature

Cultural transmission theory is based on the idea that deviant and conforming behaviors are:

learned from others

Segregation laws represent what form of racial definition?

legal

Before the Alabama senate voted to repeal the prohibition of interracial marriages:

many rural judges still refused to issue licenses to mixed race couples

Statistics on poverty in the US show that:

most able-bodied poor of working age hold jobs

Teresa is a waitress in Chicago who has little control over the system, but when she joins the 99% Movement she attempts to exercise _______________ as part of a group.

power

The term race refers to a category of people who are defined as similar because they:

share a number of physical characteristics

Of the following nations, the highest rate of poverty among children is found in:

the United States

The essential characteristic of a minority group is:

the differential treatment and exclusion its members' experience

The story of the brothers Paul and Philip Malon, was used to illustrate:

the difficulties of accurately assigning race

The United States has been most successful in holding down poverty among:

the elderly

Wilson and Herrnstein state that people become deviant because:

the feel the rewards of crime outweigh the prospects of punishment

Janis was a young mother in her late 20s when she and her husband divorced, forcing her to live on her sole income as a part time minimum wage worker. Janis represents:

the feminization of poverty

What is the basic function or purpose of legal definitions of race?

to determine who was not white

According to Durkheim's anomie theory, an act is deviant because it:

violates an individual's moral code