Sociology Study Guide 7,8, and 10
Approximately what percent of population in the US belongs to the upper class?
1-3%
Today, non cash benefits account for about _________ of federal welfare benefits.
2/3
What percent of crime in the United States constitutes crimes against property?
75%
Elderly victims of violent crime are most likely to be assaulted by:
A relative inside the home
Deion is strong and muscular. Men with this body type are often expected to be:
Agressive
A large percentage of the new upper-middle class:
All of the above
A social class is composed of people with similar:
All of the above
In a class system, each member of a given class shares similar:
All of the above
The working class is made up of:
All of the above
Which of the following is a criticism of poverty figures?
All of the above
Which of the following statements include characteristics of sanctions?
All of the above
Which of the following would be considered a dysfunction of deviance?
All of the above
Each in their own way, Lombroso and Sheldon attempted to explain deviant behavior on the basis of:
Anatomical characteristics
Control theory is primarily concerned with:
Attachment of an individual to others in society
Theorists who view crime as individual choice state that crime is more likely to occur when:
Benefits for committing crime are greater then for not committing crime
Which theories of deviance are based on the idea that people adjust their behavior in response to the rewards and punishments they receive?
Biological
Which theory of deviance assumes that deviance can be deterred by strengthening the bonds that tie the individual to society?
Control
The research of Shaw and McKay, which linked crime to certain types of urban neighborhoods, provide the foundation for which theories of deviance?
Cultural transmission
The idea that deviance is culturally transmitted or learned in neighborhoods and through personal contacts is basic to which of the following theories?
Differential association
Which of the following is NOT a function of deviance?
Ensuring that others will not violate the same norm
What are the three levels in the police system in the United States?
Federal, state and local
A university places a fraternity on probation because some of its members served alcoholic drinks to minors. The university in this case was using:
Forman sanctions
What data was used by Lombroso to predict deviant behavior?
Head shape and size
Rural residents have _______ than urban residents.
Higher unemployment rates
The theorist most closely associated with control theory is:
Hirschi
Honking your horn at someone who cuts into your lane in a dangerous fashion is an example of an:
Informal negative sanction
Giving a child a hug for doing something right would be an example of a:
Informal positive sanction
Merton would label a person who attempts to win a race by using steroids as a:
Innovator
It is 3 a.m. and Tracy is driving home from work when she comes to an intersection where the light is red. Although she can see no other cars on the road in any direction, Tracy waits until the light turns green. Sociologically, this is an example of:
Internal means of control
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which deviance is dysfunctional to society?
It forces the group to organize in order to limit future acts of deviance
Which of the following is NOT true of deviance?
It is rare in highly-structured societies
Techniques of neutralization help people to:
Justify deviant acts
Hector is a master electrician. He holds a high school diploma, and towns a modest home but can't afford many luxuries. He considers himself politically conservative and fairly religious. Hector is most typical of which of the classes listed?
Lower-Middle Class
Mother Teresa controlled no industry or property and had little wealth, but she influenced people all over the world. Which theorist would best account for her position?
Max Weber
Who expanded Marx's views about class into a multidimensional view of stratification?
Max Weber
The poverty index is based solely on:
Money Income
Which of the following is NOT one of Sheldon's basic body types?
Paleomorph
According to Merton's theory, a person who advocates the total abolition of capitalism and its replacement with socialism in American society would be called a:
Retreatist
Reggie has held the same bank job for 15 years. He is always on time, never misses a day, and follows every rule to the letter even though he knows he won't be promoted. According to Merton's theory, Reggie would be labeled a:
Ritualist
Which country has the highest rate of inmates per 100,000 people?
Russia
__________ are rewards and penalties that group members use to regulate an individual's behavior.
Sanctions
Who of the following is known for his work on psychoanalytic theories?
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic theory defines that part of the personality that represents the demands and restrictions of society as the:
Superego
Most government assistance from programs goes to which social class?
The middle class
What is the funnel effect?
The number of crimes is much greater than the number of people who are punished for committing a crime, leading people to have less confidence in the system.
In order to decide whether a specific act is deviant, it is necessary to know:
The social context of the act
What do homosexuals, the elderly, and people with disabilities have in common?
They are all minorities in American society
People conform to social norms because:
They have internalized the standards
According to Weber, which of the following is NOT a criteria for stratification in a modern society?
Tradition
Inmates must serve a substantial portion of their sentence, according to:
Truth in sentencing laws
A successful professional who has a college education, lives in an exclusive suburb, and has a savings reserve would be placed into which of the following class categories?
Upper-Middle
Maurice and Shirley are both attorneys who live in a comfortable suburban home. Their children attend private schools and expect to go to college an on to graduate school. This family is best described as:
Upper-Middle Class
The____________ class dominates the professional and technical fields and often consists of two-income families.
Upper-middle
Which of the following is true about violent victimization rates in the U.S. today?
Victimization rates for people 16 to 19 are 15 to 20 times higher than for people 65 and older.
An investment banker who sold bundles of home mortgages with high interest even though he knew there was a high risk of loss or default without warning his clients were engaged in:
White collar crime
Can women be regarded as a minority group in American society?
Yes, because they are singled out for discriminatory treatment.
The feminization of poverty refers to:
a trend in which females represent an increasing proportion of the poor
What was the poverty level for a family of four in 2012?
about $23,000
Which of the following is a myth about the poor?
all of the above
One myth that many Americans hold is that the poor are poor because they do not have enough:
ambition
Poverty is more frequent:
among blacks and Hispanics than among whites
Ethnic groups might or might not:
be recognized by others
Psychoanalytic approaches to deviance are criticized because they:
cannot easily be tested
Williw occasionally bets on sports events even though this is illegal. Willie says no one really gets hurt as all involved are consenting adults. This rationale:
denies the injury
A group that has a distant cultural tradition with which its own members identify and which may or may not be recognized by others is known as a:
ethnic group
Comparisons of poverty levels among male-headed and female-headed households show that:
female-headed households are more apt to fall below the poverty level.
Durkheim saw anomie as a condition of:
formlessness where cultural guidelines are weak
When we look at functionally important jobs in our society, the patterns show:
functionally is not related to job rewards
According to control theory, a youth who stays out of trouble with the law most likely:
has strong relationships with parents, teachers and peers
Members of the upper class:
have great wealth, often going back for many generations
Political unification in ethnic groups:
is not an essential feature
Cultural transmission theory is based on the idea that deviant and conforming behaviors are:
learned from others
Segregation laws represent what form of racial definition?
legal
Before the Alabama senate voted to repeal the prohibition of interracial marriages:
many rural judges still refused to issue licenses to mixed race couples
Statistics on poverty in the US show that:
most able-bodied poor of working age hold jobs
Teresa is a waitress in Chicago who has little control over the system, but when she joins the 99% Movement she attempts to exercise _______________ as part of a group.
power
The term race refers to a category of people who are defined as similar because they:
share a number of physical characteristics
Of the following nations, the highest rate of poverty among children is found in:
the United States
The essential characteristic of a minority group is:
the differential treatment and exclusion its members' experience
The story of the brothers Paul and Philip Malon, was used to illustrate:
the difficulties of accurately assigning race
The United States has been most successful in holding down poverty among:
the elderly
Wilson and Herrnstein state that people become deviant because:
the feel the rewards of crime outweigh the prospects of punishment
Janis was a young mother in her late 20s when she and her husband divorced, forcing her to live on her sole income as a part time minimum wage worker. Janis represents:
the feminization of poverty
What is the basic function or purpose of legal definitions of race?
to determine who was not white
According to Durkheim's anomie theory, an act is deviant because it:
violates an individual's moral code